Kata Benda

Kata benda
(Nouns)
Pretest
Before reading the material of this chapter, try to do the following test. Underly the word
which is included in noun category.
1. Her veil has bright color.
2. He has just bought a new camera.
3. My father will renovate this room soon.
4. Maria always accompanies her aunt to go shopping.
5. That building was designed by a famous architect.
6. My uncle loves Italian foods very much.
7. She treats me a plate of fried rice.
8. This cafe has unique design.
9. Dinna will clean her room soon.
10. Dennis keeps trying to finish this project.
Material
Noun
Noun merupakan kata yang memberikan nama pada segala hal, baik berupa nama
negara, nama orang, nama benda, nama tempat, ide, dan lain sebagainya. Noun terbagi
menjadi beberapa bagian berdasarkan pada wujudnya, cara pembentukannya, serta
berdasarkan jumlahnya.
a. Berdasarkan pada wujudnya, noun atau kata benda terbagi menjadi dua, yaitu:
1) Concrete noun
Concrete noun atau kata benda konkret merupakan kata benda yang merujuk
pada sesuatu yang dapat terlihat atau terasa oleh panca indra.
Contoh:
Building (gedung) Garden (taman)
Table (meja) Plant (tanaman)
Kitchen (dapur) Flower (bunga)

Floor (lantai) Pillow (bantal)
Wall (dinding) Lamp (lampu)
Latihan
Can you mention other examples of concrete noun?
1. ..........................................
2. .........................................
3. .........................................
4. ........................................
5. .........................................
2) Abstract noun
Abstract noun disebut dengan istilah kata benda tak berwujud. Abstract
noun merupakan kata benda yang tidak dapat terlihat oleh panca indera.
Contoh:
Love (cinta) Truth (kebenaran)
Freedom (kebebasan) Goodness (kebaikan)
Honesty (kejujuran) Joy (kegembiraan)
Justice (keadilan) Humility (kerendahan hati)
Liberty (kebebasan) Wisdom (kebijaksanaan)
Latihan
Can you mention other examples of abstract noun?
1. ..........................................
2. .........................................
3. .........................................
4. ........................................
5. .........................................
b. Berdasarkan cara pembentukannya, noun atau kata benda terbagi menjadi
beberapa bagian, yaitu:
1) Abstract noun terbentuk dari kata benda dengan menambahkan suatu
akhiran.
Tambahan Noun Abstract noun
-ship Friend Friendship
-hood Brother Brotherhood
-cy Candidate Candidacy
-ion Gradute Graduation
Latihan
Can you mention other examples of the preivous noun?
Tambahan Noun Abstract noun
-ship ..................... ...................... ...
-hood ..................... ..........................
-cy .................... ...........................
-ion ..................... ...........................
2) Abstract noun terbentuk dari adjective (kata sifat) dengan menambahkan

akhiran tertentu
Tambahan Adjective Abstract noun
-ness Selfish Selfishness
-ity Able Ability
-ce Present Presence
-y Honest Honesty
-ty Royal Royalty
-th True Truth
Latihan
Tambahan Adjective Abstract noun
-ness ................... ............................
-ity .................... ............................
-ce .................... ............................
-y ................... ............................
-ty ................... ............................
-th .................... ............................
3) Noun yang terbentuk dari verb (kata kerja) dengan menambahkan akhiran
tertentu.
Tambahan Verb Noun
-er Teach Teacher
-ing Drink Drinking
-ment Develop Development
-ant Participate Paticipant
-ence Differ Difference
-y Deliver Delivery
-ation Declare Declaration

Latihan
Tambahan Verb Noun
-er ................... .......................
-ing ................... ........................
-ment .................... ........................
-ant .................... ........................
-ence .................... ........................
-y ..................... ........................
-ation ..................... .........................
c. Berdasarkan jumlahnya, noun atau kata benda terbagi menjadi dua, yaitu:
1) Countable noun
Countable noun merupakan jenis kata benda yang dapat dihitung sehingga
kata tersebut dapat terlihat dengan jelas bagaimana bentuk tunggal dan
jamaknya. Countable noun memiliki beberapa ciri, yaitu:
• Countable noun dengan bentuk tunggal dapat dibubuhi dengan kata
sandang a/an
• Countable noun mendapat akhiran –s jika dalam bentuk jamak.
Contoh:
Tunggal Jamak Tunggal Jamak
Cup Cups Bag Bags
Bottle Bottles Building Buildings
Table Tables Pillow Pillows
Door Doors Window Windows

Television Televisions Slipper Slippers
Latihan
Tunggal Jamak Tunggal Jamak
............................ .......................... ......................... .......................

. . . .
............................ .......................... ......................... .......................

. . . .
............................ .......................... ......................... .......................

. . . .
............................ .......................... ......................... .......................

. . . .
............................ .......................... ......................... .......................

. . . .
2) Uncountable noun
Uncountable noun merupakan jenis kata benda yang tak dapat dihitung
sehingga tidak dapat secara langsung ditentukan bagaimana bentuk tunggal
dan jamaknya. Uncountable noun memiliki beberapa ciri, yaitu:
✓ Bentuk jamak dari uncountable noun tidak diikuti akhiran –s.
✓ Uncountable noun tidak dapat dibubuhi kata sandang a/an.
Contoh:
Blood (darah) Jam (selai) jem
Cream (krim) Ice cream (es krim)
Soup (sup) Salt (garam)
Hydrogen (hidrogen) Hair (rambut)

Smoke (asap) Grass (rumput)
Humidity (kelembapan) Cancer (kanker)
Biology (biologi) English (bahasa Inggris)
Psychology (psikologi) Chinese (bahasa Cina)
Latihan
.................................................. ...........................................................
.. ..
.................................................. ...........................................................
.. ..
.................................................. ...........................................................
.. ..
.................................................. ...........................................................
.. ..
.................................................. ...........................................................
.. ..
Noun biasanya diletakkan pada posisi-posisi tertentu ketika digunakan dalam

kalimat, yaitu:
a. Noun terletak setelah determiner, misalnya setelah a, an, this, these, dan lain-
lain
Contoh:
• This car is expensive
• These cars are expensive
Mobil-mobil ini mahal.
• My little sister eats an apple.
Adikku makan sebuah apel.
• This watch is new
Jam ini baru.
That dan This → CAR

Those dan These → CARS
Latihan
Can you make some sentences with the following determiners?
1. A : .......................................................................................
2. An : .......................................................................................
3. The : ......................................................................................
4. These : .......................................................................................
5. That : .......................................................................................
b. Noun terletak setelah kata sifat (adjective)

Contoh:
• She is a smart woman.
Dia adalah seorang wanita yang cerdas.
• Some famous singers are invited in this event.
Beberapa penyanyi terkenal diundang ke acara ini.
• She wears a beautiful gown.
Dia memakai gaun yang cantik.
Latihan
Can you make some sentences with the following words?
1. Girl : .......................................................................................
2. Student : ........................................................................................
3. Room : ........................................................................................
4. House : ........................................................................................
5. T-shirt : ..................................................................................
Kata benda memiliki beberapa fungsi dalam kalimat, misalnya sebagai subjek atau
objek dalam suatu kalimat:
a. Kata benda (noun) dapat berfungsi sebagai subjek dalam kalimat
Contoh:
• Indonesia is a beautiful country.
Indonesia adalah negara yang indah.
• That student is diligent.
Murid itu rajin.
• Mr. Smith loves his children very much.
Pak Smith sangat mencintai anak-anaknya.
Latihan
Complete the following sentences with the suitable noun!
1. ................... bought two kilograms of apples in the market.
2. ..................are writing essay.
3. ..............repaired my broken computer.
4. ................is sleeping on the sofa.
5. ..................downloaded some files from this website.
b. Kata benda (noun) dapat berfungsi sebagai objek dalam kalimat

Contoh:
• He meets Maria in the bookstore
Dia bertemu Maria di toko buku.
• They swept the floor.
Mereka menyapu lantai.
• Mia washes the dishes.
Mia mencuci piring.
Latihan
Complete the following sentences with the suitable noun!
1. She is designing .............for her close friend.
2. Tio painted ..................
3. They are making .................together in the kitchen.
4. Dennis renovated his ...............yesterday.
5. Raisa is preparing some ...............for her little sister.
Noun usage in conversation

