SUMMARY OF PLATE TECTONICS CONCEPT

Ir. BENYAMIN SAPIIE, Ph.D.

PRODI TEKNIK GEOLOGI FITB
2012
 THE DYNAMIC EARTH

EVIDENCE OF DYNAMIC EARTH

• SEDIMENTARY BASIN
• EARTH STRUCTURES
• TOPOGRAPHY
• EARTHQUAKES
• VOLCANISM
TOPOGRAPHY AND BATHYMETRY

The present-day sea level to reference topography and bathymetry and the average
elevation of the continents is 840 meters, the average depth of the oceans is 3800
meters. The maximum continental elevation is about 8848 meters (Mt. Everest) and
the deepest trench is about 10,000 meters (Mariana Trench).
TOPOGRAPHY
Continental Drift, Sea-Floor Spreading,
and Plate Tectonics

Alfred Wegener (1929)

Based on geology and fossils

SUPER-CONTINENTS
PANGEA

• Teori Tektonik lempeng adalah penggabungan antara

Sea-floor spreading dan Continental Drift
Pengapungan Benua
MENENTUKAN STRUKTUR BUMI

• Gelombang P mampu
melewati padat maupun
cairan

• Gelombang S hanya
bisa melalui media
padat

Vp = (K + 4m/3)/r

Vs = m/r

K = modulus young,
m = rigidity, r =density
Density and Earth Layers)
STRUKTUR BUMI DAN GELOMBANG SEISMIK

Perambatan gelombang seismik (P dan S)

LVZ

• 3 Diskontinuitas teramati dari perambatan gelombang S

• Gelombang P dan S menurun kecepatannya pada zona LVZ
• LVZ membatasi Lithosfir dan Astenosfir
• Gelombang S tidak merambat pada inti luar (bersifat cair)
DEFINISI LEMPENG (PLATES)

• Lempeng berdasarkan sifat fisik

Gaya Gravitasi (g) dan Massa Bumi (Me)

Fg = GMem/Re2

mg = GMem/Re2

Me = gRe2/G
Me = Masa Bumi
Re = Radius Bumi
g = 9.81 m/s2
G = Konstanta Gravitasi
= 6.6720X10-11 m3/Kg.s

Me = Masa Bumi = 6.001x1024 Kg

Densitas rata2 bumi:

Densitas Rata2 Bumi = 5.5 g/cm3

Distribusi Densitas Bumi
Distribusi Temperature dan Tekanan Dalam Bumi

Hubungan linear antara P dan T : PV = nRT

P = rgh
R = densitas batuan, g = konstanta gravitasi, h = kedalaman (km)
LEMPENG (PLATES)
LANTAI SAMUDRA (OCEAN FLOOR)
DAN KONTINEN (CONTINENT)

• Dipetakan di samudra : 40,000 km long ridge system

• Berkomposisi Benua (SIAL) dan Samudra (SIMA)
• Samudra lebih muda
• Benua berumur ~ 3.8 Billion Years Ago
• Samudra mempunyai sifat magnet
GEOMAGNETIK - PALEOMAGNETIK

• Pembentukan pola magnetik dilantai samudra

PALEOMAGNETISM
GEOMAGNETIK - PALEOMAGNETIK

• Jalur magnetik dilantai samudra

• Red <2 Ma, Orange 2-5 Ma
DIVERGENT PLATE BOUNDARY – OCEANIC PLATE

• PEMBENTUKAN LEMPENG BARU

TRANSFORM PLATE BOUNDARY
Transform and Seismicity
Transform and Plate Boundaries
CONVERGENT PLATE BOUNDARY

• PENGURANGAN DAN DEFORMASI LEMPENG

CONVERGENT PLATE BOUNDARY

• JALUR GUNUNG API (VOLCANOES)

• PUSAT GEMPA SEPANJANG JALUR PENUNJAMAN LEMPENG
JALUR GUNUNG API (VOLCANOES)
VOLCANO ERUPTIONS
Convergent Boundary Earthquakes
JALUR GEMPA BUMI (BENIOFF ZONE)
 Collisional
Orogenesis

Formation of
Continental Crust
 OBDUCTION

Density problem:
Oceanic > Continent
HEAT FLOW

The average continental heat flow is about 57 milliwatts per square

meters (mW/m^2), the oceanic heat flow is about 100 mW/m^2.
 HOT SPOT

• TIDAK BERASSOSIASI DENGAN ZONA SUBDUKSI

• DIGUNAKAN UNTUK MENENTUKAN KECEPATAN PERGERAKAN LEMPENG
MANTLE PLUMES AND HOT SPOT
TOMOGRAPHY
MECHANISM PLATE MOVEMENTc

