Askep Jiwa Anak Berkebutuhan Khusus

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CG\G UIF@GF\GZ 

Uuom syucur sifgftmgsg cgam pgfogtcgf cibglmrgt \ubgf ]gf` Agbg Isg, cgrifg gtgs jircgt
kmapgbgf rgbagt, cgrufmg lgf bmlgygb Fyg-kgb cgam lgpgt aifyikisgmcgf Agcgkgb cipirgwgtgf
 omwg. Tikgmf jirtuougf uftuc aiaifubm tu`gs cukmgb agcgkgb mfm ou`g lmsusuf lif`gf agcsul
g`gr piajgdg lgpgt aiapirkugs mkau lgf pif`itgbugf tiftgf` gsubgf lgkga cipirgwgtgf omwg.

Cgam ou`g aif`udgpcgf tirmagcgsmb ygf` tgc tirbmf``g cipglg Lhsif-lhsif ygf` tikgb
aiajmajmf` cgam.

Crmtmc lgf sgrgf sikgku cgam bgrgpcgf liam pifyiapurfggf agcgkgb-agcgkgb sikgfoutfyg.
Tiah`g agcgkgb mfm lgpgt aiajirmcgf wgwgsgf ygf` kijmb kugs cipglg piajgdg lgf lgpgt
 jiragfnggt jg`m cmtg siaug.

Aitrh, 72 Fhviajir :5:7

Uifyusuf

mm

 
 

LGN\GZ MTM

CG\G UIF@GF\GZ...................................................................................m
LGN\GZ MTM..................................................................................................mm
JGJ M UIFLGBYKYGF..............................................................................7
7.7 Kgtgr Jikgcgf`.............................................................................7
7.: \uougf Uifukmsgf..........................................................................4
7.4 Agfnggt Uifukmsgf........................................................................4
JGJ MM \MFOGYGF \IHZM........................................................................<
:.7 GFGC JIZCIJY\YBGF CBYTYT............................................<
:.7.7 Linmfmsm.....................................................................................<
:.7.:Lmg`fhsg...................................................................................9
:.7.4 Mftirvifsm.................................................................................9
:.7.<. Mapkiaiftgsm..........................................................................7=
:.7.9 Ivgkugsm...................................................................................7=
JGJ MMM UIFY\YU.....................................................................................:2
4.7 cismapukgf..........................................................................................:2
4.: sgrgf ...................................................................................................:2

LGN\GZ UYT\GCG...................................................................................:=

mmm

 
 

JGJ M

UIFLGBYKYGF

7.7 Kgtgr Jikgcgf`

Ouakgb gfgc jircijutubgf cbusus (GJC) lm Mflhfismg lgrm tgbuf ci tgbuf tirus
aifmf`cgt. UJJ aiapircmrgcgf jgbwg pgkmf` silmcmt glg 75 pirsif gfgc usmg sichkgb ygf`
aiamkmcm cijutubgf cbusus. Lm Mflhfismg, ouakgb gfgc usmg sichkgb, ygmtu 9 - 7< tgbuf, glg
sijgfygc <:,2 outg omwg. Omcg aif`mcutm pircmrggf tirsijut, agcg lmpircmrgcgf glg curgf`
kijmb <,: outg gfgc Mflhfismg ygf` jircijutubgf cbusus. Lm Mflhfismg jikua glg lgtg risam
ygf` lmcikugrcgf hkib piairmftgb. Aifurut lgtg tirjgru ouakgb gfgc jircijutubgf cbusus lm
Mflhfismg tirdgtgt aifdgpgm 7.9<<.72< gfgc, lif`gf 445.0>< gfgc (:7,<: pirsif) jirglg
lgkga riftgf` usmg 9-72 tgbuf. Lgrm ouakgb tirsijut, bgfyg 29.040 gfgc jircijutubgf
cbusus ygf` jirsichkgb. Grtmfyg, agsmb tirlgpgt :<9.5:0 gfgc jircijutubgf cbusus ygf`
 jikua aif`ifyga piflmlmcgf lm sichkgb, jgmc sichkgb cbusus gtgupuf sichkgb mfckusm.
Tilgf`cgf lgrm gsuasm UJJ (Uirsgtugf Jgf`sg-Jgf`sg gtgu Yfmtil Fgtmhfs) ygf`
aiapircmrgcgf jgbwg pgkmf` silmcmt 75% gfgc usmg sichkgb aifygflgf` cijutubgf cbusus.
Ouakgb gfgc jircijutubgf cbusus pglg tgbuf :577 tirdgtgt sijgfygc 49>.7=: gfgc, fgauf
ygf` aiflgpgt kgygfgf jgru 2>.><9 gfgc lgf bmf``g tgbuf mfm jgru 759.729 gfgc, tgbuf
:57: piairmftgb aiftgr`itcgf amfmagk 95% gfgc jircijutubgf cbusus sulgb tirgchahlmr.

Tgag bgkfyg lif`gf gfgc ygf` fhragk, gfgc ygf` jircijutubgf cbusus ou`g bgrus lm
 pirbgtmcgf, pirtuajubgf lgf pirciajgf`gf gfgc sgf`gt piftmf` jg`m gfgc cgrifg
aififtucgf agsg lipgffyg. Cbususfyg uftuc gfgc ygf` aif`gkgam `gf``ugf ch`fmtmn 
sipirtm gutmsa, bmpirgctmn, lhwf smflrha lgf ritgrlgsm aiftgk, aiajutubcgf pirbgtmgf ygf`
kijmb tirutgag lgrm hrgf`-hrgf` sicmtgr, sibmf``g pirgwgt pirku aikmjgtcgf kmf`cuf`gf uftuc 
aiajirmcgf gsubgf cipirgwgtgf pglg gfgc. Yftuc mtu gcgf lmjgbgs jg`gmagfg gsubgf
cipirgwgtgf pglg gfgc ygf` jircijutubgf cbusus.

