BIOLOGI AKUATIK
Prodi Biologi
Fakultas Sains dan Teknologi
UIN Syarif Hidayatullah
🡽
Kontrak Perkuliahan
• Tatap Muka 16 (sudah termasuk UTS dan
UAS)
• Bobot Penilaian 40:30:30 (Formatif:UTS:UAS)
• Nilai Formatif terdiri dari kehadiran, kuis,
presentasi atau makalah
• Penilaian akhir dalam bentuk A+/-, B+/-, C+/-
dst.
🡽
Rencana Pembelajaran Studi
(Wetzel, 2001)
(Silk & Ciruna, 2004)
(Wetzel, 2001)
(Søndergaard & Jeppesen, 2007)
Growth in global plastic production from 1950 to 2012 (millions of tonnes, adapted
from Plastics Europe 2013) (Ryan 2015)
(Mostofa et al., 2016)
(Jambeck et al. 2015)
(Jambeck et al. 2015)
(Karpatne et al., 2017)
🡽
KIMIA FISIK DAN
BIOLOGI
PERAIRAN
Prodi Biologi
Fakultas Sains dan Teknologi
Universitas Islam Negeri Syarif Hidayatullah
Karakteristik Kimia-Fisika air
🡽 Oksigen Terlarut 🡽
Nitrogen, Hidrogen Sulfida dan
Bahan
Metana Organik Terlarut
🡽 Karbondioksida Ex: Gula, Asam
Tanin,AsamVitamin, Asam
lemak, humus,
amino,
🡽 Alkalinitas Peptida,
Protein, Pigmen Tumbuhan, Urea
dan sebgainya.
🡽 Kesadahan 🡽 Bahan Anorganik Tersuspensi
🡽 Bahan Organik Ex: Partikel dan Koloid Tanah atau Lumpur
🡽 Bahan Organik Tersuspensi
Ex: Plankton, jamur, bakteri dan
sisa tumbuhan
Graphic info by www.fondriest.com
natural and man-made
Stratification can cause pH levels within a body of water to differ above and below the cline.
In rivers and streams, dissolved oxygen concentrations are dependent on temperature
Dissolved Organic Matter, Total Organic Matter & Particulate Organic Carbon
ION UTAMA ION SEDIKIT ION RENIK
(Major Ion) (Minor Ion) (Trace Ion)
🡽 Kalsium (Ca2+) 🡽 Nitrogen 🡽 Alumunium
🡽 🡽 Fosfor 🡽 Arsen
Magnesium
(Mg2+) 🡽 Besi 🡽 Barium
🡽 Cahaya
🡽 Suhu PP No. 82 Tahun 2001
tentang Pengelolaan Kualitas
🡽 Kecerahan & Kekeruhan Air&Pengendalian
🡽 Warna Pencemaran Air; Peraturan
KLHK 2003 No 115 tentang
🡽 Konduktivitas Pedoman Penentuan Status
🡽 Padatan Total, Mutu Air; Peraturan KLHK
2004 No 51 tentang Baku
Terlarut & Tersuspensi Mutu Air Laut.
🡽 Salinitas
Parameter Biologi Air
🡽 Bakteri Coliform
🡽 Plankton
🡽 Gastropoda PP No. 82 Tahun 2001
🡽 Ikan tentang Pengelolaan Kualitas
Air&Pengendalian
Pencemaran Air; Peraturan
KLHK 2003 No 115 tentang
Pedoman Penentuan Status
Mutu Air; Peraturan KLHK
2004 No 51 tentang Baku
Mutu Air Laut.
Sunlight
Muskrat
Pond
snail
Litoral zone
Limnetic zone
Diving
beetle Plankton
Profundal zone
Benthic zone
Yellow Northern
Bloodworms pike
perch
Organisme di Zona Akuatik
Aquatic systems contain floating, drifting, swimming, bottom-dwelling, and
decomposer organisms.
◆ Plankton: important group of weakly swimming, free-floating biota.
Phytoplankton (plant), Zooplankton (animal), Ultraplankton (photosynthetic
bacteria).
◆ Nekton: fish, turtles, whales.
◆ Benthos: bottom dwellers (barnacles, oysters).