Ridge-Push

Slab-pull
GAYA GERAK LEMPENG
what are driving forces for plate tectonics?
Forces Acting on Plate
Relative Plate Motions and Boundaries
Rate of Plate Motions
PLATE TECTONIC EVOLUTION
EARTH TECTONIC EVOLUTION
SOUTHEAST ASIA - AUSTRALIAN REGIONS
FREE AIR GRAVITY ANOMALY MAP

(PUSAT SURVEI GEOLOGI, 2000)

TOPOGRAPHY AND BATHYMETRY OF INDONESIAN REGION

SUNDALAND

IND-AUS

• ACTIVE TECTONIC REGIONS

• INTERACTION THREE MAJOR PLATES
• CONTINENTS AND OCEANS (MICRO-PLATES)
• TRENCHES AND VOLCANO CHAINS
Plate boundaries well defined by arc magmatism

Hall (2010)
 CRATON
AVERAGE

SE Asia Heatflow
From Hall & Morley (2004). Based on
Pollack et al. (1993) NGDC dataset, IPA/SEAPEX data [Kenyon & Beddoes, 1977;
Rutherford and Qureshi, 1981], and estimate for active volcanoes
After Hall (2010)
TECTONIC EVOLUTION OF SE ASIA
CENOZOIC TECTONIC EVOLUTION OF INDONESIAN REGION

Hall, 1996
Metcalfe (2008)
 Sundaland Blocks
in
WEST
Late Cretaceous
BURMA

RAUB- BENTONG
DANGEROUS
INDOCHINA- GROUNDS
EAST
MALAYA
LUCONIA

SW
BORNEO

75 Hall (2010)
After
 Pre-Cenozoic subduction around SE Asia

• Sundaland ‘core’ amalgamated to Asia by end

Triassic
• In similar geographic position to present day
since then (i.e. close to equator)
• Evidence of long-term subduction at south and
east margins from late Palaeozoic onwards
(but not continuous)
• Cenozoic growth of SE Asia associated with
Pacific/Philippine Sea and India/Australia plate
subduction
 Paleozoic – Mesozoic tectonic reconstructions (Metcalfe, 1996)
“The breakup Gondwana Supercontinent”

Paleozoic Mesozoic
 Pre-Cenozoic Tectonic Reconstructions

Hall (2011)
TECTONIC EVOLUTION OF INDONESIAN REGION

Modified from Hall (2012)

TECTONIC EVOLUTION OF SE ASIA

Hall (1999)
Cenozoic Tectonic Evolution of SE ASIA

Hall, 1996

• BASED ON PALEOMAGENETIC AND FRACTURED/SUTURED

INDONESIA TECTONIC AND BASIN CLASSIFICATION

Sapiie, et al. (2008)

TECTONIC REGIONS OF INDONESIA

Sapiie, et al. (2008)

• Based on crust association
• Type of basement rocks
• Tectonic origins
NEW TECTONIC MAP OF INDONESIA

Sapiie, et al. (2008)

 SUMMARY OF SE ASIA TECTONICS
• SE Asia has been close to the current position at the equator since the
early Mesozoic
• Evidence of long-term subduction at south and east margins during
early Mesozoic
• Subduction ceased 90 to 45 Ma (Indian-Eurasia Collision)
• Cenozoic growth of SE Asia associated with Pacific/Philippine Sea and
India/Australia plate subduction
• SE Asia is weak and hot lithosphere and lower crust
• Convergent plate motions do not result in contractional deformation
where most arc regions are in extension for most of the time
• Subduction consequences can be different
Hinge roll-back – upper plate extension
Slab pull – lower plate extension
Buoyant objects – can induce deformation
• Understanding tectonic and deformation are keys for future exploration
 SUMMARY OF INDONESIAN REGION TECTONICS

• YOUNG AND COMPLEX TECTONIC HISTORY

• DIVIDED INTO TWO PROVIENCES : WESTERN AND EASTERN

• WESTERN DOMAIN (SUNDALAND) IS CONVERGENT MARGIN SINCE

MEZOSOIC (ASIAN AFFINITY)

• DIVIDED INTO FOUR REGIONS: SUNDA, BANDA, AUSTRALIAN, PACIFIC

• EASTERN DOMAIN IS PASSIVE MARGIN UNTIL LATE MIOCENE

FOLLOWING BY COLLISION INVOLVING NUMEROUS MICROTECTONICS

• WESTERN INDONESIA IS OIL PRONE BASINS

• EASTERN INDONESIA IS GAS PRONE BASINS

TECTONIC MAP OF INDONESIA
IMPLICATIONS – GLOBAL SEA LEVEL CHANGE
IMPLICATIONS – ECONOMIC GEOLOGY
IMPLICATIONS – ECONOMIC GEOLOGY
IMPLICATIONS – ECONOMIC GEOLOGY
IMPLICATIONS – ECONOMIC GEOLOGY
GEODYNAMIC RESEARCH GROUP ITB