 
 

7.:. Zuausgf Agsgkgb

7.:.7 Jg`gmagfg Chfsip \irgpm Uglg Gfgc Jircijutubgf Cbusus

7.4 \uougf

7.4.7 \uougf Yaua

7. G`gr agbgsmswg aif`itgbum chfsip tirgpm pglg gfgc lif`gf cijutubgf cbusus.

7.4.: \uougf Cbusus

7. G`gr agbgsmswg aif`itgbum lgf aiagbgam jg`gmagfg chfsip tirgpm pglg gfgc 
lif`gf cijutubgf cbusus.
:. G`gr agbgsmswg aif`itgbum lgf aiagbgam jg`gmagfg aififtucgf lm`gfhsg
cipirgwgtgf ygf` tipgt pglg gfgc lif`gf cijutubgf cbusus.
4. G`gr agbgsmswg aif`itgbum lgf aiagbgam jg`gmagfg aififtucgf mftirvifsm
cipirgwgtgf ygf` tipgt pglg gfgc lif`gf cijutubgf cbusus.
<. G`gr agbgsmswg aif`itgbum lgf aiagbgam jg`gmagfg aif`mapkiaiftgsmcgf
tmflgcgf ygf` tipgt pglg gfgc lif`gf cijutubgf cbusus.
9. G`gr agbgsmswg aif`itgbum lgf aiagbgam jg`gmagfg aif`ivgkugsm tmflgcgf
ygf` tipgt pglg gfgc lif`gf cijutubgf cbusus.

 
 

JGJ MM

UIAJGBGTGF

:.7 Uif`irtmgf Gfgc Jircijutubgf Cbusus

Gfgc jircijutubgf cbusus glgkgb gfgc ygf` aiairkucgf pifgf`gfgf cbusus cgrifg
glgfyg `gf``ugf pirciajgf`gff lgf cikgmfgf ygf` lmgkgam gfgc. Jircgmtgf lif`gf mstmkgb
lmsgjmkmty , agcg gfgc jircijutubgf cbusus glgkgb gfgc ygf` aiamkmcm citirjgtgsgf lmsgkgb
sgtu gtgu jijirgpg ciagapugf jgmc mtu jirspgt nmsmc sipirtm tufgfitrg lgf tufgruf`u,
aguhuf jirsmpgt psmchkh`ms sipirtm gutmsa lgf GLBL.
Uif`irtmgf kgmffyg jirsmf``uf` lif`gf mstmkgb tuajub-tuajub ciajgf` fhragk lgf
gjlhragk, pglg gfgc jircijutubgf cbusus jirsmngt gjllhragk, ygmtu tirlgpgt piruflggf
tujub ciajgf` ygf` jmgsgfyg tgapgc lm usmg sipirtm jgru jmsg jirogkgf lm usmg 4 tgbuf. Bgk
kgmf ygf` aifoglm lgsgr gfgc tir`hkh f` pirciajgf`gffyg sipirtm jikua agapu
aif`ufdgpcgf sgtu cgtgpuf lm usmg 4 tgbuf, gtgu tirlgpgt pifymapgf`gf tuajub-ciajgf`
sipirtm pirmkgcu idbhkgkmg gtgu aiajih pglg gfgc gutms.
Ciaiftrmgf piajirlgyggf piriapugf lgf pirkmfluf`gf gfgc rippujkmc Mflhfismg :574,
aifoikgscgf jgbwg gfgc-gfgc jircijutubgf cbusus glgkgb? ‛gfgc ygf` aif`gkgam
citirjgtgsgf, jgmc nmsmsc aiftgk-mftikictugk, shsmgk, agupuf iahsmhfgk, ygf` jirpif`grub
sidgrg sm`fmnmcgf lgkga prhsis pirtuajubgf gtgu pirciajgf`gffyg lmjgflmf`cgf lif`gf
gfgc-gfgc kgmf ygf` sisugm lif`gffyg.
Tidgrg uaua lgpgt lmsmapukcgf jgbwg gfgc jircijutubgf cbusus (Biwgrl, :55:)
glgkgb gfgc lif`gf cgrgctirmstmc cbusus ygf` jirjilg lif`gf gfgc pglg uauafyg tgfpg
sikgku aifufouccgf pglg citmlgcagapugf aiftgk, iahsm gtgu nmsmc. Mstmkgb kgmf kg`m gfgc 
 jircijutubgf cbusus glgkgb gfgc cbusus glgkgb gfgc kugr jmgsg lgf gfgc dgdgt. Gfgc 
lif`gf cijutubgf cbusus ( spidmgk fiils dbmklrif) lgpgt lmgrtmcgf sidgrg smapki sijg`gm
gfgc ygf` kgajgt (skhw) gtgu aif`gkgam `gf``ugf (ritgrlil) ygf` sgf`gt sucgr uftuc 
 jirbgsmk lmsichkgb sijg`gmagfg gfgc-gfgc pglg uauafyg. Gfgc jircijutubgf cbusus
glgkgb gfgc ygf` sidgrg lmsichkgb aiairkucgf kgygfgf ygf` spismnmc ygf` jirjilg lif`gf
gfgc-gfgc pglg uauafyg. Jijirgpg `gf``ugf ygf` tiragsuc lgkga gfgc jircijutubgf
cbusus glgkgb Gutmsai, GLBL, Gfxmity, \ufgkgrgs, Dhfludt Lmshrlir, Mflm`h, Tkhw

 
 

Kigrfir, \ufg @rgbmtg, DMJM( Dirlgs Mstmaiwg Jirjgcgt Mstmaiwg), \ufgfitrg, \ufgruf`u,
\ufglgcsg, Dirijrgk Ugksy, \ufg`gflg.

:.7.7 Lmg`fhsg cipirgwgtgf

Lmg`fhsi ygf` lgpgt lmgajmk lgkga jijirgpg `gf``ugf ygf` glg pglg gfgc 
 jircijutubgf cbusus glgkgb
7. Bgr`g lmrm riflgb smtugsmhfgk (GLBL)
:. @gf``ugf mliftmtgs lmrm (Gutmsai)
:.7.: Mftirvifsm
7. \irgpm gfgc jircijutubgf cbusus
g. Ttrgti`m mftirvifsm uftuc gfgc skhw kigrfir

Aithli piajikgogrgf ygf` lm`ufgcgf uftuc gfgc skhw kigrfir oikgs

 jirjilg lif`gf gfgc fhragk. Lmoikgscgf jgbwg siouakgb strgti`m uaua
uftuc lm`ufgcgf uftuc mftirvifsm gfgc aif`gkgam skhw kigrfir gftgrg kgmf
mfstrucsm gctmn lgf chfcrit, glvgfdil hr`gfmzgtmhfgk strgti`y, mfdrigsil
mfstrudtmhfgk innmdmifdy, lgf ahtmvgtmhfgk strgti`mis (Tbgw, :575). Liscrmpsm
lgf strgti`m lgkga pif`iroggf lgf piajikgogrgf uftuc gfgc lif`gf skhw
kigrfir (Tbgw, :575), glgkgb, sijg`gm jirmcut?