◆ Decomposers: breakdown organic compounds (mostly bacteria).
Macrofauna (or macrobenthos): those animals
retained by a 1.0-mm-mesh sieve. These are the
largest benthic animals, including starfish, mussels,
most clams, corals, etc.
Meiofauna (or meiobenthos): those animals retained
by a 0.1-1.0-mm-mesh sieve. These are small animals
commonly found in sand or mud. The group includes
very small molluscs, tiny worms, several small
crustacean groups (including benthic copepods).
Microfauna (or microbenthos): those animals that are
smaller than 0.1 mm in dimension. This smallest size
Musim
Kimia
Lintang
Antrop
(Latitud
ogenik
e)
Prodi Biologi
Fakultas Sains dan Teknologi
UIN Syarif Hidayatullah
The Origin of River & Stream
Formation of terrestrial hydrography, and origination and
evolution of rivers systems in particular, was mainly
determined by changes caused by the effect of tectonic
and volcanic processes on relief formation, including
appearance and evolution of continents, as well as seas
and lakes on the continents. (Shiklomanov, 2009)
River waters are deep and generally sufficiently turbid to
prevent penetration to riverbed.
Stream are zones where rapid flow of shallow water
produces a shearing stress on the streambed, resulting un
a rocky or gravel substratum covered by fully oxygenated
water (Goldman & Horne, 1983).
(Babkin, 2009)
Physiographic factors may be combined into two basic
groups:
Hujan
Prodi Biologi
Fakultas Sains dan Teknologi
UIN Syarif Hidayatullah 1
THE ORIGIN OF LAKE
BASINS
3
4
Lake Classification by Chemistry Lake Classification by Volume of Water
5
6
Asian Lake Review and Distribution (Fairbridge & Bengtsson, 2012)
Lake Classification by Light
8
Epilimnion: Lapisan atas perairan yang
cendurung hangat dan tercampur
dengan baik.
Termoklin/Metalimnion: Lapisan
perubahan suhu dan panas secara
vertikal relatif besar.
Hipolimnion: Lapisan paling dasar
dengan suhu lebih dingin dengan
perbedaan suhu secara vertikal lebih
kecil.
9
www.fondriest.com
Lake Classification by Trophic Status
10
CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL WATERS OF LAKE
11
www.fondriest.com
12
www.fondriest.com
13
www.fondriest.com
14
(Sinaga dkk., 2016)
16
(Sinaga dkk., 2016)
17
(Sinaga dkk., 2016)
(Assuyuti dkk., 2017)
18
(Assuyuti dkk., 2017) 19
BIODIVERSITY OF LAKE & POND
22
(Ramadhan dkk., 2016)
THANK YOU
KUIS !!!
24
DASAR-DASAR KIMIA FISIK
PERAIRAN LAUT
Prodi Biologi
Fakultas Sains dan Teknologi
UIN Syarif Hidayatullah
Topography & Oceanography
(Lohman et al., 2011)
LANDSCAPE OF THE OCEAN FLOOR
Like the surface of the continents, the ocean floor displays a variety of physical
features, including mountains, hills, trenches, and expansive plains.
7
Karleskint et al.
Karleskint et al.
2010
100% income
biosphere
70% income = 20%
Atmosphere Atmosphere
= 49% ocean and
land
8
Castro & Huber
2003
10
The global distribution of sea surface
temperatures (°C) in February
11
Lalli & Parsons
The global distribution of sea surface temperatures (°
C) in August
12
Lalli & Parsons
13
Castro & Huber 2003
Karleskint et al.
2010
Seasonal changes in the temperature and salinity of surface waters of temperate and polar seas
produce a mixing effect that brings nutrient-rich bottom water closer to the surface and oxygen-rich
surface water closer to the bottom.
Sea Surface Temperature (SST)
The updated 100-year trend (1906–2005) of 0.74°C ± 0.18°C is larger than the 100-year
warming trend at the time of the TAR (1901–2000) of 0.6°C ± 0.2°C due to additional warm
years. The total temperature increase from 1850-1899 to 2001-2005 is 0.76°C ± 0.19°C. The
rate of warming averaged over the last 50 years (0.13°C ± 0.03°C per decade) is nearly
twice that for the last 100 years.
http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/tssts
Karleskint et al.
