KTSP K

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bahasa inggris XI

FACTUAL REPORT

TUJUAN PEMBELAJARAN
Setelah mempelajari materi ini, kamu diharapkan memiliki kemampuan berikut.
1. Memahami makna dalam teks factual report dalam konteks kehidupan sehari-hari.
2. Memahami generic structure dan unsur kebahasaan yang ada di dalam teks factual
report.

a. Definition
Factual report atau yang disebut juga informative report adalah wacana yang mengandung
informasi yang berkaitan dengan ilmu pengetahuan dengan tujuan memberikan
informasi berbasis fakta kepada pembaca dan/atau pendengar. Informasi dalam teks
ini didasarkan pada hasil penelitian terperinci, misalnya, topik mengenai gempa bumi,
tsunami, penemuan teknologi baru, ikan paus, dan sebagainya.

Selain itu, informasi dalam teks ini juga bersifat umum. Misalnya, teks dengan topik
whales akan menjelaskan ciri-ciri fisik, jenis, atau perkembangbiakan whales secara
umum berdasarkan hasil penelitian ilmiah; teks dengan topik tsunami akan memberikan
informasi tentang ciri-ciri tsunami, skema terjadinya tsunami, atau mekanisme sistem
peringatan dini.

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b. Generic Structure
Untuk memahami struktur factual report, perhatikan contoh teks di bawah ini:

Whales belong to the order cetacea, which includes whales, dolphins and porpoises.
Whales are mammals. Like all mammals, whales breathe air into lungs, are warm-blooded,
feed their young milk and have some (although very little) hair. Their bodies resemble the
streamlined form of a fish, while the forelimbs or flippers are paddle-shaped. The tail fins,
or flukes, enable whales to propel themselves through the water. Most species of whale
have a fin on their backs known as a dorsal fin.

Beneath the skin lies a layer of fat called blubber. It serves as an energy reservoir and
also as insulation. Whales breathe through blowholes, located on the top of the head so the
animal can remain submerged. Baleen whales have two blowholes, while toothed whales
have one. The diet of whales depends on their species; it can range from microscopic
plankton to large marine mammals. Whales live in all of the world's oceans, though their
specific range varies by species.

Many whales tend to migrate long distances from their cold-water feeding grounds
to warm-water breeding grounds each year. They travel alone or in groups, or pods, on
their annual migrations. Toothed whales often hunt in groups, migrate together and share
young-rearing duties.

Most whales are quite active in the water. They jump high, or breach out of the water
and land back in the water. They also thrust their tails out of the water and slap the water's
surface, which is believed to be a warning of danger nearby. Whales also communicate
with each other using lyrical sounds. These sounds are extremely loud depending on the
species and can be heard for many miles.

Because of their environment (and unlike many animals) and because they need to
breathe air by coming to the water's surface, whales are conscious breathers, meaning
they decide when to breathe. All mammals sleep, including whales, but they cannot afford
to fall into an unconscious state for too long, since they need to be conscious to break the
surface in order to breathe.
Taken from: http://www.defenders.org/whales/basic-facts

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 Vocabulary Corner
Propel : push, move
Resemble : look like
Forelimb : front part of the body
Flipper : fin
Reservoir : storage
Insulation : protection
Submerge : underwater
Microscopic : very small/ tiny
Breach : break through
Thrust : push

Pertanyaan:
1. Objek apa yang dijelaskan dalam teks di atas?
2. Deskripsi apa saja yang disebutkan dalam teks di atas?

Generic structure (struktur paragraf ) teks factual report adalah sebagai berikut:
1. General identification/General statement
 Informasi umum
 Menjawab pertanyaan ‘Objek/hal apa yang dijelaskan di dalam teks?’, deskripsi
umum dan klasifikasi umum objek
 Dapat ditemukan di paragraf pertama
2. Description
 Informasi spesifik
 Gambaran/penjelasan rinci tentang objek yang dibahas
 Umumnya terdiri atas beberapa paragraf
 Dapat dilengkapi dengan gambar/ilustrasi

Paragraf 1 pada teks di atas menjelaskan klasifikasi dan ciri umum paus sehingga bagian
ini termasuk general identification.

Paragraf 2 hingga 5 pada teks menjelaskan ciri-ciri spesifik paus sehingga bagian ini
termasuk description.

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c. Language Features
Language features (ciri-ciri kebahasaan) teks factual report adalah:
1. Menggunakan action verbs, yaitu kata kerja yang menunjukkan kegiatan atau
peristiwa;
Kata kerja yang tergolong action verb, antara lain:
 Kata kerja yang menyatakan aktivitas
Misalnya: climb, eat, migrate, jump, breathe, communicate, breach, sleep, hunt,
dan break.
 Kata kerja yang menyatakan proses
Misalnya: melt, grow, serves, decide

Perhatikan kutipan dari teks di atas:

Many whales tend to migrate long distances from their cold-water feeding
grounds to warm-water breeding grounds each year.
They jump high, or breach, out of the water and land back in the water.