7) Dhfdriti Mfstrudtmhf. Gfgc ygf` aif`gkgam skhw kigrfir aif`gkgam

cisukmtgf uftuc mftrucsm jirchfsip gjstrgc. Airicg gcgf kijmb inictmn 
lgf jikgogr kijmb jgmc lif`gf mftrucsm jirpiflicgtgf? ‛ kmgtkgb, rgsgcgf,
siftubkgb, lgf kgcucgf?‑
:) @ifirgkmzgtmhf. Tmswg lif`gf cidirlgsgf tijgtgs  (Jhrlirkmfi
mftikkm`ifdi) lgpgt jirkgogr lgf jirkgtmb strgti`m jikgogr gtgu pirgturgf
sipirtm ygf` lmgogrcgf cipglgfyg, gcgf tirgpm airicg sgf`gt sukmt uftuc 
aif`itgbum cgpgf, lmagfg lgf jg`gmagfg pirgturgf tirsijut
lmgpkmcgsmcgf.
4) Hr`gfmzmf` mfstrudtmhf. Aiajgflmf`cgf mfnhragsm-mfnhragsm
ygf`lmpikgogrm lif`gf vgrmgsm smtugsm-smtugsm jgru lif`gf aifmf`cgtcgf
`ifirgkmsgsm sirtg mfnhragsm jgru cipglg mfnhragsm sijikuafyg.

<

 
 

Aiajutubcgf pif`itgbugf gcgf aifmf`cgtcgf pifhkgcgf sidgrg

nuf`smhfgk. Hkib cgrifg mtu gcgf aulgb jg`m gfgc ygf` aif`gkgam skhw
kigrfir omcg aifoikgscgf agtirm ygf` sulgb airicg cugsgm sijikuafyg
uftuc aiapiraulgb pifoikgsgf agtirm jgru.
<) Mfdrigsmf` mfstrudtmhfgk Innmdmifdy. Gfgc lif`gf cidirlgsgf tijgtgs
(Jhrlirkmfi Mftikkm`ifdi) jikgogr kijmb kgajgt lmjgflmf`cgf lif`gf
tiagf-tiagf siusmgfyg ygf` jircidirlgsgf rgtg-rgtg. Gfgc Jhrlirkmfi
Mftikkm`ifdi kijmb aulgb jikgogr sitmgp ngctg-ngctg ygf` tirjgtgs
lmjgflm`cgf tiagffyg cgrifg airicg aiamkmcm cicugtgf uftuc rith
aiahrmzgtmhf. Airicg kijmb aiajutubcgf jgfygc ngctg-ngctg tirjgtgs
uftuc aiagbgam sijugb chfsip. Lif`gf aiajugt mfstrucsm ygf` kijmb
inmsmif, agcg gcgf aiapircidmk ourgf` gftgrg skhw kigrfir lgf tiagf
siusmgfyg ygf` jircidirlgsgf rgtg-rgtg. Yftuc aiaulgbcgffyg
lmjugtcgf mfstrucsm ygf` tirrhr`gfmsgsm lif`gf jgmc, skhw kigrfir uftuc 
 jikgogr ngctg-ngctg tirpmsgb lgkga aiapikgogrm `ifirgkmsgsm sibmf``g
agapu aif`gtgsm citirjgtsgf ygf` airicg gkgam.
9) Gdgliamd Ahtmvgtmhf. Lucuf`gf ahtmvgsm gcgliamc glgkgb piftmf`
uftuc aiajgf`uf rismkifsm gcgliams lgrm skhw kigrfir, aif`bujuf`cgf
 piajikgogrgf lif`gf pif`gkgagf lmlufmg fygtg aiajgftu airicg
aikmbgt ciuftuf`gf lgrm piajikgogrgf sibmf``g sgf`gt sm`fmnmcgf
sijg`gm ahtmvgsm.
>) Thdmgk gfl Idhahfmd Fils. Gfgc lif`gf skhw kigrfir sirmf`cgkm
aif`gkgam ci`g`gkgfsikndhfdipt riflgb lgf aiamsgbcgf lmrm lgrm
kmf`cuf`gf sichkgb. Bgk mfm piftmf` uftuc aif`mfliftmnmcgsm lgf
aiflhrhf` smswg lif`gf skhw kigrfir lgkga ci`mgtgf kgmf ygf`
aiajutubcgf citirgapmkgf lgf cicugtgf ygf` jirjilg.
Aif``gjuf`cgf gfgc skhw kigrfir lif`gf ricgf-ricgf kgmffyg lgkga
cikhaphc aikgkum ci`mgtgf sibmf``g skhw kirfir jirbgsmk aiajirmcgf
chftrmjusm ygf` sm`fmnmcgf tirbglgp ahtmvgsm lgkga pifdgpgmgf
gcgliamc lgf cijirbgsmkgf sichkgb.

 
 

\mps pif`gogrgf uftuc gfgc lif`gf skhw kigrfir

\mps silirbgfg ygf` lgpgt lmtitgpcgf uftuc aiajgf`tu piajikgogrgf gfgc skhw
kigrfir (sbgw, :575) ygmtu aikgkum strgti`m?

7) Aif``ufgcgf mftrucsm ygf` chfcrit.