OCEAN SALINITY. The salinity of the surface water of the ocean varies with
latitude as a result of regional differences in evaporation and precipitation.
World Ocean Atlas 2009
Minimum dissolved oxygen requirements of saltwater fish
KARAKTERISTIK DAN
BIODIVERSITAS EKOSISTEM
ESTUARI
Prodi Biologi
Fakultas Sains dan Teknologi
UIN Syarif Hidayatullah
1
ESTUARY
An estuary is a semi-enclosed
coastal body of water, which has a
free connection with the open sea,
and within which sea water is
measurably diluted with fresh water
derived from land drainage
McLusky & Elliott 2004
2
Estuary global distribution
3
Estuary Indonesia distribution
4
5
Karakteristik Fisik
6
Savenije
Tipe Pasang Surut
7
Estuarine Salinity (Recognized) Strength of currents, tidal amplitude,
wave strength, and deposition of
sediments as well as temperature,
Positive oxygen, and the supply of nutrients
Mixed Savenije
8
2005
estuary
Mostly found in the tropics, for example, the Laguna
Negative or Inverse Madre, Texas, or Spencer Gulf and Gulf St Vincent,
South Australia
Occur in temperate regions where the freshwater input is very limited such as
the fjord in Denmark
9
Partially Savenije
Neutral Ex: Most typical in the tropics and subtropics region
Well-mixed Savenije
estuary 2005
10
Estuarine Circulation
Ex: Mississippi (US), McLusky & Elliott 2004
Salt wedge or Highly stratified
Vellar (India)
11
Karleskint et al.
Fjord
Ex: Norwegian fjords,
West of Scotland sea
lochs. Silver Bay
(Alaska), Alberni Inlet
(British Columbia)
Karleskint et al.
2010
12
McLusky & Elliott 2004
Partially mixed
Ex: James River (US), Forth
(UK), Elbe (Germany)
13
McLusky & Elliott 2004
Well-mixed
Homogeneous
Ex: Delaware, Raritan (US),
Solway Firth (UK),
Mandovi-Zuari (India)
Karleskint et al.
2010
14
McLusky & Elliott 2004
Geomorphology Dürr et al. 2011
15
16
Dürr et al. 2011 Estuarine filter
Delta
17
https://estuaries.org
18
Geomorphology:
Karleskint et al. 19
2010
Estuaria Tektonik: terbentuk akibat aktivitas tektonik (gempa bumi
atau letusan gunung berapi) yang mengakibatkan turunnya
permukaan tanah, kemudian digenangi air laut
Karleskint et al. 20
2010
Fjords: estuaria yang dalam, terbentuk oleh aktivitas glasier yang
mengakibatkan tergenangnya lembah es oleh air laut
21
Karleskint et al.
Estuaria Bentukan Penghalang:
–Laguna (Gobah) atau Teluk Semi Tertutup: terbentuk oleh
adanya beting pasir, sehingga menghalangi interaksi langsung
dan terbuka dengan laut
–Delta: terbentuk oleh endapan sedimen yang berasal dari
lahan atas di mulut sungai
22
Karleskint et al.
23
Characteristic zones: Biologist
Middle reaches
Currents due to tides. Principally mud deposits, but
sandier where currents faster. Salinity 18–25.
Lower reaches
Faster currents due to tides. Principally sand
deposits, but muddier where currents weaken.
Salinity 25–30.
Strong tidal currents. Clean sand or
Mouth rocky shores. Salinity similar to Lalli & Parsons 2004
adjacent sea (> 30). 24
McLusky & Elliott 2004
Estuarine organisms Primary producers Primary consumers
Secondary consumers
These are mostly animals with marine affinities that live in the
True estuarine central parts of estuaries. Most commonly at salinities of 5–18.
Migrants estuarine These animals, mostly fish and crabs, spend only a part of
their life in estuaries, with some such as the flounder
(Platichthys flesus) or the shrimp (Pandalus montagui) residing
and feeding in estuaries
The majority of animals living in rivers and other freshwaters
Oligohaline do not tolerate salinities greater than 0.5, but some, the
oligohaline species persist at salinities of up to 5.
