“Absorb what is useful, discard what is not, and add what is uniquely your own.

” ProTEFL | Grammar

UNIT V
COMPLEX SENTENCES
Kalimat majemuk bertingkat (complex sentences) terdiri dari satu klausa utama dan satu atau
lebih anak klausa.
Clause (klausa) merupakan bagian kalimat yang memiliki subject (subjek) dan verb (kata kerja).
Terdapat dua jenis klausa, yaitu:
 Independent Clause (klausa independen) atau Main Clause (klausa utama)
 Klausa yang dapat berdiri sendiri sebagai kalimat utuh dan bermakna.
Independent clauses have three components:
1. They have a subject - they tell the reader what the sentence is about.
2. They have an action or predicate - they tell the reader what the subject is doing.
3. They express a complete thought - something happened or was said.
An independent clause can be as simple as a subject and a verb:
 Jim reads.

 Dependent Clause (klausa dependen) atau Sub-Clause (anak klausa)

 Klausa yang tidak dapat berdiri sendiri sebagai kalimat.

A. ADJECTIVE CLAUSE

1. Adjective Clause in General

Adjective clause merupakan suatu bentuk klausa yang berfungsi untuk memberi informasi
tambahan mengenai noun (kata benda). Adjective clause menggunakan relative pronoun (kata ganti)
yang menghubungkan induk kalimat dan klausa itu sendiri: who, whom, which, that, whose, dan
where.
We know a lot of people. Who = That = Yang
They live in Canada.  Digunakan sebagai pengganti orang
yang berkedudukan sebagai subject.
(a) We know a lot of people /who live in Canada/.
The girl fell in love with the man. Whom = That = Yang
I met him last year.  Digunakan sebagai pengganti orang
yang berkedudukan sebagai object.
(b) The girl fell in love with the man /whom I met last year/.
I don’t like stories. Which = That = Yang
They have unhappy endings.  Digunakan untuk menggantikan
benda/binatang, baik yang
(c) I don’t like stories /which have unhappy endings/. kedudukannya dalam kalimat
sebagai subject maupun object.
Last week I met the man. Whose = Yang (Kepunyaan)
His car was stolen.  Digunakan untuk menggantikan kata
ganti kepunyaan: my, your, our, his,
(d) Last week I met the man /whose car was stolen/. their, its, her (possessive pronoun).
Dengan kata lain, “whose”

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 ProTEFL | Grammar
UNIT 5 – Complex Sentences

digunakan untuk menggantikan

unsur kepunyaan yang dihilangkan.
The building is very old. Where = In Which = Di Mana
She lives there. (in that building)  Digunakan untuk menggantikan
(e) The building /where she lives is very old/. salah satu bagian kalimat yang
menunjukkan tempat.

Dari tabel di atas bisa diambil kesimpulan:

 That: digunakan untuk menggantikan posisi subjek dan objek pada manusia dan non-manusia.
 Who: digunakan untuk menggantikan posisi subjek pada manusia
 Whom: digunakan untuk menggantikan posisi objek pada manusia
 Which: digunakan untuk menggantikan subjek dan objek pada non-manusia.
 Where: digunakan untuk menggantikan bagian kalimat pengganti tempat.

2. Reduced Adjective Clause

Dalam Bahasa Inggris, adjective clause dapat kita sederhanakan. Tetapi, hanya adjective clause
yang memakai penghubung who, which atau that yang dapat kita sederhanakan. Penyederhanaan
tersebut, membuat clause dapat berubah ke bentuk phrase. Ada 2 cara untuk menyederhanakan
adjective clause yang dapat dilihat di tabel berikut:

(a) Cls: The man who is talking to John is Korean. Jika adjective clause mempunyai
Phr: The man who is talking to John is Korean. bentuk verb be, hilangkanlah
(b) Cls: The ideas which are presented previously are good. penghubungnya (subject pronoun)
Phr: The ideas which are presented previously are good. dan bentuk be-nya.

Jika tidak ada bentuk verb be,

(c) Cls: English has an alphabet that consists of 26 letters. hilangkanlah penghubungnya dan
Phr: English has an alphabet that consisting of 26 letters. ubahlah kata kerjanya menjadi
bentuk –ing.
Jika adjective clause-nya diikuti
oleh koma, maka adjective phrase-
nya juga diikuti koma. Adjective
(d) Cls: Paris, which is the capital of France, is an exciting city.
phrase di mana kata benda
Phr: Paris, which is the capital of France, is an exciting city.
mengikuti bentuk kata benda
lainnya disebut appositive. (lihat
Unit II hal. 8)

Exercise 1 Choose the letter of the word or group of words that best completes the sentence.

1. He is the student ... always arrives late. (C) which

(A) who (D) whose
(B) whom
(C) which 4. Rina’s marriage has been arranged by her family. She
(D) whose is marrying a man ....
(A) that she hardly knows him.
2. We visited the building ... famous for its unusual design. (B) whom she hardly knows him.
(A) who is (C) who she hardly knows.