:) Aiajirmcgf cisiapgtgf uftuc pif`ukgf`gf lgf pikgtmbgf ygf` kijmb sirmf`.
4) Aiajgf`uf lgsgr tgtg cikhkg wgctu ( jgsmd tmai agfg`iaift).
<) Aiajugt gctmvmtgs ygf` lmsucgm gfgc.

j. \irgpm jg`m piflirmtg gutmsai

Likgpgf pukub pirsif gfgc gutmsa aiamkmcm MW lmjgwgb 05 (Lgvmsmhf, 7==2)
ygf` jmsg lm`hkhf`cgf ou`g sijg`gm ritgrlgsm aiftgk. Gcgf titgpm gutmsa jirjilg
lif`gf ritgrlgsm aiftgk aifufoucgf bgsmk ygf` aiapirbgtmcgf pglg siaug jg`mgf
lgrm tis mfti`ifsm jirjilg lif`gf piflirmtg gutms, airicg auf`cmf aifufouccgf
bgsmk ygf` juruc pglg bgk ygf` jirbujuf`gf lif`gf Jgbgsg lgf kh`mcg titgpm
auf`cmf aifufouccgf bgsmk ygf` jgmc pglg ciagapugf vmsugk-sptmgk, pircgkmgf
iapgt lm`mt, gtgu aiamkmcm khf` tira aiahrm ygf` jgmc.

Gcbmr-gcbmr mfm jiraufduk jirjg`gm dgrg gtgu pif`hjgtgf ygf` lmtgwgrcgf

aifyijubcgf gutmsa. Ugrg hrgf` tug bgrus kijmb jirbgtm-bgtm lgkga aifirmag
 jirjg`gm tgwgrgf pif`hjgtgf gfgc lif`gf gutmsa, g`gr tmlgc cidiwg sitikgb
aif`ikugrcgf jgfygc ugf` fgauf bgsmk ygf` lmbgrgpcgf tmlgc tirdgpgm. @gf``ugf
spidtrua gutmsa glgkgb sugtu `gf``ugf pirciajgf`gf, sibmf``g tirgpm ygf`
lmjutubcgf pirku lmkgcucgf lgkga ogf`cg wgctu ygf` kgag. Lmsgapgmf` mtu, tirgpgm
bgrus lmkgcucgf sidgrg tirgpm lgf sitmgp gfgc aiajutubcgf oifms tirgpm ygf`
 jirjilg.

g) Gppkmil Jibgvmhrgk Gfgkysms (GJG)

GJG glgkgb oifms tirgpm kgag lmpgcgm, tikgb lmkgcucgf pifikmtmgf
lgf lisgmf cbusus uftuc gfgc lif`gf gutmsa. Tystia ygf` lpgcgm glgkgb
aiajirm pikgtmbgf cbusus pglg gfgc lif`gf aiajirmcgf phsmtmvi
rimfnhrdiaift (bglmgb/puomgf). Nhdus pifgf`gfgf tirkitgc pglg piajirmgf
rimfnhrdiaift phsmtmn sitmgp cgkm gfgc jirisphfs jifgr sisugm ygf`

>

 
  

lmjirmcgf. \mlgc glg bucuagf (pufmsbaift) lgkga tirgpm mfm, gcgf tirgpm
mfm, gcgf titgpm jmkg gfgc jirisphfs fi`gtmvi (sgkgb/tmlgc tihgt) gtgu
tirpglu lgf sitmgp gfgc aiajutubcgf oifms tirgpm ygf` jirjilg.

 j) \irgpm Hcupgsm

\irgpm (tbirgpy) ygf` jirgrtm pifyiajubgf, tmlgc bgfyg
aiajgbgs agsgkgb pif`hjgtgf ogsagfmgb, titgpm pifyisugmgf lmrm lgf
nuf`sm jirpmcmr. Hcupgsm (hddupgtmhf) grtmfyg cismjucgf gtgu piciroggf.
\irgpm hcupgsm jirgrtm usgbg pifyiajubgf aikgkum cismjucgf gtgu
 piciroggf tirtiftu. Aifurut Cusfgfth (:55:) ‛tirgpm hcupgsm glgkgb usgbg
 pifyiajubgf tirbglgp gfgc ygf` aif`gkgam cikgmfgf aiftgk lgf nmsmc 
lif`gf ogkgf aiajirmcgf cigctmngf cirog,cigctmngf mtu aif`urgf`m
 piflirmtggf ygf` gkgam‑.
Agtirm kgtmbgf lmpmkmb lgf lmtiftucgf lif`gf aiapirbgtmcgf
cgrgctirmstmc gtgu dmrm cbgs gfgc gutms. Fgag lgf jgbgf kgtmbgf jmsg sgag,
titgpm cilgkgagf lgf cikugsgf kgtmbgf gftgrg gfgc gutms sgtu lif`gf
kgmffyg jirjilg. Dgrg gtgu piflicgtgf kgtmbgf pirku aiapirbgtmcgf
cgrgctirmstmc gfgc. Uiflicgtgf mfm jir`gftuf` pglg tuougf kgtmbgf, agu
aiaupuc ciagapugf shsmgkmsgsm gtgu chaufmcgsm gfgc. Kgtmbgf
sijgmcfyg lmjirmcgf lgkga wgctu tmlgc tirkgku kgag, titgpm sirmf` lgf
si`irg biftmcgf omcg gfgc tgapgc jhsgf. \iapgt ygf` lm`ufgcgf, agtirm
kgtmbgf, lgf gkgt ygf` lmjutubcgf lmsisugmcgf lif`gf ciglggf gfgc.\irgpm
hcupgsm tmlgc bgfyg sijgtgs gctmvmtgs nmsmc, titgpm aifdgcup
 pif`iajgf`gf mftikictugk,shsmgk, iahsm lgf crigtmvmtgs.

\uougf \irgpm Hcupgsm ?