Dennis : What are you doing here, Mia?
Apa yang sedang kamu lakukan di sini, Mia?
Mia : I am waiting for my brother.
Aku menunggu kakakku.
Dennis : I see. What about having lunch together while waiting for your brother?
Begitu ya. Bagaimana kalau makan siang bersama sambil menunggu

kakakmu?
Mia : That sounds good. Come on.
Sepertinya ide bagus. Ayo.
Dennis : A bowl of meatballs and ice tea will be good.
Semangkuk bakso dan es teh akan enak.
Mia : You are right.
Kamu benar.
Noun usage in text

The depletion of fossil fuels such as coil, oil and gas leads to seek for some alternate power
sources, and nuclear power is the only power source that can meet the electricity demands in
the future. However, nuclear power has some advantages and disadvantages. Of the
advantages, nuclear is efficient. One kg of fuel of uranium gives energy equivalent 3,000
tonnes of high grade coal. Next, nuclear power plants require a little space compared to thermal
power plant for the same MW output. Also, nuclear fuel is available in plenty amount all over
the world. Therefore, fuel supply to plants will be continuing for hundreds of years. But, some
disadvantages of nuclear plants are also obvious. In nuclear plants safety is primary concern
rather producing electricity. There is significant risk of leakage of radiation in case of any
accident. The fission by products released are generally radio-active and pollute the land,
water, atmosphere, and other natural sources. It requires large water mass for cooling purposes.
Therefore, the plant should be near to a sea or river with the risk contaminated water. Finally,
it requires a large area around the plant to be isolated from living, almost 5 km in radius.
Source: UN 2014
Can you identify the nouns of the previous text?
1. .........................................
2. ........................................
3. .........................................
4. ........................................
5. .........................................
Kata ganti (Pronouns)
Pretest
which is included in pronoun category.
1. She is cooking rice right now.
2. I will pick you up soon.
3. We have to finish this work by ourselves.
4. My mother goes to the market by herself
5. My father goes to the marker by himself
6. I go to the market by myself.
7. You go to the market by yourself.
8. Is this your book?
9. These magazines are m
10. They would visit their teachers at the hospital.
11. My boss asked me to submit my report soon.
12. This company will meet his clients soon.
13. Which one do you want to buy?
14. This comic is mine and that one is yours.
Material
Pronoun
Pronoun (kata ganti) adalah jenis kata yang memiliki fungsi sebagai pengganti kata
benda atau frasa nomina (noun phrase). Di dalam bahasa Inggris terdapat beberapa jenis kata
ganti, yaitu:
a. Subject pronoun
Subject pronoun (personal pronoun) adalah kata ganti yang digunakan untuk
menggantikan nama atau seseorang dimana kedudukannya sebagai subjek dari
suatu kalimat, yaitu I, we, you, they, he, she, it.
Contoh:
• I plant some flowers in the garden.
Aku menanam beberapa bunga di taman.
• You buy two kilograms of apples.
Kamu membeli dua kilo apel.
• He plays basketball with his friends.
Dia bermain basket dengan teman-temannya.
Latihan
Can you make some sentences with the following pronouns?
1. We : .................................................................................
2. She : .................................................................................
3. It : .................................................................................
4. They : .................................................................................
5. You : .................................................................................
b. Complement pronoun
Complement pronoun adalah kata ganti yang memiliki fungsi sebagai pengganti
suatu benda atau orang dengan kedudukan sebagai objek pada suatu kalimat,
misalnya me, you, him, her, them, us, dan it.
Contoh:
• I told her that I want to borrow her dictionary.
Aku mengatakan kepadanya kalau aku ingin meminjam kamusnya.
• She told me that her father will visit her soon.
Dia berkata kepadaku kalau ayahnya akan mengunjunginya segera.
• Mr. Dimas told us that we will have a study tour to Singapore.
Pak Dimas memberitahu kita kalau kita akan study tour ke Singapura.
Latihan
1. Him : ......................................................................................
2. Us : .......................................................................................
3. Them : .......................................................................................
4. Her : ........................................................................................
5. You : ........................................................................................
c. Possessive adjective
Possessive adjective merupakan kata ganti yang memiliki fungsi untuk
menunjukkan suatu kepemilikan. Possessive adjective terletak sebelum kata
benda yang ia lekati, misalnya my, your, her, his, their, our, serta its.
Contoh:
• My brother will fix my washing machine soon.
Kakakku akan memperbaiki mesin cuci segera.
• She helps her mother to fry some fish.
Dia membantu ibunya untuk meggoreng ikan.
• May I borrow your book?
Bolehkah aku meminjam bukumu?
Latihan
1. His : ...................................................................................
2. Their : ..................................................................................
3. Our : .................................................................................
4. Its : .................................................................................
5. My : ................................................................................
d. Possessive pronoun
Possessive pronoun merupakan kata ganti yang digunakan untuk menyatakan
suatu kepemilikan. Possessive prooun berbeda dengan possessive adjective
dimana salah satu perbedaannya adalah letaknya yang ada di belakang kata
benda, misalnya mine, yours, ours, his, hers, serta theirs.
Contoh:
• These books are yours.
Buku-buku ini milikmu.
• Those flowers are mine.
Bunga-bunga itu milikku.
• This comic is mine and that one is hers.
Komik ini milikku dan yang itu miliknya.
Latihan
1. Ours : ...................................................................................
2. Hers : ..................................................................................
3. Theirs : .............................................................................................
4. His : .............................................................................................
5. Its : ............................................................................................
e. Reflexive pronoun
Reflexive pronoun merupakan kata ganti yang digunakan untuk menunjukkan
bahwa seseorang atau sesuatu yang melakukan suatu hal juga terkena dampak
dari apa yang ia lakukan, misalnya myself, yourself, yourselves, himself, herself,
themselves, ourselves.
Contoh:
• She goes to London by herself.
Dia pergi ke London sendirian.
• You cook these foods by yourself.
Aku memasak makanan-makanan ini sendiri.
• He finished a lot of works by himself.
Dia menyelesaikan banyak pekerjaan sendiri.
Latihan
1. Yourself : ...............................................................................
2. Ourselves : ...............................................................................
3. Themselves : ...............................................................................
4. Herself : ...............................................................................
5. Myself : ...............................................................................
Berikut adalah rangkuman dari beberapa jenis kata ganti (pronoun) yang telah
disebutkan:
Subject Complement Possessive Possessive Reflexive Arti
pronoun pronoun adjective pronoun pronoun
Object
Pronoun
I Me My Mine Myself Saya
You You Your Yours Yourself, Kamu,

yourselves anda
We Us Our Ours Ourselves Kami, kita
They Them Their Theirs Themselves Mereka
He Him His His Himself Dia (lk)
She Her Her Hers Herself Dia (pr)
It It Its Its Itself (benda)
Pronoun usage in conversation

Tio : Do you like photography?
Apa kamu suka fotografi?
Maya : Not really. But my brother loves it very much.
Tidak juga. Tapi kakakku sangat menyukainya.
Tio : So, whose camera is this?
Jadi, kamera siapa ini?
Maya : That camera belongs to my brother. I have just realized that you have
the same hobby with my brother.
Kamera itu milik kakakku. Aku baru sadar kalau kamu memiliki hobi
yan sama dengan kakakku.
Tio : I think we can be good friend since we have the same hobby.
Aku pikir kami dapat menjadi teman yang baik karena kami memiliki
hobi yang sama.
Maya : Yes, you are right. I will introduce you to my brother later.
Ya, kamu benar. Aku akan mengenalkanmu kepada kakakku nanti.
Pronoun usage in text

Beggars have become a big problem for us today. They come as street musicians, street
boys, “sick” people, or just beggars. As their number is getting bigger, the municipal
government feels the need to set a regulation to ban beggars. Many people support this.
They say that begging makes people lazy and bad survivors. They are like
parasites. Criminals take advantage of their existence. Car drivers are strong-armed in
crossroads, motorbikes are seized, trucks are hijacked, etc. A man in a rural area takes
them to the city with his truck in the morning and picks them up in the afternoon. They
have made an agreement to share what they get. Some children are reported to have been
kidnapped not for ransom. They are forced to be beggars.
Some people, however, say that we must help beggars. They become beggars
because they have no choice. What they get everyday is only enough for buying food.
Being a beggar is better than being a thief or a robber. So it is a high time to apply their
religious teaching to care for others. In addition, what they do is to help the government
to check the crime-rates.
Despite the controversy of their existence, beggars continue to color the life of
urban people.
Source: UN 2014
Can you identify the pronoun of the previous text?

