DAFTAR ISI

KATA PENGANTAR
DAFTAR ISI
DAFTAR GAMBAR
DAFTAR TABEL
1. PENDAHULUAN
1.1 Manfaat dari penerowongan............................................................. I-1
1.2 Tinjauan statistik.............................................................................. I-1
1.3 Notasi dalam penerowongan............................................................ I-4
1.4 Sayatan melintang............................................................................ I-5
1.5 Penjajaran......................................................................................... I-16
1.6 Saluran air bawah tanah................................................................... I-18
1.7 Standar dan rekomendasi................................................................. I-20
1.8 Biaya................................................................................................ I-22
1.9 Perencanaan dan kontrak.................................................................. I-23

2. ASPEK GEOLOGI TEKNIK UNTUK DESAIN DAN KLASIFIKASI

2.1 Umum............................................................................................... II-1
2.2 Asal, sifat dan kategorisasi batuan................................................... II-1
2.2.1 Dasar-dasar umum.................................................................. II-1
2.2.2 Kategorisasi batuan................................................................. II-6
2.2.3 Kategorisasi tanah................................................................... II-7
2.3 Investigasi geologi teknik dan mekanika batuan.............................. II-11
2.3.1 Investigasi geologi teknik....................................................... II-13
2.3.2 Investigasi mekanika batuan................................................... II-16
2.4 Tanah dan klasifikasinya.................................................................. II-21
2.4.1 Tanah...................................................................................... II-21
2.4.2 Klasifikasi massa batuan......................................................... II-25
2.4.2.1 Umum......................................................................... II-25
2.4.2.2 Sistem dasar klasifikasi............................................... II-25
2.4.2.3 Q System..................................................................... II-26
2.4.2.4 RMR System (Rock Mass Rating System)................. II-34
2.4.2.5 Hubungan antara Q System dan RMR........................ II-37
 2.4.3 Standar, pedoman dan rekomendasi....................................... II-38
2.4.3.1 Klasifikasi di Jerman................................................... II-39
2.4.3.2 Klasifikasi di Swiss ("Klassierung" sesuai dengan
standar SIA)................................................................ II-45
2.4.3.3 Klasifikasi di Austria.................................................. II-49

3. VERIFIKASI DESAIN STRUKTURAL, ANALISIS STRUKTURAL

TEROWONGAN
3.1 Umum............................................................................................... III-1
3.2 Teori tekanan tanah.......................................................................... III-3
3.2.1 Perkembangan sejarah............................................................ III-4
3.2.2 Keadaan tegangan primer dan sekunder dalam massa batuan III-7
3.2.2.1 Keadaan tegangan primer........................................... III-7
3.2.2.2 Keadaan tegangan sekunder........................................ III-8
3.3 Langkah umum pembentukan model............................................... III-9
3.4 Proses analitik dan pemodelannya................................................... III-12
3.4.1 Pemodelan terowongan dangkal di tanah lunak..................... III-12
3.4.2 Pemodelan terowongan dalam di tanah lunak........................ III-13
3.4.3 Pemodelan terowongan di batuan padat................................. III-14
3.5 Metode numerik............................................................................... III-14
3.5.1 Finite Difference Method (FDM) .......................................... III-15
3.5.2 Finite Element Method (FEM) .............................................. III-15
3.5.3 Boundary Element Method (BEM)........................................ III-15
3.5.4 Kombinasi metode elemen hingga dan elemen batas............. III-17
3.6 Penerapan metode elemen hingga dalam penerowongan................. III-17
3.6.1 Teknik “Step-by-Step”............................................................ III-18
3.6.2 Proses iterasi........................................................................... III-19
3.6.3 Simulasi penggalian parsial yang tidak terpisahkan............... III-21
3.7 Aplikasi khusus FEM dalam penerowongan.................................... III-24
3.7.1 Pemodelan slot deformasi....................................................... III-24
3.7.2 Penentuan pelonggaran massa batuan akibat peledakan......... III-26
3.4.4 Desain struktural.............................................................................. III-27
3.8.1 Prinsip umum.......................................................................... III-27
3.8.2 Metode desain untuk lapisan terowongan steel fibre
concrete................................................................................... III-31
3.8.3 Shotcrete konvensional versus steel fibre shotcrete............... III-39

