4 GMR - 4 COMPOUND SNTC & CONJUNCS Ok Tap

“Learning is not attained by chance. It must be sought for with ardor and attended to with diligence.
” ProTEFL | Grammar
“Learning is not attained by chance. It must be sought for with ardor and attended to with diligence.” ProTEFL | Grammar
UNIT IV
COMPOUND SENTENCES AND THE USE
OF CONJUNCTIONS
Compound sentence (kalimat majemuk) merupakan gabungan dari dua kalimat yang dihubungkan
oleh conjunction (kata hubung). Pemilihan conjunction pada compound sentence, tergantung pada
kedudukan masing-masing kalimat yang akan dihubungkan. Apabila kalimat-kalimat tersebut
berkedudukan sama/setara, maka gunakan coordinate conjunction (kata hubung setara). Sedangkan
apabila kalimat-kalimat yang akan dihubungkan tidak setara/bertingkat, gunakan subordinate
conjunction (kata hubung bertingkat).
A. COORDINATE CONJUNCTIONS
Coordinate conjunction (kata hubung setara) dalam compound sentence berfungsi untuk
menghubungkan dua kalimat yang berkedudukan sama/setara. Yang termasuk sebagai coordinate
conjunction adalah and, but dan or.
AND (DAN)
And (dan) menandai penggabungan atau penjumlahan dua kalimat setara atau lebih.
 I talked to Ben and he listened carefully.
 Birds fly and fish swim.
 I washed the dishes, my son dried them and
 A week has 7 days and a year has 365 days.
my daughter put them on the shelves.
BUT (TETAPI)
But (tetapi) menandai hubungan yang berlawanan antara dua kalimat setara atau lebih.
 Monica is tall but Daisy is short.  I talked to Amy but she didn’t listen.
 The phone rang, everybody knew it, but they  The students were on time but the teacher
didn’t answer it. was late.
OR (ATAU)
Or (atau) menandai adanya pilihan di antara dua kalimat setara atau lebih.
 Tom must tell the professor or Paul will do it.  You should eat more or you'll make yourself
 I have to do my homework or my teacher will ill.
punish me.  Do your coat up or you'll freeze.
Tabel berikut ini menunjukkan cara penggunaan coordinate conjunction dalam compound sentence:
Coordinate Conjunctions
And but or
Bahan Pelatihan ProTEFL | P2B-LPPMP-UNY 2015 Untuk kalangan sendiri, tidak diperdagangkan 1
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UNIT 4 – Compound Sentences and the Use of Conjunctions
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SV SV
+ coordinate conjunction +
Nicky is singing and Silvia is dancing.
1. Connecting Clauses by Using Coordinating Conjunctions
Perhatikan contoh di bawah ini.
Contoh (a) terdiri dari dua simple sentences.

(a) It was raining hard. There was a strong wind. (kalimat tunggal yang sederhana). Perhatikan
tanda bacanya.
INCORRECT PUNCTUATION: Dua simple sentences) bisa digabungkan
(b) It was raining hard, there was a strong wind. menjadi sebuah compound sentence (kalimat
CORRECT PUNCTUATION: majemuk setara) dengan menghubungkan
(c) It was raining hard; there was a strong wind. keduanya menggunakan tanda baca titik koma
(;).
Untuk menghubungkan dua kalimat
sederhana, juga bisa digunakan coordinate
conjunction ‘and’ dengan menggunakan tanda
(d) It was raining hard, and there was a strong
koma (,) di antara klausa pertama dan kata and
wind.
(perhatikan contoh (d)) atau tanda koma juga
(e) It was raining hard and there was a strong
bisa dihilangkan (perhatikan contoh (e)). Tanda
wind.
koma diperlukan apabila penulis ingin
memunculkan kesan dramatis atau pengurutan
(sequence).
2. Paired Conjunctions: both … and; not only … but also; either … or; neither … nor
Paired conjunction merupakan kata hubung berpasangan yang penggunaannya harus bersamaan
dalam sebuah kalimat. Yang termasuk sebagai paired conjunction adalah: both … and; not only … but
also; either … or; neither … nor.
BOTH …AND Dua subjek yang dihubungkan dengan both …
(a) Both my mother and my sister are here. and diikuti oleh plural verb.
Apabila dua subjek dihubungkan dengan not only … but also, either … or, atau neither … nor,
maka subjek yang paling dekat dengan kata kerjalah yang menentukan apakah verb yang mengikuti
singular atau plural.
NOT ONLY … BUT ALSO CATATAN: Kalimat yang dihubungkan
(b) Not only my parents but also my sister is here. dengan not only … but also, atau neither …
2 Bahan Pelatihan ProTEFL | P2B-LPPMP-UNY 2015 Untuk kalangan sendiri, tidak diperdagangkan
(c) Not only my sister but also my parents are nor dapat berupa kalimat inversi. Kalimat
here. inversi adalah kalimat yang predikatnya
mendahului subjek.
Contoh:
Not only does Ratna speak English fluently,
she also speaks Spanish well.
Pandu has never been to Bali, neither have I.
NEITHER … NOR
(d) Neither my parents nor my sister is here.
(e) Neither my sister nor my parents are here.
Dalam contoh berikut, kedua bagian yang dihubungkan oleh paired conjunction (atau disebut
juga correlative conjunction) harus dalam grammatical form yang sama. Perhatikan kata-kata yang
dihubungkan pada:
(f) The research project will take both time and Contoh (f): both + noun + and + noun
money. Contoh (g): not only + verb + but also +
(g) Yesterday is not only rained but (also) snowed. verb
(h) I’ll take either chemistry or physics next quarter.
Contoh (h): either + noun + or + noun
(i) That book is neither interesting nor accurate. Contoh (i): neither + adjective + nor +
adjective
Exercise 1 Choose the letter of the word or group of words that best completes the sentence.
1. The lifeguard will warn you about the riptides, _____ she may require you to get out of the water.
(A) or
(B) nor
(C) both
(D) that
2. The missing wallet was found, _____ had been removed.