1. .............................................
2. ............................................
3. ...........................................
4. ...........................................
5. ..........................................
Kata sifat (Adjectives)
Pretest
which is included in pronoun category.
1. This beautiful house was designed by Indonesian architect.
2. That cute cat has soft fur.
3. Do you want me to read this thick/thin book?
4. I do not want to live in this big house by myself.
5. She cannot lift that heavy box by herself.
6. The light in this room is too bright.
7. We are too tired after having long journey.
8. Can you fix this broken computer?
9. I think that novel is not interesting.
10. This watch is too expensive/cheap for me.
Material
Adejective
Adjective merupakan jenis kata yang memiliki fungsi untuk menggambarkan sesuatu.
Di dalam bahasa Inggris, letak adjective berada sebelum kata benda yang ia deskripsikan.
Terdapat beberapa jenis kata sifat di dalam bahasa Inggris, misalnya descriptive adjective,
adjective of quality, numeral adjective, adjective of quantity, demosntrative adjective.
a. Descriptive adjective
Descriptive adjective merupakan kata sifat yang digunakan untuk
mendeskripsikan atau memberikan penjelasan yang lebih dari suatu hal atau
benda. Descriptive adjective terbagi menjadi tiga jenis, yaitu proper adjective,
compound adjective, dan participle adjective
1) Proper adjective
Proper adjective merupakan jenis kata sifat yang digunakan untuk
menunjukkan suatu identitas, misalnya kewarganegaraan, suku, agama,
asal, dan lain sebagainya.
Contoh:
• Some Indonesian students win the international English debate
competition.
Beberapa siswa Indonesia menjuarai kompetisi debat Bahasa Inggris
internasional.
• There are many Singaporean lecturers came to my campus yesterday.
Ada beberapa dosen Singapura datang ke kampusku kemarin.
• That American singer sings beautifully.
Penyanyi Amerika itu menyanyi dengan indah.
Latihan
Can you mention some other examples of proper adjective?
1. ..................................................
2. ..................................................
3. ...................................................
4. ..................................................
5. ................................................
2) Compund adjective
Compund adjective merupakan kata sifat yang terbentuk dari gabungan dua
kata atau lebih. Penanda yang digunakan dalam compund adjective adalah
tanda penghubung (-) diantara gabung
Contoh:
• Some well-known singers are invited in this charity event.
Beberapa arsitek terkemuka diundang di acara amal ini.
• We will have a two-week holiday.
Kami akan berlibut selama 2 minggu.
• My mother is buying a mouth-watering chocolate cake.
Ibuku sedang membeli kue coklat yang terlihat sangat lezat.
Latihan
Can you mention some other examples of compund adjective?
1. ..................................................
2. ..................................................
3. ...................................................
4. ..................................................
5. ................................................
3) Participle adjective
Participle adjective adalah jenis kata sifat yang berasal dari V-ing (kata
kerja bentuk –ing) maupun V3/past participle (kata kerja bentuk ketiga).
Contoh:
• This is really a tiring journey.
Ini benar-benar perjalanan yang sangat melelahkan.
• She is deeply disappointed about his decision.
Dia sangat kecewa dengan keputusannya.
• You have a puzzled look right now.
Kamu nampak bingung sekarang.
Latihan
Can you mention some other examples of compund adjective?
1. ..................................................
2. ..................................................
3. ...................................................
4. ..................................................
5. ................................................
b. Adjective of quantity
Adjective of quantity adalah jenis kata sifat yang menunjukkan kuantitas
(jumlah) dari suatu kata benda, misalnya half (setengah), sufficient (cukup),
enough (cukup), little (sedikit), much (banyak), all (semua), some (beberapa),
no (tidak ada), many (banyak), whole (seluruh), any (beberapa).
Contoh:
• I don’t have enough savings for buying that red car.
Aku tidak memiliki tabungan yang cukup untuk membeli mobil merah itu.
• I do not have much energy again to argue about this matter with you.
Aku tidak memiliki banyak energi lagi untuk berdebat tentang masalah ini
denganmu.
• All students will have final test next week.
Semua siswa akan ujian akhir minggu depan.
Latihan
Can you make some sentences with the following word?
1. Half : ...................................................................................
2. Sufficient : ...................................................................................
3. Little : ..................................................................................
4. Any : .................................................................................
5. No : ...............................................................................
c. Demonstrative adjective
Demosntrative adjective merupakan kata sifat yang digunakan untuk
menunjukkan suatu kata benda. Demosntrative adjective terbagi menjadi dua,
yaitu:
a) Definite demonstrative adjective
Definite demonstrative adjective adalah kata sifat yang digunakan untuk
menunjuk pada suatu benda dan kata yang ditunjuk tersebut menjadi
spesifik. Kata yang termasuk dalam jenis kata sifat ini adalah that, this,
those, serta these.
Contoh:
• Those boxes are so heavy.
Kotak-kotak itu sangat berat.
• These kids are going to go to the zoo with their teachers.
Anak-anak ini akan pergi ke kebun binatang dengan guru-guru mereka.
• Will you come to this city again?
Apakah kamu akan datang ke kota ini lagi?
• That cat is very cute.
Kucing itu sangat manis.
Latihan
1. This : ..........................................................................
2. That : .........................................................................
3. These : .........................................................................
4. Those : ........................................................................
b) Indefinite demonstrative adjective

Indefinite demonstrative adjective adalah kata sifat yang berfungsi untuk
menunjuk suatu kata benda namun kata yang ditunjuk tersebut tidak menjadi
spesifik, misalnya a, other, some, dan lain-lain.
Contoh:
• My brother buys some flowers for me.
Kakakku membeli beberapa bunga untukku.
• She has to do some exercises for losing her body weight.
Dia harus berolahraga untuk menurunkan berat badanku.
• I think the book is not in this room. Let’s search it in other rooms.
Aku fikir buku itu tidak di ruangan ini. Ayo mencarinya di ruangan yang
lain.
Latihan
1. A : ...............................................................................
2. Some : ...............................................................................
3. Other : ...............................................................................
4. An : ...............................................................................
d. Adjective of quality
Adjective of quality adalah kata sifat yang menggambarkan kualitas dari suatu
benda, misalnya ukuran, warna, keadaan, bentuk, rasa, dan lain sebagainya.
Contoh:
• She has a really beautiful voice.
Dia memiliki suara yang sangat indah.
• Do you live in this big house with your sister?
Apakah kamu tinggal di rumah besar ini dengan kakak perempuanmu?
• This will be a difficult research.
Penelitian ini akan sulit.
Latihan
1. Easy : ....................................................................................
2. Thick : ....................................................................................
3. Wide : ....................................................................................
4. Black : ...................................................................................
5. Smart : ..................................................................................
e. Numeral adjective
Numeral adjective adalah kata sifat yang digunakan untuk menunjukkan berapa
banyak benda atau orang yang digambarkan.Numeral adjective terbagi menjadi
dua, yaitu definite numeral adjective dan indefinite numeral adjective.
1) Definite numeral adjective
Contoh:
• We bought two cups of coffe.
Kami membeli dua cangkir kopi.
• My brother has one car and two motorcycles.
Kakakku memiliki satu mobil dan dua sepeda motor.
• Can you buy three bottles of fresh water?
Bisakah kamu membeli tiga botol air putih?
Latihan
1. Five : ....................................................................................
2. Ten : ....................................................................................
3. Twenty : ...................................................................................
4. Fourteen : ...................................................................................
5. Nine : ...................................................................................
2) Indefinite numeral adjective

Contoh:
• A few kids are playing hide and seek at the backyard.
Beberapa anak sedang bermain petak umpet di halaman belakang.
• All students have to take a part in this event.
Semua siswa harus ikut ambil bagian dalam acara ini.
• Many new employees will be supervised by Mr. Anton.
Beberapa karyawan baru akan disupervisi oleh Pak Anton.
Latihan
1. Any : ..................................................................................
2. Some : ..................................................................................
3. No : ..................................................................................
4. Few : ...................................................................................
5. Many : ...................................................................................
Adjective usage in conversation

Tia : Your house is interesting. It has great design.
Rumahmu menyenangkan. Ia punya desain yang bagus.
Mia : Thanks. My brother designed it by himself.