2. Menggunakan general noun dan noun phrase, serta tidak banyak menggunakan
personal pronoun;
 General noun, seperti whales, butterfly, earhtquake, geothermal.
 Noun phrase, yaitu noun yang dibentuk dari dua kata atau lebih yang berfungsi
sebagai single noun. Pola noun phrase adalah
Adjective + Noun
Noun + Noun
Perhatikan contoh berikut:
 It can range from microscopic plankton to large marine mammals.
Adjective Noun Adjective Noun

 Their bodies resemble the streamlined form.

Adjective Noun

 It serves as an energy reservoir.

Noun Noun

 They travel alone or in groups, or pods, on their annual migrations.

Adjective Noun

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3. Menggunakan linking verb
Linking verb adalah kata kerja yang menjelaskan subjek kalimat. Yang termasuk
linking verb adalah verb of sensation (feel, look, smell, sound, dan taste) dan verb of
being (act, appear, be, become, continue, grow, prove, remain, seem dan turn).
Perhatikan contoh berikut:
 Whales belong to the order cetacea.
 Most whales are quite active in the water.
 Whales are conscious breathers.
 ...while the forelimbs or flippers are paddle-shaped.
 Whales breathe through blowholes, located on the top of the head so the
animal can remain submerged.

4. Menggunakan descriptive language, yaitu colors, shape, characteristics, size, body

parts, habits, behaviors, functions dan uses.
Perhatikan contoh berikut:
 They jump high, or breach, out of the water and land back in the water. They
also thrust their tails out of the water and slap the water's surface. → habits of a
whale
 Whales are mammals. Like all mammals, whales breathe air into lungs, are
warm-blooded, feed their young milk and have some (although very little) hair.
→ characteristics of a whale
 Their bodies resemble the streamlined form of a fish, while the forelimbs or
flippers are paddle-shaped. → body shape of a whale
 The tail fins or flukes, enable whales to propel themselves through the water. →
function
Menggunakan present tense (simple, continuous, perfect, perfect continuous), seperti:
 Whales breathe air into lungs.
 Most whales are quite active in the water.
 Lemurs have evolved to adjust themselves to environmental and climates
conditions.

5. Menggunakan technical atau scientific terms (istilah ilmiah), seperti pada contoh
berikut:
 Whales belong to the order cetacea, which includes whales, dolphins and
porpoises.

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  Beneath the skin lies a layer of fat called blubber. It serves as an energy reservoir
and also as insulation.
 Whales are mammals.
Contoh lain teks dengan generic structure-nya:
Piranha
General classification
The Piranha Fish belongs to the genera ‘Pygocentrus’ and ‘Serrasalmus’. Piranhas are
omnivorous. They are ferocious and fresh-water fish. They are native to warm rainforest
lowland streams and lakes in South America – the Amazon basin, in the Orinoco River and
east of the Andes Mountains.

Description
Piranhas are normally about 15 to 25 centimetres long (6 to 10 inches), although reported
individuals have been found to be up to 41 centimetres (24 inches) in length. Piranhas
have a bulldog-like face with a very large lower jaw and many razor-sharp teeth. The teeth
are replaceable. When one is broken off, a new one grows in its place.

Piranhas are opportunistic carnivores (flesh-eaters). They eat aquatic and land animals
that are in the water. Some of their prey includes fish, mollusks, crustaceans, insects, birds,
lizards, amphibians, rodents and carrion (carcasses). Piranhas are diurnal (most active
during the day).

Piranhas are typically found in white-water streams. Piranha Fish are important components
of their native environments. Although largely restricted to lowland waters, these fishes
are widespread and inhabit diverse habitats within both lotic (interactions within flowing
continental waters) and lentic (interactions within still continental waters) environments.
Some piranha species are abundant and multiple species often occur together.
Taken from: https://animalcorner.co.uk/animals/piranha-fish/

Vocabulary Corner
Genera : family
Ferocious : fierce
Lowland : located in low surface
Basin : valley
Razor-sharp : as sharp as a razor

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Language features dari teks di atas adalah sebagai berikut.

Topic Piranha
Action verb They eat aquatic and land animals...
General noun Piranhas
Noun phrase They are ferocious and fresh-water fish.
Adjective + Noun

...warm rainforest lowland streams

Adjective + Noun

Piranhas have a bulldog-like face

Adjective + Noun

Piranhas are opportunistic carnivores

Adjective + Noun

Many razor-sharp teeth...

Adjective + Noun

....found in white-water streams

Adjective + Noun

Linking verb Piranhas are opportunistic carnivores (flesh-eaters).

Piranhas are diurnal.
Piranha Fish are important components of their native environments.
Descriptive Piranhas are normally about 15 to 25 centimetres long (6 to 10
language inches)...
Piranhas are opportunistic carnivores.
Piranhas are omnivorous.
Present tense The Piranha Fish belongs to the genera ‘Pygocentrus’ and ‘Serrasalmus’.
Piranhas are normally about 15 to 25 centimeters long...
Reported individuals have been found to be up to 41 centimeters.
Scientific term Omnivorous
Diurnal
Carnivores
Crustaceans
Amphibians
Rodents
Carrion
Carcasses
Lotic
Lentic