\irgpm hcupgsm lgpgt lm`ufgcgf uftuc aif`gkmbcgf pirbgtmgf g`gr 
tmlgc tiroglm fiurhsms (ci`g`gkgf mflmvmlu aiaidgbcgf agsgkgb gtgu
tuftutgf lm agsygrgcgt ygf` aiajugtfyg tir`gf``u lgkga piaikmbgrggf
agupuf pifyisugmgf lmrm). Agcsul aiaikmbgrg aiftgk glgkgb tirgpm
hcupgsm lm`ufgcgf uftuc aiaikmbgrg lgf aif`iajgf`cgf phtifsm

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cidirlgsgf,mftikictugk, ahtmvgsm lgf siagf`gt gfgc. Uiaukmbgf ygf`

lmkgcucgf lif`gf aiajugt pirsiflmgf, htht, lgf chflmsm tujub lgpgt
 jirnuf`sm sijg`gmagfg aistmfyg lgf lgpgt aiaifubm cijutubgf bmlup.
Aiajirm gfgc pikugf` pirsmgpgf aif`bglgpm tu`gs piciroggf gtgu prhnism
ygf` sisugm lif`gf chflmsmfyg.
Gfgc gutms tiragsuc lgkga cgti`hrm gfgc kugr jmgsg, ygmtu gfgc 
lif`gf `gf``ugf shsmgk lgf iahsm. Tidgrg nmsmc gfgc gutms tmlgc jirjilg
lif`gf gfgc fhragk. Omcg gfgc gutms aiamkmcm mftiki`ifsm fhragk,
lmbgrgpcgf gfgc lgpgt aifdgpgm sugtu piciroggf tirtiftu. Bgfyg pirku
 pificgfgf pglg kgtmbgf piaukmbgf nuf`sm tujub, pifyisugmgf gtgu
 privhcgsmhfgk. Tijgkmcfyg omcg gfgc gutms aiamkmcm mftiki`ifsm lm jgwgb
fhragk, ciauf`cmfgf gfgc curgf` gtgu tmlgc lgpgt aiamkmcm vhcgsmhfgk
tmf`cgt tirgapmk.
Zg`ga kgtmbgf tirgpm hcupgsm, sipirtm?
 Kgtmbgf airigcsm3 kgtmbgf aiagf``mk fgag tirgpms.
 Kgtmbgf cijmgsggf `irgc3 kgtmbgf cijmgsggf jirogkgf lm`grms kurus.
 Kgtmbgf ahthrmc cgsgr3 jirogkgf jijgs tgfpg jgftugf
 Kgtmbgf cisimajgf`gf3 jirogkgf pirkgbgf lm pgpgf tmtmgf
d) \irgpm Pmdgrg
Bgapmr siaug gfgc lif`gf gutmsai aiapufygm cisukmtgf lgkga
 jmdgrg lgf jirjgbgsg. Jmgsgfyg bgk mfm ygf` pgkmf` aifhfohk, lgf jgfygc 
 pukg mflmvmlu gutmstmd ygf` fhf-virjgk gtgu ciagapugf jmdgrgfyg sgf`gt
curgf`. Cglgf`-cglgf` ciagapugf jmdgrgfyg ducup jirciajgf`, fgauf
gfgc gutms tmlgc agapu uftuc aiagcgm ciagapugf jmdgrgfyg tirsijut
uftuc jirchaufmcgsm/jirmftirgcsm lif`gf hrgf` kgmf. Lgkga bgk mfm tirgpm
wmdgrg lgf jirjgbgsg gcgf sgf`gt aifhkhf`.
l) \irgpm Nmsmc
Gutmsai glgkgb sugtu `gf``ugf pirciajgf`gf pirvgsmn. Jgfygc 
lmgftgrg mflmvmlu gutmstmc aiapufygm `gf``ugf pirciajgf`gf lgkga
ahthrmc cgsgrfyg. Cglgf`-cglgf` thfus hthtfyg kiajic sibmf``g
 ogkgffyg curgf` cugt. Cisimajgf`gf tujubfyg curgf` jg`us. Nmsmhtirgpm

 
 

lgf tirgpm mfti`rgsm sifshrms gcgf sgf`gt jgfygc aifhkhf` uftuc 

aif`ugtcgf htht-hthtfyg lgf aiapirjgmcm cisimajgf`gf tujubfyg.
i) \irgpm Thsmgk
Tgkgb sgtu gcmjgt lgrm gutmsai glgkgb silmcmtfyg ciagapugf shsmgk
lgf chaufmcgsm. Jgfygc gfgc ygf` aiflirmtg gutmsai aiairkucgf
 jgftugf uftuc aifdmptgcgf ciagapugf supgyg lgpgt aiapirtgbgfcgf
 pirdgcgpgf, jirbujuf`gf lif`gf tiagf jgru gtgu jgbcgf aif`ifgk
tiapgt jiragmffyg. Tihrgf` tirgpms shsmgk lgpgt aiajgftu uftuc 
aifdmptgcgf gtgu aifngsmkmtgsm tiroglmfyg mftirgcsm shsmgk.
n) \irgpm Jiragmf
Aiscmpuf tirlif`grfyg gfib, sihrgf` gfgc gutmstmc aiajutubcgf
 pirthkhf`gf lgkga jikgogr jiragmf. Jiragmf lif`gf tiagf sijgyg
 jir`ufg uftuc jikgogr jmdgrg, chaufmcgsm lgf mftirgcsm shsmgk. Tihrgf`
tirgpms jiragmf jmsg aiajgftu gfgc lgkga bgk mfm lif`gf ticfmc-ticfmc 
tirtiftu. Lm jgwgb mfm glgkgb jijirgpg dhfthb pifirgpgf tirgpm jiragmf
 jg`m gfgc-gfgc pifygflgf` gutmsai, lmgftgrgfyg?
- \irgpm ygf` lmkgcucgf hkib Jrhanmikl lif`gf nhcus tirgpmfyg
aiagsucm ci lufmg gfgc. Bgk mfm lmkgcucgf g`gr cmtg lgpgt aiagbgam
 piajmdgrggf lgf pirmkgcu gfgc ygf` aiajmf`uf`cgf lgf cglgf`
tmlgc lmcitgbum agcfgfyg. Jrhanmikl aifdhjg aifmrucgf pirmkgcu
hjsismn gfgc uftuc aifdmua/aiajgum siaug hjoic ygf` lmtiaum
aif``ufgcgf sugtu jhficg ygf` ou`g aiajgum jiflg. Gpg ygf`
lmkgcucgf Jrhanmikl lgf ygf` lmcgtgcgffyg tirfygtg lgpgt aifgrmc 
 pirbgtmgf gfgc tirsijut. Jrhanmikl jirbgsmk aifogkmf chaufmcgsm
kgfoutgf lif`gf gfgc tirsijut aif``ufgcgf gkgtgkgt jiragmf kgmf
sipirtm jhficg, dgtgtgf-dgtgtgf cidmk, lgf tikiphf agmfgf.