Referring to water of low salinity, usually less than about 5
Euryhaline Organisms able to tolerate a wide range in salinity
Microphytobenthos Zooplankton
Diatoms & microalgae
Phytoplankton
Detritus
Microbial 27
Estuaries in temperate and
subarctic regions are usually
bordered by extensive
grassy areas that extend
inland from the mudflats
28
Castro & Huber
29
Karleskint et al. SALT MARSH FOOD WEB
30
Karleskint et al.
The menhaden (Brevoortia) is one of the most important commercial fishes along
the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States.
31
Castro & Huber
Fungsi & Manfaat
Fungsi Ekologis
Sumber Zat Hara sehingga produktivitas tinggi
Penyedia Habitat bagi beragam biota perairan
Tempat Mencari Makanan biota laut
Tempat Bereproduksi dan tumbuh besar biota perairan dan
spesies migrasi
Fungsi Fisik
Sebagai penahan/pemecah gelombang & angin
Sebagai perangkap sedimen
Sosial Ekonomi
Sebagai Tempat Pemukiman
Sebagai Tempat Penangkapan dan Budidaya Ikan
Sebagai Jalur Transportasi
32
Sebagai Kawasan Pelabuhan, Industri dan pemukiman
Castro & Huber
2003
33
34
Lalli & Parsons
THANK YOU
35
Bioekologi Ekosistem
Mangrove
Mangroves arewoodyplants that growat the
interface between land and seain tropical and
sub-tropical latitudes (Kathiresan &Bingham 2001)
Mangrove didefinisikan sebagai pohon-pohon
kayu dan semak belukar yang berkembang di
habitat mangrove (Hogarth 2007) yang
berada di pantai tropis dan subtropis yang
didominansi oleh beberapa jenis pohon yang
mampu tumbuh dan berkembang pada
daerah pasang- su r ut (Bengen 2004) habitat
tepi pantai atau estuaria.
Menurut Kusmana dkk, (2005)
hutan mangrove adalah suatu
tipe hutan yang tumbuh di
daerah pasang surut (terutama
di pantai yang terlindung, laguna, muara
sungai) yang tergenang waktu air laut pasang
dan bebas dari genangan pada s a at a i r la u t
s u r u t, ya ng komunitas tumbuhannya
toleran terhadap garam.
Mangrove di Indonesia tersebar diseluruh pulau dengan memiliki area mangrove yang terbesar di
2
dunia yaitu sekitar 3.112.989 juta m atau 22,6% total luasan di dunia (Giri et al. 2010) dan mangrove
di kawasan Asia tenggara sekitar 76% (Hutomo & Moosa 2005) yang secara global memiliki
keanekaragamanan yang paling tinggi (Polidoro et al. 2010).
Proportion of Threatened (Critically Endangered, Endangered, and Vulnerable) Mangrove
Species
Distribusi Lokal
1. Overwash
mangroveforest:
Mangrove merah
merupakan jenis
yang dominan di pulau
ini yang sering dibanjiri
dan dibilas oleh pasang
2. Fringe mangrove forest
Mangrove fringe ini ditemukan sepanjang terusan air,
digambarkan sepanjang garis pantai yang tingginya lebih dari
rata-rata pasang naik.
Akar nafas
Reproduksi
A. Pembungaandan polinasi
B. Produksi Propagule
C. Vivipary dan Cryptovivipary
Abiotik Biotik
Fisik Sosial-ekonomi
Ekologi
asli dari mangrove berasosiasi dengan tumbuhan
fakultatif (sebagian) vertebrata tingkat rendah, tingkat tinggi,
pendatang invertebrata dan mikroorganisme
Fisik
Menjaga garis pantai
Mempercepat
pembentukan lahan baru
Sebagai pelindung terhadap
gelombang dan arus
Sebagai pelindung tepi
sungai atau pantai
Mendaur ulang unsur-unsur
hara penting
Sosial-ekonomi
Akuakultur
Rekreasi
Penghasil kayu
Simbiosismangrove dengan lamun