Lecture-11

APPLICATIONS OF THERMODYNAMICS
TO FLOW PROCESS
 Aplikasi Termodinamika Proses Alir
Fluida: Materi yang bisa mengalir, gas atau cairan
Fluida kompresibel: volume berubah karena tekanan atau
perubahan suhu, misal gas β ≠ 0, K ≠ 0
Fluida inkompresibel: volume tidak berubah karena tekanan
atau perubahan suhu, β = 0, K = 0
Aliran Fluida dalam Pipa
1 2

Pers. Kontinuitas : m 1 = m 2 (kg/s)

u1 A1 u2 A2
=  3
( ) 
 (m/s ) m 2

V1 V2  m / kg 
 u 2 
 + M2 
du
= T  P  dS
du C 0
u
dx 1 − M 2  dx dx
 
 

 u 2  Bilangan Mach M = u/c;

1+ 
= −   dS
dP T CP dP c = kecepatan suara
 dx 0
dx V 1− M2 dx
 
 
Contoh 7.1
Pada fluida steady-state, adiabatik, aliran irreversible cairan inkompresibel
dalam pipa horizontal dengan luas area yang konstan. Buktikan bahwa:
(a) Velocity konstan; (b) Suhu meningkat; dan (c) Tekanan menurun.
u1 A1 u2 A2
(a) A1 = A2 dan V1 = V2
V1
=
V2
u1 = u 2

(b) ∆S positif T2 > T 1

T

(c) ∆H = H2 – H1 = 0

P1 > P 2
 Nozzle : alat yang dgunakan untuk menentukan arah dan karaktersistik aliran fluida
saat keluar atau memasuki ruang tertutup pada sebuah pipa. Nozzle : alat dimana
energi dari cairan beretekanan tinggi diubah menjadi energi kinetik fluida dalam
proses ekspansi.
Fungsi : meningkatkan kec aliran fuida yang diikuti dg penurunan tekanan

Nozzle
• v1 < v2
• P1 > P2

Tidak ada kerja yang diberikan pada nozzle dan panas yang
timbul karena gesekan serta perbedaan ketinggian uap masuk
keluar terhadap bidang refrence dapat diabaikan.
 u 2
H + + gz = Ws + Q
2

u2 = u12 − 2(H 2 − H1 )

Subsonic: M <1 Supersonic: M <1

Converging Diverging Converging Diverging
dA
- + - +
dx
dP
- + + -
dx
du
+ - - +
dx

For subsonic flow in a converging nozzle, the velocity increases as the cross-sectional
area diminishes. The maximum value is the speed of sound, reached at the throat.
Converging/Diverging Nozzle
(a)
Menghitung ∆H dan ∆S (review)
ig
T TC
H ig =  CPig dT = R  P dT
T0 T0 R

ig
dT
T P C dT T P
S =  C
ig
− R ln = R 
ig
P − R ln P
T0 T P0 T0 R T P0
Jika tersedia tabel (spt tabel uap/steam table) pakai
∆H = H2 - H1
Dan ∆S = S2 - S1
Untuk non ideal gas (real) dibahas pd termodinamika lanjut
 Turbin
u 2
H + + gz = Ws + Q
2
W S = m
 H = m
 ( H 2 − H1 )

WS = H = H 2 − H1
Menghasilkan kerja maksimum jika
proses adiabatik reversibel (isentropik,
S1 = S2)

WS (isentropic) = (H ) S
The turbine efficiency
WS H
 =
WS (isentropic) (H ) S

Values for properly designed turbines: η = 0.7~ 0.8

A steam turbine with rated capacity of 56400 kW operates with steam
at inlet conditions of 8600 kPa and 500°C, and discharge into a
condenser at a pressure of 10 kPa. Assuming a turbine efficiency of
0.75, determine the state of the steam at discharge and the mass rate of
flow of the steam.
P1 = 8600kPa T1 = 500 C
H1 = 3391.6 kJ S1 = 6.6858 kJ
kg kg  K

(H )S = H 2 − H1 = −1274.2 kJ kg W S
Turbine
H =  (H )S = −955.6 kJ
kg
H 2 = H1 + H = 2436.0 kJ
kg P2 = 10kPa S 2 = 6.6858 kJ
kg  K
x = 0.9378 S 2 = (1 − x ) S + x S = 7.6846 kJ
v v l v v
2 2 kg  K
W S = m
 H = 56400kJ S  = (1 − x v ) S 2l + x v S 2v = (1 − x v )0.6493 + x v 8.1511 = 6.6858 kJ
s 2 kg  K
m = 59.02 kg
s H 2 = (1 − x v ) H 2l + x v H 2v = 2117.4 kJ
kg x v = 0.8047
 Kompresor
compressor W S

• Tekanan meningkat
• Kompresor utk gas, pompa utk cairan
• Membutuhkan kerja/energi dari lingkungan

u 2
H + + gz = Ws + Q W S = m
 H = m
 ( H 2 − H1 )
2

WS = H = H 2 − H1
Kerja minimum pada proses adiabatik reversibel (isentropik, S1 = S2)
WS (isentropic) = (H ) S
WS (isentropic) (H ) S
The compressor efficiency   =
WS H
Values for properly designed compressors: η = 0.7~ 0.8
 Saturated-vapor steam at 100 kPa (tsat = 99.63 °C ) is compressed
adiabatically to 300 kPa. If the compressor efficiency is 0.75, what is
the work required and what is the work required and what are the
properties of the discharge stream?
kJ kJ
For saturated steam at 100 kPa: S1 = 7.3598 H1 = 2675.4
kg  K kg
Isentropic compression

S 2 = S1 = 7.3598
kJ 300 kPa
H 2 = 2888.8
kJ
(H )S = 213.4
kJ
kg  K kg kg

T2 = 246.1 C 300 kPa H = H + H = 2959.9 kJ H =

(H )S = 284.5
kJ

2 1
kJ kg kg
S 2 = 7.5019
kg  K
kJ
WS = H = 284.5
kg
Pompa
Prinsipnya sama dengan kompresor, tetapi pompa untuk cairan

dT
dH = C P dT + V (1 − T )dP dS = C P − VdP
T

T2
H = C P T + V (1 − T )P S = CP ln − VP
T1

Ws (isentropic) = (H )S = V ( P2 − P1 )
Water at 318.15 K (45°C) an 10 kPa enters an adiabatic pump and is
discharged at a pressure of 8600 kPa. Assume the pump efficiency is
0.75. Calculate the work of the pump, the temperature change of water,
and the entropy change of the water.

1 kJ = 10^6 kPa cm3

T2
S = CP ln − VP
T1

H = C P T + V (1 − T )P