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(B) which are (D) whom she hardly knows.

(C) which is
(D) whom are 5. Algebra problems contain letters ... for unknown
numbers.
3. There was a story in the paper about the man ... car was (A) stand
stolen. (B) stands
(A) who (C) standing
(B) whom (D) which standing

B. ADVERB CLAUSE

1. Adverb Clause in General

Adverb Clause (klausa keterangan) digunakan untuk memberi keterangan pada main clause
(klausa utama). Keterangan tersebut dapat menunjukkan hubungan waktu (time), sebab (cause),
kebalikan (contrast), dan syarat (condition).
Pada contoh (a) dan (b), when the phone rang
(a) /When the phone rang/ the baby woke, merupakan adverb clause yang menunjukkan
keterangan waktu.
up.
Adv. Clause , Main Clause Pada contoh (a) dapat dilihat, jika adverb clause
mendahului klausa utama (main clause) maka kedua
klausa tersebut harus dipisahkan oleh tanda koma (,).
(b) The baby woke up /when the phone
rang/.
Main Clause Adv. Clause

Berikut ini connector (kata hubung) yang dapat digunakan untuk mengawali adverb clause:
Time Cause Contrast Condition
after, before, when, while, as soon because, now that, event though, if, unless, only if,
as, since, until, by the time (that), since although, though, whether or not,
once, as/so long as, whenever, every while even if, in case.
time (that), the first time (that), the
last time (that), the next time (that)

2. Reduced Adverb Clause

Seperti adjective clause, adverb clause juga dapat disederhanakan dengan prinsip yang sama.
 Jika terdapat bentuk verb be, hilangkanlah subjek dan verb be.
 Jika bukan dalam bentuk verb be, hilangkan subjek dan ganti kata kerjanya ke bentuk –ing.

Adv. Cls Pada contoh (a), terdapat verb be yaitu

(a) /While I was walking to class/, I saw an old friend. was, maka jika disederhanakan, verb be
 /While walking to class/, I saw an old friend. dan subject I dihilangkan.
Adv. Cls
Sedangkan pada contoh (b), tidak
(b) /Before I left for work/, I ate breakfast.
terdapat verb be, melainkan verb left.
 /Before leaving for work/, I ate breakfast. Maka jika disederhanakan, subject-nya
dihilangkan dan verb diubah ke bentuk
V1+ing menjadi leaving.

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UNIT 5 – Complex Sentences

Note: Apabila suatu adverb clause diawali kata hubung because, dalam penyederhanaannya
penghubung because tidak diikutkan/dituliskan. Akan tetapi, hasil penyederhanaannya tetap
akan menunjukkan bentuk cause and effect.
Adv. Cls
(c) /Because she needed some money to buy some books/, Sue cashed a check.
 /Needing some money to buy some books/, Sue cashed a check.

Exercise 1 Choose the letter of the word or group of words that best completes the sentence.

1. John insisted that he didn’t need any help, ____ 4. Since ____ to a warmer and less humid climate,
I helped him anyway. I’ve had no trouble with my asthma.
(A) and (A) moved
(B) so (B) move
(C) for (C) moving
(D) but (D) I moving

2. ____ I get angry and upset, I try to take ten deep 5. ____ to be on-time, Rio drove his motorcycle
breaths. fast.
(A) Until (A) He has
(B) Whenever (B) He having
(C) Whereas (C) Having
(D) For (D) Because

3. After seeing the movie Twilight, ____

(A) the book was read by many people
(B) the book made many people want to read it
(C) many people wanted to read the book
(D) the reading of the book interested many
people

C. NOUN CLAUSE

Noun clause (klausa benda) mempunyai fungsi seperti kata benda (noun) dalam sebuah kalimat.
Klausa ini dapat berfungsi sebagai subject, object, maupun complement (pelengkap). Berikut adalah
bentuk-bentuk noun clause:

1. Noun Clause Beginning with Question Word

Dalam bahasa Inggris terdapat beberapa question words (kata tanya), seperti: who, whom, what,
which, whose, when, where, why, dan how. Pada noun clause, semua question word terlebih dahulu
diikuti oleh subject baru kemudian oleh verb. Jangan menggunakan pola kalimat tanya di dalam noun
clause.
Noun Clause
(a) What did he say? ® /What he said/ surprised me.
Sub. Verb Obj.

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Noun Clause
(b) Where does she live? ® I don’t know /where she lives/.
Sub. Verb Obj.
Noun Clause
(c) Who is at the door? ® I have no idea /who is at the door/.
Sub. Verb Obj. Complement

Pada contoh (a), noun clause ‘what he said’ berfungsi sebagai subject dari kalimat. Pada
contoh (b), noun clause ‘where she lives’ berfungsi sebagai object dari verb ‘know’. Sedangkan pada
contoh (c), noun clause ‘who is at the door’ berfungsi sebagai complement (pelengkap) kalimat. Pada
contoh (c), struktur kalimat tanya dan noun clause sama, karena who merupakan subject pada
keduanya.