Terima kasih. Kakakku yang mendesainnya sendiri.
Tia : Oh, really? Is he an architect?
Oh, benarkah? Apakah dia seorang arsitek?
Mia : Yeah. He works in one of private companies in this city.

Iya. dia bekerja di salah satu perusahaan swasta di kota ini.
Adjective usage in text

What is the benefit of tourism for local people? Well, tourism is now a huge contribute to
the economics of most countries. Tourism industries can bring money, job vacancy and
advancement especially to developing regions/ however, this money often goes into the
pocket of foreign investors, and only benefits for local people.
Tourism industries will not give much benefit to local people if, for example,
multinational chains don’t care about the surrounding nature when they build new hotels
this can cause many social, culture and geographical problems. Some local people may get
job and money from that international hotel chain.
However in case of missing that opportunity, some of them still have their own
environment.
Moreoever, some facts show that tourists tend to go, visit, and spend their money in
restaurant, bars, and even luxury hotel, which are owned by local people. This can prevent
the local people’s business from become even larger
Most important thing, tours or exoursions of tourism have little effect on nature,
even it can disrupt or destroy ecosystems, and environment, and if it does, the local people
will get the risk.
So the local government policies should be put in place to ensure that tourism will make
benefit spreading widely, the policies should guarantee that tourism will not cause any
harm to any local people or places.
Source: UN 2014
Can you identify the adjective of the previous text?
1. ..................................................
2. .................................................
3. .................................................
4. .................................................
5. .................................................
Kata kerja (Verbs)
Pretest
which is included in verb category.
1. They will perform on the stage soon.
2. I threw some papers in the dustbin.
3. Can you slice this meat?
4. Water boils at 100 celcius degree.
5. You have to print these files soon.
6. Did you cook these foods by yourself?
7. She wants to meet her old friends in that event.
8. Dennis is studying hard.
9. Maya has already sold her old house.
10. Have you ironed your clothes?
Material
Verb adalah kata untuk menggambarkan suatu tindakan, aktifitas, kondisi, atau
pengalaman.
a. Berdasarkan objeknya, kata kerja (verb) dapat dibagi menjadi dua, yaitu
transitive verb dan intransitive verb.
1) Transitive verb
Transitive verb adalah kata kerja yang membutuhkan suatu objek dalam
penyusunan suatu kalimat. Jika objek dihilangkan maka makna yang
ditampilkan oleh kalimat tersebut menjadi tidak jelas.
Contoh:
• We are watching Korean movie.
Kami sedang menonton film Korea.
• She helps her grandmother to plant some flowers.
Dia membantu neneknya untuk menanam beberapa bunga.
• My little sister will iron her clothes tomorrow.
Adikku akan menyetrika kamarnya besok.
Latihan
Can you find other examples of transitive verbs?
1. ..........................................
2. ...........................................
3. ...........................................
4. ...........................................
5. ............................................
2) Intransitive verb
Intransitive verb adalah kata kerja yang tidak membutuhkan suatu objek
dalam penggunaannya di kalimat.
Contoh:
• They seem tired after having a business trip.
Mereka terlihat lelah setelah melakukan perjalanan bisnis.
• He is sleeping right now.
Dia sedang tidur sekarang.
• The girls are sitting on the bench.
Gadis-gadis itu sedang duduk di bangku.
Latihan
Can you find other examples of intransitive verbs?
1. ..........................................
2. ...........................................
3. ...........................................
4. ...........................................
5. ............................................
b. Berdasarkan bentuknya, kata kerja dapat dibagi menjadi dua, yaitu finite verb
dan infinite verb
1) Finite verb
Finite verb adalah kata kerja yang memiliki fungsi untuk menunjukkan
suatu waktu dan kata kerja ini dibatasi oleh pelaku, jenis kelamin, number.
Finite verb dapat terbagi lagi menjadi dua, yaitu present form dan past form.
a) Present form
Present form adalah kata kerja yang digunakan untuk menunjukkan
bentuk pada masa sekarang.
Contoh:
• My mother is reading a fashion magazine.
Ibuku sedang membaca majalah fashion.
• My brother and his friend are playing badminton.
Kakakku dan temannya sedang bermain badminton.
• She buys so many fruit.
Dia membeli banyak sekali buah.
Latihan
Can you make some sentences as the previous pattern?
1. .........................................................................................
2. ..........................................................................................
3. .........................................................................................
4. .........................................................................................
5. ........................................................................................
b) Past form
Past form adalah kata kerja yang digunakan untuk menunjukkan bentuk
masa lalu (masa lampau)
Contoh:
• She was accompanying her friend to the bookstore.
Dia sedang menemani temannya ke toko buku.
• They went to the zoo yesterday.
Deny pergi ke kebun binatang bersama keluarganya kemarin.
• They were making a surprise for my birthday last night.
Mereka sedang membuat kejutan untuk ulang tahunku kemarin
malam.
Latihan
1. .........................................................................................
2. ..........................................................................................
3. .........................................................................................
4. .........................................................................................
5. ........................................................................................
2) Infinite verb
Infinite verb adalah kata kerja yang tidak dibatasi oleh pelaku, jenis kelamin,
number. Jenis kata kerja ini terbagi kembali menjadi tiga, yaitu infinitives,
gerund, dan participle.
a) Infinitives
Infinitivesadalah bentuk kata kerja dasar yang biasanya disandingkan
dengan “to” sebelum kata kerja tersebut.
Contoh:
• To write this article needs a long observation.
Untuk menulis artikel ini membutuhkan observasi yang lama.
• To translate this document needs a lot of time.
Untuk menterjemahkan dokumen ini membutuhkan waktu yang
lama.
Latihan
1. To clean : .......................................................................
2. To mention : ........................................................................
3. To present : ........................................................................
4. To plant : ........................................................................
5. To move : .....................................................................
b) Gerund
Gerund adalah kata yang memiliki akhiran –ing dimana kata ini
dibentuk dari kata kerja, namun dapat berfungsi sebagai kata benda.
Contoh:
• Cooking is an interesting thing to do.
Memasak adalah hal yang menyenangkan untuk dilakukan.
• Reading these books will increase your knowledge.
Membaca buku-buku ini akan meningkatkan pengetahuanmu.
Latihan
1. Jogging : ..............................................................................
2. Throwing : .............................................................................
3. Submitting : .............................................................................
4. Washing : ............................................................................
5. Reading : ............................................................................
c) Participle
Participle adalah kata kerja yang diakhiri dengan akhiran -ing atau –ed
dimana setelah proses pembentukannya ia dapat berfungsi sebagai kata
kerja dan dapat pula berfungsi sebagai kata sifat (adjective).
Contoh:
• This novel is interesting.
Novel ini menyenangkan.
• The depressed person needs to be comforted.
Orang yang tertekan itu butuh untuk dihibur.
Latihan
1. Puzzled face : ..........................................................................
2. Crying kid : ...........................................................................
3. Frightened girl : ...........................................................................
4. Disappointed boy : .........................................................................
5. Conforting advice : .......................................................................
c. Berdasarkan tense, jenis kata kerja dapat dibagi menjadi dua, yaitu:
1) Regular verb
Regular verb merupakan kata kerja yang perubahannya teratur dari bentuk
dasar menjadi bentuk past maupun participle, yaitu dengan menambahkan
akhiran –d atau –ed.
• Kata kerja dengan akhiran berupa huruf vokal maka pola
perubahannya dengan menambahkan akhiran –d.
Bentuk dasar Past tense Past participle
Dance Danced Danced
Work Worked Worked
Clean Cleaned Cleaned
Latihan
Can you find other examples of the previous ones.
................................... .................................. .................................
................................... .................................. .................................
................................... .................................. .................................