d. \irgpm pglg Gspir`ir's Tyflrhai

Tmflrha Gspir`ir gtgu @gf``ugf Gspir`ir (TG) airupgcgf sugtu `iogkg
cikgmfgf pirciajgf`gf sygrgn htgc ygf` fgagfyg lmgajmk lgrm sihrgf` lhctir 
 jircijgf`sggf Gustrmg, Bgfs Gspir`ir, ygf` pglg tgbuf 7=<< aifirjmtcgf sijugb

 
 

agcgkgb ygf` aifoikgscgf aif`ifgm phkg pirmkgcu lgrm jijirgpg gfgc kgcm-kgcm
aiamkmcm tmf`cgt mftiki`ifsm lgf pirciajgf`gf jgbgsg ygf` fhragk, fgauf ou`g
aiapirkmbgtcgf pirmkgcu ygf` amrmp gutmsai, sirtg aif`gkgam cicurgf`gf lgkga
bujuf`gf shsmgk lgf cidgcgpgf chaufmcgsm. Pgkgupuf agcgkgbfyg mtu tikgb
lmpujkmcgsmcgf siogc tgbuf 7=<5-gf, fgauf Tmflrha Gspir`ir jgru lmagsuccgf ci
lgkga cgtir`hrm LTA M^ pglg tgbuf 7==< lgf jgru jijirgpg tgbuf tirgcbmr Tmflrha
Gspir`ir tirsijut lmcifgk hkib pgrg gbkm lgf hrgf` tug.
Tisihrgf` pifygflgf` TG lgpgt aiapirkmbgtcgf jiragdga-agdga cgrgctir lgf
`gf``ugf tirsijut. Tisihrgf` pifygflgf` TG lgpgt aiapirkmbgtcgf cicurgf`gf
lgkga jirshsmgkmsgsm, aif`gkgam cisukmtgf omcg tiroglm pirujgbgf, lgf sikgku aikgcucgf
bgk-bgk ygf` sgag jirukgf` ukgf`. Tirmf` airicg tirhjsism hkib rutmfmtgs lgf
aifymjuccgf lmrm lif`gf sisugtu gctmvmtgs ygf` aifgrmc pirbgtmgf airicg. Airicg
sikgku aif`gkgam cisukmtgf lgkga aiajgdg gjg-gjg (jgbgsg tujub) lgf sirmf`cgkm
sisihrgf` pifygflgf` TG aif`gkgam cisukmtgf lgkga aififtucgf lif`gf jgmc phsmsm
 jglgf lgkga rugf` (hrmiftgsm rugf` lgf jiftuc).
Cgrifg aiamkmcm pirgsggf tirkgku sifsmtmn ygf` jirkijmbgf tirbglgp sugrg, rgsg,
 pifdmuagf lgf pif`kmbgtgf, airicg kijmb aifyucgm pgcgmgf ygf` kiajut, agcgfgf
tirtiftu lgf airgsg tir`gf``u hkib sugtu cirmjutgf gtgu pifirgf`gf kgapu ygf` agfg
hrgf` fhragk tmlgc lgpgt aiflif`gr gtgu aikmbgtfyg. Uiftmf` uftuc lmpirbgtmcgf
 jgbwg pifygflgf` TG aiagflgf` lufmg lif`gf dgrg ygf` jirkgmfgf.
Aifurut linmfmsm, pifygflgf` TG aiapufygm MW.fhragk lgf jgfygc lgrm airicg
(wgkgupuf tmlgc siaug) aiapirkmbgtcgf pif`idugkmgf lgkga citirgapmkgf gtgu jgcgt
lm jmlgf` tirtiftu. Cgrifg airicg aiamkmcm nuf`smhfgkmtgs tmf`cgt tmf``m sirtg jirsmngt
fgmn, agcg airicg lmgf``gp icsiftrmc, gfib lgf aulgb lmoglmcgf jgbgf uftuc ioicgf
lgf sirmf` lmpgcsg tiagfyg uftuc jirjugt sisugtu ygf` tmlgc sifhfhb. Pgkgupuf
 pirciajgf`gf jgbgsg airicg cikmbgtgffyg fhragk, fgauf pifygflgf` TG sirmf`
tmlgc prg`agtms lgf prhshlm. Uirjiflgbgrggf cgtg-cgtg airicg cglgf` sgf`gt cgyg lgf
 jijirgpg gfgc sirmf` lmgf``gp sijg`gm 'prhnishr cidmk'. Fgauf airicg lgpgt
aif`ugsgm kmtirgtur tgpm sukmt aif``ufgcgf jgbgsg lgkga chftics shsmgk.

75

 
 

l. \irgpm jg`m Uifygfluf` \ufg @rgbmtg

g) \irgpm Pmdgrg
Tugtu tirgpm ygf` lmpirkucgf uftuc gfgc tufg `rgbmtg gtgu gfgc jiragsgkgb
lif`gf citirkgajgtgf jmdgrg, lif`gf liticsm lmfm lm pirkucgf uftuc aif`itgbum
sigwgk auf`cmf aifiaucgf `gf``ugf ciagapugf jirchaufmcgsm, sijg`gm lgsgr 
uftuc aiajirmcgf pikgygfgf tirgpm wmdgrg.
j) \irgpm Hcupgsm
\irgpm mfm lm jirmcgf uftuc lgsgr gfgc lgkga bgk ciagflmrmgf,
ch`fmtmn/piagbgagf, lgf ciagapugf sifshrmc lgf ahthrmcfyg. Ciagflmrmgf
lmjirmcgf cirifg pglg lgsgrfyg gfgc "jiragsgkgb" tir`gftuf` pglg hrgf` kgmf gtgu
 jgbcgf tirkgku gdub sibmf``g jirgctmnmtgs tgfpg chaufmcgsm lgf aiapirlukmcgf
hrgf` kgmf. \irgpm mfm aiajgftu gfgc aif`iajgf`cgf cicugtgf lgf chhrlmfgsm,
lif`gf gtgu tgfpg aif``ufgcgf gkgt.
d) \irgpm Ziailmgk
\irgpm mfm lmjirmcgf jg`m gfgc ygf` aif`gkgam `gf``ugf gcgliams scmkk, oglm
 jgbgf jgbgf lgrm sichkgb jmgs lmoglmcgf gdugf prh`rga.
l) \irgpm Ch`fmtmn
\irgpm mfm lmjirmcgf jg`m gfgc ygf` aif`gkgam `gf``ugf ch`fmtmn lgf pirdiptugk,
amssgk gfgc ygf` tmlgc jmgs jirchfsiftrgsm, gfgc ygf` aif`gkgam `gf``ugf
 piagbgagf, lgf kgmf-kgmf.
i) \irgpm Tifshrm Mfti`rgsm
\irgpm mfm lmjirmcgf jg`m gfgc ygf` aif`gkgam `gf``ugf pif`mfti`rgsmgf sifshrm,
amsgkfyg sifshrm vmsugk, sifshrm tgctmk, sifshrm piflif`grgf, sifshrm cisimajgf`gf,
 pif`mfti`rgsmgf gftgrg htgc cgfgf lgf htgc cmrm, lgf kgmf-kgmf.
Gfgc lm gogrcgf jirprmkgcu uaua lif`gf piajirmgf smstia riwgrl lgf
 pufmsbaift. Jmkgf gfgc aikgcucgf gpg ygf` lm pirmftgbcgf lif`gf jifgr, agcgf
lmjirmcgf puomgf. Omcg sijgkmcfyg gfgc lgpgt bucuagf omcg gfgc aikgcucgf bgk
ygf` tmlgc jifgr. Lif`gf pirmftgb silirbgfg lgf ygf` aulgb lm aif`irtm gfgc.