(A) but
(B) and also
(C) the cash
(D) but the cash
3. All living things are made up of one or more cells, _____ were produced by an already existing cell.
(A) and these cells
(B) and cell
(C) but there
(D) or this cell
4. We got caught in pouring rain without _____ raincoats or umbrellas.

(A) both
(B) either
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(C) neither
(D) not only
5. In 1927, critics gave bad reviews to Buster Keaton’s film The General, which is now regarded as both
classic _____ the best work of cinematic genius.
(A) furthermore
(B) nevertheless
(C) and
(D) beyond
B. SUBORDINATE CONJUNCTION
Subordinate conjunction adalah kata hubung yang berfungsi untuk menggabungkan klausa utama
dengan anak kalimat.
1. The Use of because, because of, and due to
because (a) Because the weather was cold, Pada kalimat (a) kata hubung because diikuti
we stayed home. oleh adverb clause yang terdiri dari subject dan
verb. Maka susunan kalimat di samping adalah: (a)
Because S – V, S – V – A.
because of (b) Because of the cold weather, Because of dan due to merupakan frasa
we stayed home. preposisi sehingga harus diikuti dengan kata benda
due to (c) Due to the cold weather, we (noun) seperti pada contoh (b) dan (c).
stayed home. Susunan kalimat di samping adalah:
(b) Because of – Noun Phrase, S – V – A.
(c) Due to – Noun Phrase, S – V – A.
due to (d) Due to the fact that the weather Dalam tulisan formal, due to terkadang diikuti
was cold, we stayed home. oleh noun clause yang diawali dengan the fact
that + S + V
because of (e) We stayed home because of the cold water.

due to We stayed home due to the cold weather.
due to the fact that We stayed home due to the fact that the weather was cold.
Pada contoh (e) kata hubung because of, due to dan due to the fact that diletakkan setelah klausa
utama.
2. The Use of Transitions: therefore and consequently
because (a) Yoseph failed the test because he Kalimat (a), (b), dan (c) bermakna sama.
didn’t study. Kata hubung therefore dan consequently
therefore (b) Yoseph didn’t study. Therefore, he menerangkan hasil dari suatu
failed the test. tindakan/kejadian. Dalam grammar, kata
consequently (c) Yoseph didn’t study. Consequently, therefore dan consequently disebut juga
he failed the test. transitions (atau conjunctive adverbs).
therefore (d) Yoseph didn’t study. Therefore, he

Transitions berfungsi untuk
failed the test.
menghubungkan gagasan dalam dua
therefore (e) Yoseph didn’t study. He, therefore,
kalimat. Perhatikan penulisannya seperti
failed the test.
dalam contoh (d), (e) dan (f).
therefore (f) Yoseph didn’t study. He failed the
test, therefore.
So (g) Yoseph didn’t study, so he failed the Perhatikan bahwa penggunaan

test. transitions berbeda dengan conjunction.
Transitions bisa dituliskan dalam beberapa
pola yang berbeda seperti pada contoh (d),
(e), dan (f) sedangkan kata hubung so
hanya memiliki satu pola seperti dalam
contoh (g).
3. The Use of such … that and so … that
because (a) Because the weather was nice, we went to the zoo.
Contoh (a), (b), dan (c)
such … that (b) It was such nice weather that we went to the zoo.
bermakna sama.
so … that (c) The weather was so nice that we went to the zoo.
such … that (d) It was such good coffee that I had another cup. Such … that mengapit
such … that (e) It was such a foggy day that we couldn’t see the modified noun, yaitu: such +
road. adjective + noun + that
so … that (f) The coffee is so hot that I can’t drink it.