• Kata kerja dengan akhiran berupa konsonan (b, n, g, l, p, r, t) dan
sebelumnya berupa huruf vokal, maka pola perubahannya dengan
menambahkan akhiran –ed dan menggandaan konsonan.
Fit Fitted Fitted
Clip Clipped Clipped
Stop Stopped Stopped
Latihan
................................... .................................. .................................
................................... .................................. .................................
................................... .................................. .................................
• Penambahan akhiran –ed dilakukan jika kata kerja memiliki akhiran

berupa huruf konsonan.
Borrow Borrowed Borrowed

Entertain Entertained Entertained
Disturb Disturb Disturb
Latihan
................................... .................................. .................................

................................... .................................. .................................
................................... .................................. .................................
• Akhiran –ed ditambahkan pada kata kerja dengan akhiran –y,

kemudian huruf –y diubah menjadi –i
Marry Married Married
Carry Carried Carried
Fry Fried Fried
Latihan
................................... .................................. .................................
................................... .................................. .................................
................................... .................................. .................................
2) Irregular verb
Irregular verb merupakan kata kerja yang pola perubahannya tidak teratur
dan tidak menggunakan penambahan akhiran –d maupun –ed.
Write Wrote Written
Throw Threw Thrown
Buy Bought Bought

Latihan
................................... .................................. .................................
................................... .................................. .................................
................................... .................................. .................................
Verb usage in conversation

Kim : Have you finished your essay?
Apakah kamu sudah menyelesaikan esaimu?
Tia : No, I have not finished it yet. See, I am still working on it. What about
you?
Aku belum menyelesaikannya. Lihat, aku masih mengerjakannya.
Bagaimana denganmu?
Kim : I have just finished it this morning.

Aku baru saja menyelesaikannya pagi ini.
Tia : Oh my God. I have to finish it soon.

Astaga. Aku harus menyelesaikannya segera.
Kim : You still have much time. You can submit it on Wednesday.
Kamu masih punya banyak waktu. Kamu bisa mengumpulkannya di hari
Rabu.
Verb usage in text

Yogyakarta is the royal capital of DIY. It is a centre of fine arts and traditional Indonesian
culture. The puppets made from leather are available in the souvenir sops. It is also for
silversmithing and batik industry.
Solo and Pekalongan are also famous for “kain batik”. Most kain is decorated with beautiful
colored designs, which are drawn of hand stamped on the cloths as part of the batik dying
process. The batik designs are one of Indonesia’s most famous handicrafts and have often
been limited by western textile designers. The batik desigs of Solo are different from those
of Pekalongan, and the “kain batik” of Pekalongan is very colorful.
Bamboo and rattan are used to make wicker chairs and other furniture. Cirebon is famous
for its rattan industry. Bamboo and “mendong” are also used to make baskets, fans, mats,
etc. tasikmalaya its famous for this kind ofindustry.
Bandung, one of the most modern Indonesian cities, is a popular resort town. Some people
in Cibadayu, in the Southern Bandung, make shoes for domestic markets and for export.
Making shoes in a home industry. Puppets made of wood and cloth are also avalable in the
souvenir shoes.
In the fact there are still many other local handicrafts found in other parts of Indonesia.
Source: UN 2014
Can you identify the verb of the previous text?
1. .........................................
2. ........................................
3. ........................................
4. .......................................
5. .......................................
Kata keterangan (Adverbs)
Pretest
Try to complete the following sentences by choosing word in parantheses!
1. He .................. helped me to fix my computer. (kind / kindly)
2. My brother has ............. gone to London before. (usually / never)
3. That person shouted .............. to the police officers. (angry / agrily)
4. She irons her clothes ............... (careful / carefully)
5. My mother ............... cooks delicious food every morning. (always / never)
6. I see a beautiful girl ............. the crowd. (between / among)
7. My brother rents a room ................ the store. (on / above)
8. You have to think about that offer .............before deciding to accept it.
(carefully/harshly)
9. My family and I will move to this city ...................... (next year / two years ago)
10. She is taking care of her mother .................... (patient / patiently)
Material
Adverb adalah salah kata yang memiliki fungsi untuk memberikan informasi lebih pada
kata kerja, kata sifat, kata keterangan itu sendiri. Terdapat beberapa jenis kata keterangan
yang digunakan dalam penyusunan kalimat dalam bahasa Inggris, yaitu:
a. Adverb of time (kata keterangan waktu)
Berikut adalah beberapa kata keterangan waktu yang digunakan dalam bahasa Inggris:
Now (sekarang) Last week (minggu kemarin)
Tomorrow (besok) Two days ago (dua hari yang lalu)
Since (sejak) Yesterday (kemarin)
Ago (yang lalu) Last year (tahun kemarin)
Last month (bulan lalu) The day after tomorrow

(besok lusa)
Two months ago (dua bulan yang lalu) Last night (tadi malam)
Contoh:
• She will go to Surabaya tomorrow.
Dia akan pergi ke Surabaya besok.
• He arrived in Indonesia two days ago.
Dia sampai di Indonesia dua hari yang lalu.
Latihan
Can you make some sentences with the following adverbs?
1. Now : ................................................................
2. Last month : ................................................................
3. The day after tomorrow : ...............................................................
4. Two months ago : ..............................................................
5. Last week : ...............................................................
b. Adverb of place (kata keterangan tempat)

Berikut adalah kata keterangan tempat yang digunakan dalam bahasa Inggris:
Away (jauh) On (di atas)
Between (di antara) At (di)
Among (di antara) In (di)
Next (di samping) In front of (di depan)
Behind (di belakang) Over (di atas)
In the middle (di tengah) There (disana)
Above (di atas) Beside (di samping)
Contoh:
• I have already put some books and novels on your shelf.
Aku sudah meletakkan beberapa buku dan novel di atas rakmu.
• The cat is sleeping under the table.
Kucing itu sedang tidur di bawah meja.
Latihan
1. In : ..............................................................................
2. Behind : ..............................................................................
3. Between : .............................................................................
4. Beside : .............................................................................
5. In front of : ........................................................................
c. Adverb of manner (kata keterangan cara)

Pada dasarnya adverb of manner terbentuk dari kata sifat (adjective) dengan
adanya penambahan akhiran –ly pada akhir kata.
Kata sifat Kata keterangan
Careful Carefully
Easy Easily
Kind Kindly
Contoh:
• She is writing her job application letter carefully.
Dia sedang menulis surat lamaran pekerjaannya dengan hat-hati.
• She did her final test easily.
Dia mengerjakan ujian akhirnya dengan mudah.
Latihan
1. Kindly : ..............................................................................
2. Angrily : ..............................................................................
3. Quickly : ..............................................................................
4. Easily : ..............................................................................
5. Carefully : ..............................................................................
d. Adverb of degree
Berikut adalah beberapa kata yang menjadi bagian dari adverb of degree:
Certainly (tentu) Very (sangat)
So (sangat) Totally (benar-benar)
Rather (agak) Slightly (hampir)
Too (sangat) Really (sungguh)
Definitely (benar-benar) Indeed (sungguh)
Contoh:
• She said that she is totally happy for getting a job in that company.
Dia mengatakan kalau dia benar-benat senang karena mendapatkan
pekerjaan di perusahaan itu.
• That girl is really beautiful.
Gadis itu sangat cantik.
Latihan
1. Very : ............................................................................
2. So : ............................................................................
3. Too : ...........................................................................
4. Definitely : ...........................................................................
5. Rather : ...........................................................................
e. Adverb of modality
Berikut ini adalah kata keterangan yang termasuk dalam bagian adverb of
modality:
Likely (mungkin) Perhaps (mungkin)
Probably (mungkin) Possibly (mungkin)
Contoh:
• Maybe your package will be sent next week.
Mungkin paketmu akan dikirim minggu depan.
• I’ll go to Bali perhaps.
Aku akan pergi ke Bali mungkin.
Latihan
1. Likely : ...........................................................................
2. Perhaps : ...........................................................................
3. Possibly : ...........................................................................
4. Probably : ...........................................................................
5. Maybe : ..........................................................................
f. Adverb of frequency
Berikut adalah contoh dari kata keterangan keseringan (adverb of frequency):
Never (tidak pernah) Almost (hampir)
Always (selalu) Usually (biasanya)
Occasionally (adakalanya) Seldom (seldom)
Hardly ever (hampir tidak pernah) Sometimes (kadang-kadang)
Rarely (jarang)
Contoh:
• She has never visited Australia before.
Dia belum pernah berkunjung ke Australia sebelumnya.
• Sometimes I want to go abroad by myself.
Kadang-kadang aku ingin pergi ke luar negeri sendirian.
Latihan
1. Never : .........................................................................
2. Always : .........................................................................
3. Seldom : ........................................................................
4. Almost : .......................................................................
5. Hardly ever : .......................................................................
Adverb usage in conversation

Dennis : Hello, Tia. Have arrived in my office?
Halo, Tia. Apa kamu sudah sampai di kantorku?
Tia : Yeah, I have just arrived. I will wait for you at the lobby.
Iya, aku baru saja sampai. Aku akan menunggumu di lobi.
Dennis : Okay. This meeting will be finished in fifteen minutes.