77

 
  

Cari
n) \irgpm Tfhizikif
Tfhizikif glgkgb sugtu gctmnmtgs tirgpm ygf` lmkgcucgf uftuc aiaif`grubm DFT
aikgkum piajirmgf stmaukgsm pglg smstia sifshrm prmair sipirtm vmsugk, gulmthrm,

 Simpan
tgctmk. \gsti, lgf saikk sirtg smstia sifshrm mftirfgk sipirtm vistmjukgr lgf
 prhprmhdiptmn lif`gf tuougf uftuc aifdgpgm rikgcsgsm lgf gtgu gctmnmtm. Tfhizikif
airupgcgf aithli tirgpm auktmsifshrmis. \irgpm mfm lm jirmcgf pglg gfgc ygf`
aif`gkgam `gf``ugf pirciajgf`gf ahthrmc, amsgkfyg gfgc ygf` aif`gkgam
citirkgajgtgf jirogkgf.

:. Mftirvifsm Aifurut TMCM, TKCM

 F Lmg`fhsi \uougf lgf crmtirmg Mftirvifsm (Tmcm) Zgsmhfgk

h bgsmk (skcm)
7. Bgr`g lmrm Titikgb lmkgcucgf TU 7 Agfgoiaif prmkgcu
riflgb tmflgcgf cipirgwgtgf 7. Mliftmnmcgsm 7. G`gr pgsmif jmsg
smtugsmhfg 4 x :< oga lmbgrgpcgf ciagapugf aif`mliftmnmcgsm
k  pgsmif bgr`g lmrm aikgcucgf bgrgpgf uftuc
 pgsmif aifmf`cgt ci`mgtgf lgf gsnic  aif`iflgkmcgf
lif`gf crmtirmg bgsmk  phsmtmn pgsmif sisugtu
7. Uifmkgmgf lmrm (jugt lgntgr :. Aikgtmb pgsmif
 phsmtmn  ci`mgtgf) aikgcucgf
:. Uirgsggf :. Jgftu pgsmif gctmvmtgs sidgrg
aiamkmcm aifmkgm ci`mgtgf tirgtur 
cikijmbgf gtgu ygf` lgpgt 4. Aiajirmcgf
ciagapugf lmkgcucgf sggt mfm gctmvmtgs sijg`gm
 phsmtmn  (pmkmb lgntgr aithli
4. Amfgt ci`mgtgf) ? jugt  pif`gkmbgf
aifdhjg bgk lgntgr ci`mgtgf <. G`gr pgsmif tmlgc 
 jgru ygf` lgpgt  jirprmkgcu g`rismn 
<. Uifirmaggf lmkgcucgf sggt mfm 9. G`gr pgsmif
 pifmkgmgf 4. jgftu pgsmif agapu
 phsmtmn aiamkmb sgkgb sgtu aikgcucgf

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tirbglgp lmrm ci`mgtgf ygf`  pif`iflgkmgf

siflmrm lgpgt lmkgcucgf  prmkgcu
9. Uirdgyg lmrm sggt mfm uftuc
Urhahsm bgr`g lmrm
 jirjmdgrg. lmkgtmb
>. ^irjgkmsgsm <. kgtmb ci`mgtgf 7. Aif``gkm
cijmf`uf`gf ygf` lmpmkmb (gkgt  pif`gkgagf
aifuruf lgf dgrg  pgsmif uftuc
0. Uirmkgcu aikgcucgffyg) aifmf`cgtcgf
`ikmsgb 9. agsuccgf pglg bgr`g lmrm
aifuruf  oglwgk ci`mgtgf :. G`gr pgsmif kijmb
uftuc kgtmbgf lug kikugsg
cgkm pirbgrm aikgcucgf
TU : gctmvmtgs
7. ivgkugsm ci`mgtgf 4. Aiajmgsgcgf
 pirtgag ygf`  pgsmif jirnmcmr
tikgb lmkgtmb. Jirm lgf jirprmkgcu
 puomgf  phsmtmn 
:. jgftu pgsmif
aiamkmb ci`mgtgf
cilug ygf` gcgf
lmkgtmb
4. kgtmb ci`mgtgf
cilug (gkgt lgf
dgrg)
<. agsuccgf pglg
 oglwgk ci`mgtgf
uftuc kgtmbgf (:
ci`mgtgf agsmf`-
agsmf` : cgkm pir
bgrm)
TU 4

74

 
 