So … that mengapit adjective
so … that (g) I’m so hungry that I could eat a horse.
atau adverb, yaitu:
so … that (h) She speaks so fast that I can’t understand her.
So + (adjective atau adverb)
so … that (i) He walked so quickly that I couldn’t keep up with
+ noun + that
him.
so … that (j) She made so many mistakes that she failed the So … that digunakan untuk
so … that exam. many, few, much, dan little.
so … that (k) He has so few friends that he always lonely.
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so … that (l) She has so much money that she can buy whatever
she wants.
(m) He had so little trouble with the test that he left
twenty minutes early.
such … that (n) It was such a good book (that) I couldn’t put it Dalam bahasa lisan, kata
so …. (that) down. that kadang-kadang
(o) I was so hungry (that) I didn’t wait for dinner to dihilangkan.
eat something.
4. Expressing Purpose: Using so that
in order to (a) I turned off the TV in order to enable my In order to dan so that
roommate to study in peace and quiet. menyatakan tujuan. Dalam
so (that) (b) I turned off the TV so (that) my roommate could bahasa lisan, kata that
study in peace and quiet. kadang-kadang dihilangkan.
SO THAT + CAN atau COULD So that lebih sering
so that (c) I’m going to cash a check so that I can buy my digunakan daripada in order
textbooks. to apabila suatu kalimat
so that (d) I cashed a check so that I could buy my textbooks. menyatakan kemampuan
dengan kata can atau could.
SO THAT + WILL/SIMPLE PERSENT atau

WOULD
so that (e) I’ll take my umbrella so that I won’t get wet. Will digunakan dalam
kalimat dengan future tense,
so that (f) I’ll take my umbrella so that I don’t get wet. sementara would digunakan
dalam kalimat past tense.
so that (g) Yesterday I took my umbrella so that I wouldn’t get
wet.
5. Showing Contrast (Unexpected Result)
Kalimat-kalimat di bawah ini mempunyai makna yang sama. Biasanya orang tidak akan berenang
ketika cuaca dingin. Oleh karenanya, berenang pada cuaca dingin merupakan sesuatu yang tidak biasa
(unexpected result).
Adverb clauses even though (a) Even though it was cold, I went swimming.
although (b) Although it was cold, I went swimming.
though (c) Though it was cold, I went swimming.
Conjunctions but … anyway (d) It was cold, but I went swimming anyway.
but … still (e) It was cold, but I still went swimming.
yet … still (f) It was cold, yet I still went swimming.
Transitions nevertheless (g) It was cold. Nevertheless, I went swimming.
nonetheless (h) It was cold; nonetheless, I went swimming.

however … still (i) It was cold. However, I went swimming.
Prepositions despite (j) I went swimming, despite the cold weather.
in spite of (k) I went swimming, in spite of the cold weather.
despite the fact that (l) I went swimming, despite the fact that the weather
was cold.
in spite of the fact (m) I went swimming, in spite of the fact that the
that weather was cold.
6. Showing Direct Contrast
Kalimat-kalimat di bawah ini bermakna sama. Mereka menunjukkan contrast (pertentangan).
Adverb clauses while (a) Mary is rich while John is poor.

whereas (b) Mary is rich whereas John is poor.
Conjunctions but (c) Mary is rich, but John is poor.
(d) John is poor, but Mary is rich.
Transitions however (e) Mary is rich; however, John is poor.
(f) John is poor; Mary is rich, however.
on the other hand (g) Mary is rich. John, on the other hand, is poor.
(h) John is poor. Mary, on the other hand, is rich.
7. Expressing Conditions: Using Otherwise and Or (Else)
Adverb if (a) If I don’t eat breakfast, I get hungry.