Oke. Rapat ini akan selesai dalam 15 menit.
Tia : I see. Take your time.

Baiklah. Gunakan waktumu.
Dennis : Previously, Mia called me and said that she will arrive in this city
tomorrow morning.
Sebelumnya, Mia meneleponku dan mengatakan kalau dia akan sampai
di kota ini besok pagi.
Tia : Oh really? We have to pick her up tomorrow.

Oh benarkah? Kita harus menjemputnya besok.
Dennis : Okay. We will talk about it later in our lunch.

Baiklah. Kita kana membicarakannya nanti di makan siang.
Adverb usage in text

Internet has been the most outstanding innovation in the history of mankind. As
with every single innovation, the internet has its own advantages and disadvantages.
The target of the internet has always been the communication. By the beginning of
computer’s internet, our earth has reduced and has attained the form of a global village.
Now we can communicate in a fraction of second with a person who is sitting in the other
parts of the world. Today, for better communication, we can avail the facilities of e—mail
and we can chat for hours with our loved ones. There arew plenty messanger services in
offering. With the help of such services, it has become very easy to establish a kind of
global friendsip.
However, the internet also has disadvantages. One of them is the wide spread of
unsuitable contents for kids. It is a very serious issue and related to children’s healthy
mental life. There are thousands of such inappropriate contents on the internet which can
be easily found. Though, the internet can also create havoc, destruction and its misuse can
be very fatal, the advantages of it out-weigh its disadvantages.
Source: UN 2013
Can you indentify the adverb of the previous text?
1. ...................................
2. ...................................
3. ...................................
4. ..................................
5. ................................
Konjungsi (Conjunction)
Pretest
which is included in verb category.
1. My favourite foods are fried rice and soup.
2. I was watching a Korean drama while my sister was reading a novel.
3. She could not wake up early because she had to write an English composition last night.
4. She is not only beautiful, but also smart.
5. Neither my friends nor my parents agree if I take a scholarship to study abroad.
6. She has responsibility to improve the company’s sales, consequently she does not have
much time to spend with her child.
7. He eats a lot of food everyday, whereas he has a very skinny body.
8. You have to have your breakfast before going to the office.
9. We studied that we could pass the final examination.
10. This car is more expensive than that one.
Material
Conjunction (konjungsi atau kata sambung) merupakan penghubung antar kata atau
sekelompok kata. Secara garis besar kata sambung terbagi menjadi dua, yaitu coordinating
conjunction dan subordinating conjunction:
a. Coordinating conjunction
Coordination conjunction adalah kata sambung yang digunakan untuk menggabungkan
dua hal yang setingkat. Coordinating conjunction terbagi lagi menjadi beberapa bagian,
yaitu cumulative conjunction, alternative conjunction, illative conjunction, serta adversative
conjunction:
1) Cumulative conjunction (kata sambung kumulatif)
Cumulative conjunction disebut pula dengan istilah copulative conjunction atau
additive conjunction dimana fungsi dari kata sambung ini adalah menghubungkan
pernyataan-pernyataan tanpa menunjukkan suatu pilihan, misalnya:
Also Juga Not only....but Tidak hanya....tapi
also.... juga..
Likewise Demikian juga And also Dan juga
Besides Disamping itu Similarly Demikian juga
And Dan In addition Lagipula,

begitupula
Again Lagi Moreover Selain itu
As well as Begitu pula Furthermore Lagi pula
Both Baik
Contoh:
• My little sister is planting some flowers and vegetables at the backyard.
Adikku sedang menanam bunga dan sayuran di halaman belakan.
• Both Mia and Tia want to play badminton.
Baik Mia maupun Tia ingin bermain badminton.
Latihan
Can you make some sentences with the following conjunction?
1. Also : ....................................................................................
2. Moreover : .....................................................................................
3. In addition : .....................................................................................
4. Besides : .....................................................................................
5. And also : .....................................................................................
2) Alternative conjunction (kata sambung alternatif)

Alternative conjunction disebut pula dengan istilah disjunctive conjunction, dimana
kata sambung ini memiliki fungsi untuk menunjukkan suatu pilihan. Beberapa kata yang
termasuk dalam alternative conjunction adalah:
Either....or...... Baik....maupun.... Otherwise Jika tidak
Neither.....nor..... Baik....maupun.... Or Atau
Else Jika tidak Whether.....or...... Apakah....atau....
Contoh:
• Neither my friends nor my parents agree if I accept the job.
Baik teman-temanku maupun orangtuaku tidak menyetujui kalau aku
menerima pekerjaan itu.
• I have to go to England, whether he likes it or not.
Aku harus pergi ke Inggris, apakah dia menyukainya atau tidak.
Latihan
1. Either........ or...... : ............................................................................
2. Or : ............................................................................
3. Otherwise : ............................................................................
4. Else : ............................................................................
5. Neither ....nor..... : ............................................................................
3) Illative conjunction (kata sambung ilatif)

Illative conjunction menunjukkan suatu kesimpulan dari pernyataan yang lain. Kata
sambung ini juga dapat digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu dugaan berdasarkan
pernyataan lain yang ada dalam suatu kalimat, misalnya:
Accordingly Maka Hence Karena itu
As a result Sebagai akibatnya So....that.... Begitu....sehingga...
On that account Oleh sebab itu So Maka
Since Karena Thus Maka
Because of Karena Therefore Oleh karena itu
Because Karena That Sehingga
Consequently Karenanya Then Maka
For Karena Regardless of Terlepas dari
Contoh:
• The rain is falling heavily that I cannot not go anywhere.
Hujannya sangat lebat sehingga aku tidak bisa pergi kemanapun.
• He does not have enough money to pay the tuition. Thus, he has to do
a part time job.
Dia tidak memiliki uang yang cukup untuk mem
bayar uang SPP. Sehingga, dia harus bekerja paruh waktu.
Latihan
1. Consequently : .....................................................................
2. Thus : .......................................................................
3. As a result : .......................................................................
4. So : .......................................................................
5. Thus : ......................................................................
4) Adversative conjunction (kata sambung adversatif)