2. Noun Clause Beginning with If/Whether

Ketika suatu yes/no question (pertanyaan yang jawabannya bisa yes atau no) diubah ke bentuk
noun clause, gunakan whether atau if untuk mengawali noun clause tersebut. Noun clause yang
diawali oleh if atau whether juga diikuti oleh subject baru kemudian verb. Biasanya, dalam bahasa
Indonesia, whether atau if diartikan “apakah”.
Noun Clause
(a) Can he drive? ® I don’t know /if/whether he can drive/.
Sub. Verb Complement
Noun Clause
(b) Will she come? ® /Whether she will come or not/ is unimportant to me.
Sub. Verb Complement

3. Noun Clause Beginning with That

Noun clause yang menunjukkan idea (ide) atau fact (fakta) diawali dengan kata hubung that. Kata
that yang mengawali noun clause sebenarnya tidak memiliki makna. That hanya berfungsi sebagai
penanda awal dari noun clause.
Noun Clause
(a) He is a good actor. ® I think /that he is a good actor/.
Sub. Verb Obj.
Noun Clause
(b) The world is round. ® We know /(that) the world is round/.
Sub. Verb Obj.
Noun Clause
(c) Most spiders have eight eyes. ® /That most spiders have eight eyes/ is a fact.
Sub. Verb Comp.

Pada contoh (a), that he is a good actor merupakan noun clause yang berfungsi sebagai
object dari verb ‘think’. Biasanya that sering tidak dimunculkan jika that mengawali noun clause
yang berfungsi sebagai object, seperti pada contoh (b). Pada contoh (c), that most spiders have
eight eyes merupakan subject kalimat. That tidak dapat dihilangkan jika dia mengawali noun
clause yang berfungsi sebagai subject kalimat.
Catatan: that pada noun clause berbeda dengan that pada adjective clause. Pada noun clause, that
dapat diartikan sebagai ‘bahwa’, sedangkan pada adjective clause, that dapat diartikan sebagai
‘yang’.

Exercise 1 Choose the letter of the word or group of words that best completes the sentence.

1. Do you know ____? I myself have no idea. 3. ____ do not study is bad news for the

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UNIT 5 – Complex Sentences

(A) where does she work teachers.

(B) where she does work (A) That most students
(C) where she works (B) Most students
(D) where she work does? (C) Whether most students
(D) If most students
2. ____ he will go or stay is his own choice.
(A) What 4. The Consumer Price Index lists ____ .
(B) Where (A) how much costs every car
(C) Who (B) how much does every car cost
(D) Whether (C) how much every car costs
(D) how much are every car costs

5. Most botanist have observed ____ a period of dormancy, even when conditions may be favorable for
growth.
(A) that seeds exhibiting (C) seeds that exhibiting
(B) that seeds exhibit (D) seeds that they exhibit

Each sentence has four underlined words or phrases. The four underlined parts of
Review the sentence are marked A, B, C, or D. Identify the underlined word or phrase
that contains an error. Then circle the letter that corresponds to the answer you
have chosen, and reconstruct the sentence to make it correct.
1. Ocean currents that help transfer heat from the equator to the poles, thereby creating a more balanced
A B C D
global environment.

2. Gas and dust that stream away from a comet forming one or more tails that may extend for millions of
A B C D
miles.

3. By studying the fossils of pollen, which extremely resistant to decay, researchers can gain useful
A B C
information about the vegetation of the past.
D
4. Because I heard the telephone rang, I didn’t answer it.
A B C D
5. What a patient tells a doctor it is confidential.
A B C D
6. My young son wants to know where do the stars go in the daytime.
A B C D
7. Mary usually arrives at the office at nine o’clock, but because the storm, she was two hours late.
A B C D

8. When we walked past the theatre, there were a lot of people waited in a long line outside the box office.
A B C D
9. Do you know whether is there a post office near here?
A B C D
10. Make noise when he eats is the main reason why Sue does not like to eat with her brother.
A B C D
11. When T.S. Eliot’s The Wasteland appeared in1922, critics were divided as to how well it was wrote.
A B C D
12. Plant cuttings who are placed in water will develop roots and can then be planted in soil.

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A B C D
13. The National Wildflower Reaserach Center which was established in 1982 by Lady Bird Johnson on
A B C
sixty acres of land east of Austin.
D
14. The idea that artistic achievements rank in importance with scientific achievements has been upheld by
A B C
painters, writers, and musicals for centuries.
D
15. Astronomers do not know how many galaxies there are, but is it thought that there are millions or
A B C
perhaps billions.
D

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