If dan unless menyatakan
clause if (b) You’ll be late if you don’t hurry.
kondisi yang menyebabkan
unless (c) You’ll get wet unless you take your
akibat tertentu.
umbrella.
Transitio otherwise (a) I always eat breakfast. Otherwise, I

Or (else) dan otherwise
n get hungry during class.
menyatakan kondisi yang
otherwise (b) You’d better hurry. Otherwise, you’ll
menyebabkan akibat tertentu
be late.
apabila keadaan sebaliknya
otherwise (c) Take your umbrella. Otherwise, you’ll
terpenuhi.
get wet.
Conjunctio or (d) I always eat breakfast, or (else) I get Misalnya contoh (d) dan
n (else) hungry during class. (g) bermakna: Saya selalu
(e) You’d better hurry, or (else) you’ll be sarapan, jika tidak saya akan
or late. lapar selama pelajaran
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ProTEFL | Grammar
(else) (f) Take your umbrella, or (else) you’ll

get wet.
berlangsung.
or
(else)
Exercise 2 Choose the letter of the word or group of words that best completes the sentence.
1. Thousands of Irish people emigrated to the 4. She leaves the keys out _____ I remember to
United States _____ the potato famine in take them with me.
Ireland in the mid-19 century. (A) despite
(A) so that (B) or
(B) although (C) so that
(C) because (D) on the other hand
(D) because of
5. I'd better tell him about the letter, _____ he
2. _____ I was late, I managed to catch the train. might be angry.
(A) Although (A) therefore
(B) Otherwise (B) otherwise
(C) Due to (C) in spite of
(D) So that (D) while
3. The Smith family arrived at 2:00, _____ the

Jones family arrived an hour later.
(A) in spite of
(B) because of
(C) while
(D) in order to
Each sentence has four underlined words or phrases. The four underlined parts of
Review the sentence are marked A, B, C, or D. Identify the underlined word or phrase that
contains an error. Then circle the letter that corresponds to the answer you have
chosen, and reconstruct the sentence to make it correct.
1. He is a globalist; nevertheless we are nationalists who will put our country first.
A B C D
2. I was so tired that I could slept in this chair.

A B C D
3. If this project fails, it will affect not only our department, and the whole organization.
A B C D
4. He came home early in order to seeing the children before they went to bed.
A B C D
5. You have to go to college for a lot of years if she want to be a doctor.

A B C D
6. They speak neither Spanish nor Germany, but a curious mixture of the two.
A B C D
7. Both men and woman have complained about the advertisement.

A B C D
8. I'd put on such a lot of weigh that I couldn't get into my trousers.
A B C D
9. In spite repeated assurances that the product is safe, many people have stopped
buying it.
A B C D
10. Everyone in the office complains that he smells awful, or nobody dares mention it to him.
A B C D
11. Because their complex structures, trilobites are ideal for studying small evolutionary changes.
A B C D
12. You can move the cursor either by using the mouse or to use the arrow keys on the keyboard.
A B C D
13. Electricity is the phenomenon associated with positively and negatively charged particles of matter
A B
at rest and in motion, either individually nor in great numbers.

C D
14. Pesticides protect us from insects, weeds, disease, and hunger; therefore some pose
a risk of cancer,
A B C
birth defects, genetic mutations, and sterility.
D
15. The Earth has had several ice ages, but scientists think the last one began about two million years ago.
A B C D

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“Learning is not attained by chance. It must be sought for with ardor and attended to with diligence.

1. Connecting Clauses by Using Coordinating Conjunctions

Perhatikan contoh di bawah ini.

Contoh (a) terdiri dari dua simple sentences.

2. The missing wallet was found, _____ had been removed.

4. We got caught in pouring rain without _____ raincoats or umbrellas.

1. The Use of because, because of, and due to

because of (e) We stayed home because of the cold water.

2. The Use of Transitions: therefore and consequently

therefore (d) Yoseph didn’t study. Therefore, he

So (g) Yoseph didn’t study, so he failed the Perhatikan bahwa penggunaan

3. The Use of such … that and so … that

so … that (f) The coffee is so hot that I can’t drink it.

4. Expressing Purpose: Using so that

SO THAT + WILL/SIMPLE PERSENT atau

5. Showing Contrast (Unexpected Result)

nonetheless (h) It was cold; nonetheless, I went swimming.

6. Showing Direct Contrast

Kalimat-kalimat di bawah ini bermakna sama. Mereka menunjukkan contrast (pertentangan).

Adverb clauses while (a) Mary is rich while John is poor.

7. Expressing Conditions: Using Otherwise and Or (Else)

Adverb if (a) If I don’t eat breakfast, I get hungry.

Transitio otherwise (a) I always eat breakfast. Otherwise, I

(else) (f) Take your umbrella, or (else) you’ll

3. The Smith family arrived at 2:00, _____ the

2. I was so tired that I could slept in this chair.

5. You have to go to college for a lot of years if she want to be a doctor.

7. Both men and woman have complained about the advertisement.

at rest and in motion, either individually nor in great numbers.

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