Adversative conjunction merupakan kata sambung yang digunakan untuk menunjukkan
suatu perbedaan diantara dua pernyataan yang diungkapkan. Beberapa kata yang
termasuk dalam adversatif conjunction adalah:
Although Meskipun Only Hanya, sayang
But Tetapi On the other hand Sebaliknya
Despite Meskipun While Sementara
Eventhough Walaupun Still Masih,

sungguhpun
begitu
However Bagaimanapun, akan Notwithstanding Meskipun

tetapi
In spite of Meskipun Yet Meskipun begitu,
namun
In contrast Sebaliknya Whereas Sebaliknya
Nevertheless Namun Though Meskipun
On the contrary Sebaliknya
Contoh:
• He doesn’t study, yet he can understand the formula easily.
Dia tidak belajar, meskipun begitu dia dapat dengan mudah
memahami rumus tersebut.
• He eats a lot of food everyday, whereas he has a very skinny body.
Dia makan banyak setiap hari, namun ia memiliki tubuh yang kurus.
Latihan
1. Althouh : ...........................................................................
2. On the other hand : ...........................................................................
3. In contast : ...........................................................................
4. In the contraty : .....................................................................
5. However : ........................................................................
b. Subordinating conjunction
Subordinating conjunction adalah kata sambung yang digunakan untuk
menggabungkan dua hal yang tidak setara, yaitu bagian kalimat berupa induk
kalimat (main clause) dan anak kalimat (sub clause). Berdasarkan hubungan
makna yang terbentuk antara induk kalimat dan anak kalimat yang dihubungan
dengan subordinating conjunction, maka pembagian subordinating conjunction
adalah:
1) Subordinating conjunction yang menunjukkan waktu
Yang termaasuk dalam kelompok kata sambung ini adalah before, after,
when, while, since.
Contoh:
• I haven’t met him since yesterday.
Aku belum bertemu dengannya sejak kemarin.
• After climbing a mountain, we feel so tired.
Setelah mendaki gunung, kami merasa sangat capek.
Latihan
1. Before : .............................................................................
2. After : ...............................................................................
3. When : ..............................................................................
4. Since : ..............................................................................
5. While : ..........................................................................
2) Subordinating conjunction yang menunjukkan tempat

Yang termasuk dalam kelompok kata sambung ini adalah where, wherever.
Contoh:
• Can you tell me where the bookstore is?
Dapatkah kamu memberitahuku dimana toko buku berada?
• I will accompany you wherever you want to go.
Aku akan menemanimu kemanapun kamu ingin pergi.
Latihan
1. Where : ...........................................................................
2. Wherever : ...........................................................................
3) Subordinating conjunction yang menunjukkan tujuan atau maksud

Yang termasuk dalam kelompok kata sambung ini adalah that dan so that.
Contoh:
• We studied that we could pass TOEFL test.
Kami belajar agar kami bisa lulus tes TOEFL.
• I read so that I can increase my knowledge.
Aku membaca agar supaya aku dapat meningkatkan pengetahuanku.
Latihan
1. That : ..........................................................................
2. So that : ..........................................................................
4) Subordinating conjunction yang menunjukkan suatu kontras

Konjungsi yang termasuk dalam kelompok ini adalah though serta although
Contoh:
• Although he is busy, he can accompany his kids to the bookstore.
Meskipun dia sibuk, dia dapat menemani anak-anaknya ke toko buku.
• She still manages to go traveling to some places though she’s busy.
Dia masih dapat pergi mengunjungi beberapa tempat meskipun ia
sibuk.
Latihan
1. That : ..........................................................................
2. So that : ..........................................................................
5) Subordinating conjunction yang menyatakan alasan

Konjungsi yang termasuk dalam kelompok ini adalah because, since, serta
as.
Contoh:
• Since you have been here, I will introduce you to Mr. Andy.
Karena kamu sudah di sini, aku akan memperkenalkanmu pada Pak
Andy.
• As I have a lot of work to do, I cannot come to her farewell party.
Karena aku punya banyak pekerjaan, aku tidak dapat pergi ke pesta
perpisahanmu.
Latihan
1. Because : .....................................................................................
2. Since : .....................................................................................
3. As : .......................................................................................
6) Subordinating conjunction yang menyatakan suatu syarat

Konjungsi yang termasuk dalam golongan ini adalah if, unless, serta
provided.
Contoh:
• I will accompany you to the museum if I can finish this work this night.
Aku akan menemanimu ke museum jika aku dapat menyelesaikan
pekerjaan ini nanti malam.
• You can’t pass this interview unless you prepare yourself well.
Kamu tidak akan lulus wawancara ini kecuali kamu mempersiapkan
dirimu dengan baik.
Latihan
1. If : ........................................................................................
2. Unless : ........................................................................................
3. Provided : ........................................................................................
7) Subordinating conjunction yang menyatakan hasil

Konjungsi yang termasuk dalam kata sambung ini adalah so serta that.
Contoh:
• He has a lot of money so he can buy a nice sport car.
Dia memiliki banyak uang oleh karena itu dia dapat membeli sebuah
mobil sport yang bagus.
• You can translate this document clearly that I can understand it well.
Kamu dapat menterjemahkan dokumen ini dengan jelas sehingga aku
dapat memahaminya dengan baik.
Latihan
1. So : .......................................................................................
2. So that : .......................................................................................
8) Subordinating conjunction yang menyatakan perbandingan

Konjungsi yang termasuk dalam kata sambung ini adalah as....as.... serta
than.
Contoh:
• Mia is as smart as Tia.
Mia sama pandainya dengan Tia.
• This car is more expensive than mine.
Mobil ini lebih mahal daripada mobilku.
Latihan
1. As.......as...... : ..............................................................................
2. Than : ..............................................................................
Conjunction usage in conversation

Tio : So, what do you want to order?
Jadi, apa yang ingin kamu pesan?
Lia : Steak for me. what about you?

Aku pesan steak. Kamu?
Tio : Fried rice will be good. You always order for steak. Dont you get bored?
Nasi goreng sepertinya enak. Kamu selalu memesan bistik. Apa kamu tidak
bosan?
Lia : Never. In my family, not only me who loves steak, but also my brothers.
Tidak pernah. Di keluargaku tidak hanya aku yang suka, tapi juga kakak-
kakakku.
Tio : I see. So, what about the drinks?

Begitu ya. Lalu, mau minum apa?
Lia : Orange juice for me

Jus jeruk untukku.
Tio : The same for me.

Aku pesan yang sama.
Waiter : I will read your order once again. Steak, fried rice, and two glasses of
orange juice. Is that all, Sir, Miss?
Aku akan membcakan pesanan ini sekali lagi. Bistik, nasi goreng, and dua
gelas jus jeruk. Apakah itu saja, Pak, Bu?
Tio & Lia : Yes. Thanks.
Iya terima kasih.
Conjunction usage in text

The respiratory system, in anatomy and physiology are organs that deliver oxygen to the
circulatory system to be transported to all body cells. The respiratory and circulatory system
work together to deliver oxygen to cells and remove carbon dioxide in a two-phase process
called respiration.
The first phase of respiration begins with breathing in, or inhalation. Inhalation brings air
from outside the body into the lungs. Oxygen in the air moves from the lungs through blood
vessels to the heart, which pumps the oxygen-rich blood to all the body. Oxygen then moves
from the bloodstream into cells, which completes the first phase of respiration. In the cells,
oxygen is used in a separate energy-producing process called cellular respiration, which
produces carbon dioxide as a by product.
The second phase of respiration begins with the movement of carbon dioxide from the cells
to the bloodstream. The bloodstream, carries carbon dioxide to the heart which pumps the
carbon dioxide-laden blood to the lungs. In the lungs, breathing out, or exhalation, removes
carbon dioxide from the body, thus completing the respiration cycle.
Source: UN 2013
Can you find the conjunction of the previous text?
1. .........................................
2. ..........................................
3. ...........................................
4. .........................................
5. .........................................
Preposisi (Prepotition)
Pretest
Can you try to translate the following preposition?
1. Between : .................................................................................................
2. During : .................................................................................................
3. Among : .................................................................................................
4. Until : .................................................................................................
5. Without : .................................................................................................
6. Instead of : .................................................................................................
7. Via : .................................................................................................
8. Next to : ..................................................................................................
9. In : ..................................................................................................
10. Toward : ..................................................................................................
Material
Preposition (preposisi atau kata depan) merupakan jenis kata yang digunakan untuk
menunjukkan hubungan antara dua kata atau frasa dalam suatu kalimat. Preposisi biasanya
diletakkan sebelum kata benda (noun), kata ganti (pronoun), serta frasa. Terdapat beberapa
preposisi yang digunakan secara bersamaan dengan kata kerja, kata sifat, serta kata benda
tertentu.
a. Preposisi yang digunakan secara bersamaan dengan kata benda
Noun + preposition Meaning
Authority on Otoritas atas
Admiration for Kekaguman untuk
Connection between Hubungan antara
Cruelty toward Kekejaman terhadap