4. INSTALASI PADA TEROWONGAN

4.1. Instalasi untuk kontrol lalu lintas..................................................... IV-1
 4.2. Instalasi untuk telekomunikasi......................................................... IV-2
4.3. Ventilasi........................................................................................... IV-2
4.4. Proteksi kebakaran........................................................................... IV-13
4.5. Penerangan....................................................................................... IV-22
4.6. Drainase............................................................................................ IV-25

5. METODE KLASIK DAN PERKEMBANGAN SELANJUTNYA

5.1. Umum............................................................................................... V-1
5.2. Penggalian Full-face......................................................................... V-3
5.3. Pengalian muka sebagian................................................................. V-4
5.3.1. Penggalian jenjang............................................................... V-5
5.3.2. The Belgian or underpinning tunnelling method................. V-5
5.3.3. The German or remaining core tunnelling method.............. V-8
5.3.4. The Austrian or upraise tunnelling method.......................... V-12
5.3.5. The New Austrian Tunnelling Method................................ V-15
5.3.6. The English tunnelling method............................................ V-23
5.3.7. The Italian or packing tunnelling method............................ V-24
5.4. Penggerak perisai klasik................................................................... V-25
5.5. Mesin terowongan klasik................................................................. V-28

6. STABILISASI TEROWONGAN
6.1. Umum...............................................................................................VI-1
6.2. Perilaku material pendukung............................................................VI-2
6.3. Penyangga Kayu...............................................................................VI-5
6.4. Steel ribs...........................................................................................VI-8
6.5. Elemen balok kisi.............................................................................VI-11
6.6. Langkah-langkah dukungan lanjutan...............................................VI-13
6.7. Baut Batu..........................................................................................VI-22

7. PENGENDALIAN AIR TANAH

7.1 Umum...............................................................................................VII-1
7.2 Dewatering selama konstruksi.........................................................VII-2
7.3 Waterproofing terowongan..............................................................VII-20
7.4 Drainase terowongan........................................................................VII-23
8. PEMANTAUAN
7.1 Umum...............................................................................................VIII-1
7.2 Program pengukuran........................................................................VIII-3
7.3 Proses pengukuran, instrumen.........................................................VIII-25
9. RESIKO PENEROWONGAN
9.1 Umum............................................................................................IX-1
9.2 Pedoman internasional dan peraturan nasional..............................IX-2
9.3 Rencana keselamatan terpadu........................................................IX-12
9.4 Transportasi, penyimpanan dan penanganan bahan peledak.........IX-16
9.5 Pelatihan pekerja terampil.............................................................IX-25
9.6 Peraturan lokasi konstruksi (BaustellV)........................................IX-27
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
 DAFTAR PUSTAKA

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Balkema Publishers, Rotterdam.
Hoek, E. dan Brown, E.T. 1980. Undergroud Excavation in Rock. The Institution of
Mining and Metallurgy, London.
Koesnaryo, S. 1996. Konsep Convergence - Convinement. Jurusan Teknik
Pertambangan Fakultas Teknologi Mineral UPN “Veteran” Yogyakarta.
Koesnaryo, S. 1999. Pedoman Teknik Pembangunan Terowongan Dagkal. Jurusan
Teknik Pertambangan Fakultas Teknologi Mineral UPN “Veteran” Yogyakarta.
Kolymbas, Dimitrios., 2008, Tunnelling and Tunnel Mechanics, Springer, Berlin.
Singh, Bhawani dan Goel, R.K. 2011. Engineering Rock Mass Classification:
Tunneling, Foundations and Landslides. Elsevier, Oxford.
Whittaker, B.N. dan Frith, R.C. 1990. Tunnelling Design Stability, and Construction.
The Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, London.