Desire for Keinginan untuk
Difficulty in Kesulitan dalam
Information about Informasi tentang
Lack of Kekurangan dalam
Opinion about Pendapat tentang
Reason for Alasan untuk
Relationship with Hubungan dengan
Solution to Solusi untuk
Victim of Korban dari
Room for Ruang untuk
b. Preposisi yang digunakan secara bersamaan dengan kata sifat

Adjective + preposition Meaning
Full of Penuh dengan
Different from Berbeda dari
Proud of Bangga degan
Married to Menikah dengan
Good at Pandai dalam
Bored with Bosan dengan
Addicted to Kecanduan pada
Capable of Dapat, bisa
Concerned about Perhatian dengan
Worrried about Cemas dengan

Tired of Lelah
Terrified of Takut akan
Known for Terkenal karena
Disappointed with Kecewa dengan
c. Preposisi yang digunakan secara bersamaan dengan kata kerja

Preposition Verb Meaning
About Argue about Memperdebatkan tentang
Boast about Membanggakan tentang
Complain about Mengeluh tentang
Concern about Memperhatikan tentang
Against Fight against Bertarung dengan
React against Berekasi degan
Kick against Menendang
At Guess at Menebak
Smile at Tersenyum pada
Wonder at Heran akan
For Apply for Melamar untuk
Apologize for Meminta maaf untuk
Ask for Meminta untuk
Beg for Memohon untuk
Long for Merindukan
From Differ from Berbeda dari

Escape from Melarikan diri dari
Hide from Bersembunyi dari
Prohibit from Melarang dari
In Come in Masuk
Absorb in Menyerap
Step in Ikut campur
With Agree with Setuju dengan
Begin with Mulai dengan
Communicate with Berkomunikasi dengan
To Belong to Milik
Confess to Mengakui
Dedicate to Berdedikasi kepada
Latihan
Make some sentences by using the following words!
1. Hide from : ...........................................................................
2. Apply for : ............................................................................
3. Tired of : ............................................................................
4. Different from : ............................................................................
5. Proud of : .............................................................................
6. Admiration for : ............................................................................
7. Relationship with : ............................................................................
8. Apologize for : ............................................................................
9. Good at : ............................................................................
10. Reason for : .............................................................................
Preposition usage in conversation
Dimas : Did you see Mario passing by here?
Apakah kamu melihat Mario lewat sini?
Tia : No, I did not. But, previously I saw him at the library.
Tidak, aku tidak melihatnya. Tapi sebelumnya aku melihatnya di
perpustakaan.
Dimas : I will just wait for him here. Maybe he is still there.
Aku akan menunggunya di sini. Mungkin dia masih di sana.
Tia : Lets just wait for him at the canteen while having a cup of coffee.
Ayo menunggunya di kantin sambil minum kopi.
Dimas : That sounds good.
Sepertinya ide bagus itu.
Preposition usage in text

A flood is an overflow of an expanse of water that submerges land. In the sense
of “flowing water”. The world may also be applied to inflow of the tide. Flooding may
result from the volume of water within a body of water, such as a river or lake, whic
overflows or break levees, with the result that some of the water escapes its unusual
boundaries.
While the size of a lake or other body of water will vary, with seasonal changes
in precipitation and show melt, it is not a significant flood unless such escapes of water
endanger land areas used by man like a village, city or other inhabited area.
Floods can also occur in rivers, when flow exceeds the capacity of the river channel,
particularly at bends or meanders. Flood often cause damage to homes and business if
they are placed in natural flood plains of rivers. While flood damage can be virtually
eliminated by moving away from rivers and other bodies of wter. Since time out of mind,
people have lived and worked by the water to seek the sustenance and capitalize on the
gains of cheap and easy travel and commerece by being near water. That humans
continue to inhabit atreas treatened by flood damage is evidence that the percieved value
of living near the water exceeds the cost of repeated periodic flooding.
Can you find some preposition in the previous text?

1. ...............................
2. ..............................
3. .............................
Interjection (Kata Seru)
Pretest
Can you mention some interjection you have already known?
1. ...............................................................
2. ...............................................................
3. ...............................................................
4. ...............................................................
5. ...............................................................
6. ................................................................
7. ................................................................
8. ..................................................................
9. ..................................................................
10. ..................................................................
Material
Interjection adalah ungkapan yang digunakan oleh seorang penutur untuk
mengungkapkan suatu ekspresi, baik berupa ekspresi keterkejutan, perasaan senang,
maupun perasaan yang lain, misalnya:
Kata seru Arti
Ouch! Aduh!
Hey! Hei!
Fool! Bodoh!
Good heavens! Ya Tuhan!
Thank God! Terima kasih Tuhan!
What a shame! Memalukan sekali!
Hello Halo!
For goodness’ sake! Astaga!

Oh my God! Oh Tuhanku!
Latihan
Can you mention other examples of interjection?
1. ......................................................................
2. ......................................................................
3. ......................................................................
4. ......................................................................
5. ......................................................................
Interjection usage in conversation

Mia : Watch out! You have to be careful here.
Awas! Kamu harus hati-hati di sini.
Tia : Thanks. I will be more careful from now.
Terima kasih. Aku akan lebih hati-hati mulai sekarang.
Mia : We have to take this path to reach the waterfall.
Kita harus mengambil jalan setapak ini untuk mencapai air terjun.
Tia : I heard that it is so beautiful.
Aku dengar air terjun itu sangat cantik.
Mia : You are right. I have gone there many times, but I have never get
bored.
Kamu benar. Aku kesana beberapa kali, tapi tidak pernah bosan.

Kata Benda

Diunggah oleh

Informasi Dokumen

Deskripsi Asli:

Hak Cipta

Format Tersedia

Bagikan dokumen Ini

Bagikan atau Tanam Dokumen

Opsi Berbagi

Apakah menurut Anda dokumen ini bermanfaat?

Apakah konten ini tidak pantas?

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

Kata Benda

Diunggah oleh

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

Kata benda

Table (meja) Plant (tanaman)

Kitchen (dapur) Flower (bunga)

Wall (dinding) Lamp (lampu)

Freedom (kebebasan) Goodness (kebaikan)

Honesty (kejujuran) Joy (kegembiraan)

Justice (keadilan) Humility (kerendahan hati)

Liberty (kebebasan) Wisdom (kebijaksanaan)

-ship Friend Friendship

-hood Brother Brotherhood

-cy Candidate Candidacy

-ion Gradute Graduation

-ship ..................... ...................... ...

-hood ..................... ..........................

-cy .................... ...........................

-ion ..................... ...........................

2) Abstract noun terbentuk dari adjective (kata sifat) dengan menambahkan

-ness Selfish Selfishness

-ity Able Ability

-ce Present Presence

-th True Truth

-ness ................... ............................

-ity .................... ............................

-ce .................... ............................

-ty ................... ............................

-th .................... ............................

-er Teach Teacher

-ing Drink Drinking

-ment Develop Development

-ant Participate Paticipant

-ence Differ Difference

-ation Declare Declaration

-er ................... .......................

-ing ................... ........................

-ment .................... ........................

-ant .................... ........................

-ence .................... ........................

-ation ..................... .........................

Cup Cups Bag Bags

Bottle Bottles Building Buildings

Table Tables Pillow Pillows

Door Doors Window Windows

............................ .......................... ......................... .......................

............................ .......................... ......................... .......................

............................ .......................... ......................... .......................

............................ .......................... ......................... .......................

............................ .......................... ......................... .......................

Cream (krim) Ice cream (es krim)

Soup (sup) Salt (garam)

Hydrogen (hidrogen) Hair (rambut)

Humidity (kelembapan) Cancer (kanker)

Biology (biologi) English (bahasa Inggris)

Psychology (psikologi) Chinese (bahasa Cina)

Noun biasanya diletakkan pada posisi-posisi tertentu ketika digunakan dalam

That dan This → CAR

b. Noun terletak setelah kata sifat (adjective)

b. Kata benda (noun) dapat berfungsi sebagai objek dalam kalimat

Noun usage in conversation

Apa yang sedang kamu lakukan di sini, Mia?

Mia : I am waiting for my brother.

Aku menunggu kakakku.

Begitu ya. Bagaimana kalau makan siang bersama sambil menunggu

Mia : That sounds good. Come on.