7. ivgkugsm ci`mgtgf
 pirtgag lgf cilug
ygf` tikgb lmkgtmb.
Jirmcgf puomgf
:. jgftu pgsmif
aiamkmb ci`mgtgf
citm`g ygf` gcgf
lmkgtmb
4. kgtmb ci`mgtgf
citm`g (gkgt lgf
dgrg)
<. agsuccgf pglg
 oglwgk ivgkugsm
ci`mgtgf pirtgag,
cilug lgf citm`g
ygf` tikgb lmkgtmb
lgf jirm puomgf
9. jgftu pgsmif
aiamkmb ci`mgtgf
ci iapgt ygf`
gcgf lmkgtmb
>. kgtmb ci`mgtgf ci
iapgt (gkgt lgf
dgrg)
0. agsuccgf pglg
 oglwgk ci`mgtgf
uftuc kgtmbgf tm`g
ci`mgtgf agsmf`-
agsmf` lug cgkm
 pirbgrm
2. ci`mgtgf uftuc

7<

 
 

kgtmbgf 4 ci`mgtgf
agsmf` agsmf` :
cgkm
TU <
7. ivgkugsm ci`mgtgf
kgtmbgf lgf
 jirmcgf puomgf
:. kgtmb ci`mgtgf
lmkgfoutcgf sgapgm
tgc tirbmf``g
4. fmkgm ciagapugf
ygf` tikgb agflmrm
<. fmkgm gpgcgb bgr`g
lmrm pgsmif
aifmf`cgt.g

(TMCM)
Agfgoiaif prmkgcu
7. Mliftmnmcgsm
bgrgpgf uftuc
aif`iflgkmcg
f sisugtu
:. Oglwgkcgf
ci`mgtgf
tirstructur 
4. \mf`cgtcgf
gctmvmtgs nmsmc
sisugm
ciagapugf
<. Di`gb prmkgcu
 pgsmn g`rismn 
9. Jirmcgf

79

 
 

 pif`ugtgf
 phsmtmn
tirbglgp
cijirbgsmkgf
 pif`iflgkmgf
 prmkgcu
Urhahsm bgr`g lmrm
7. Lmscusmcgf
 pif`gkgagf
ygf`
aifmf`cgtcgf
bgr`g lmrm
:. Ngsmkmtgsm
kmf`cuf`gf
lgf gctmvmtgs
ygf`
aifmf`cgtcgf
bgr`g lmrm
4. Kgtmb dgrg
 jirnmcmr lgf
 jirprmkgcu
 phsmtmn 
:. @gf``ugf Titikgb lmkgcucgf Hrmiftgsm rigkmtg Hrmiftgsm rigkmtg
mliftmtgs tmflgcgf 4x:< oga 7. Ahfmthr
7. G`gr agapu
lmrm lmbgrgpcgf mliftmtgs  pirujgbgf
aikmbgt
lmrm pgsmifaiajgmc ch`fmtmn lgf
 pirujgbgf pgsmif
lif`gf crmtirmg bgsmk  pirmkgcu
:. G`gr pgsmif
7. Uirmkgcu :. Gogrcgf
aiapu
chfsmstif  pirgwgtgf lmrm
aikgcucgf
:. Ttrgti`m chpmf` sidgrg agflmrm
cijirsmbgf lmrm
inictmn  Urhahsm chpmf`

7>

 
  

4. Uifgapmkgf 7. Mliftmnmcgsm sidgrg agflmrm

 pirgf inictmn  ciagapugf ygf`
Urhahsm chpmf`
<. Uirgsggf lmamkmcm
nkuctugctmn Urhahsm cisglgrgf 7. Aif``gkm
tirbglgp lmrm lmrm ciagapugf
7. Mliftmnmcgsm  pgsmif aif`ifgm
ciglggf ciagapugf ygf`
iahsmhfgk sggt mfm lmamkmcm

Urhahsm cisglgrgf lmrm

7. Aif`itgbum
stgtus iahsmhfgk
 pgsmif

:.7.4 Mapkiaiftgsm

Bgrm/\gf``gk Lx Mapkiaiftgsm Zisphf Bgsmk Ugrgn  

Cipirgwgtgf
Oga

Aikgcsgfgcgf Jg`gmagfg
tmflgcgf ygf` risphf ckmif
tikgb sitikgb tmflgcgf
lmrifdgfgcgf cipirgwgtgf
sisugm lif`gf

70

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mftirvifsm lmkgcucgf
cipirgwgtgf

:.7.< Ivgkugsm

Agsgkgb \gf``gk/Oga Dgtgtgf Uirciajgf`gf Ugrgn  

Cipirgwgtgf

T ? Tujoictmn 
Cikubgf ygf` agsmb lmrgsgcgf
 pgsmif sitikgb lmkgcucgf
tmflgcgf cipirgwgtgf

H ? Hjoictmn 

Lgtg jirlgsgrcgf bgsmk

 pif`ucurgf/hjsirvgsm pirgwgt
sidgrg kgf`suf` cipglg ckmif,
lgf ygf` lmrgsgcgf ckmif sitikgb
lmkgcucgf tmflgcgf cipitgwgtgf

G ? Gfgkmsms

Mftirpritgsm lgtg sujoictmn lgf

hjoictmn, airupgcgf sugtu
agsgkgb gtgu lmg`fhsms
cipirgwgtgf ygf` agsmb tiroglm

U ? Ukgffmf`

Mftirvifsm cipirgwgtgf ygf`

gcgf lmkgfoutcgf, lmbiftmcgf,
lmahlmnmcgsm, gtgu lmtgajgocgf
lgrm rifdgfg tmflgcgf
cipirgwgtgf ygf` tikgb
lmtiftucgf sijikuafyg

72

 
 

7.\mflgcgf ygf` pirku

lmkgfoutcgf gtgu tmflgcgf ygf`
agsmb chapitif uftuc
aifyikisgmcgf agsgkgb ckmif
lgf aiajutubcgf wgctu uftuc
aifdgpgm cijirbgsmkgffyg
:.\mflgcgf ygf` pirku
lmahlmnmcgsm glgkgb tmflgcgf
ygf` lmrgsg lgpgt aiajgftu
aifyikisgmcgf agsgkgb ckmif,
titgpm pirku lmtmf`cgtcgf
cugkmtgsfyg gtgu aiapufygm
gktirfgtmn pmkmbgf ygf` kgmf ygf`
lmlu`g lgpgt aiajgftu
aiapirdipgt prhsis
 pifyiajubgf
4.Zifdgfg tmflgcgf jgru gtgu
sijikuafyg tmlgc glg, lgpgt
lmtiftucgf gpgjmkg tmajuk
agsgkgb jgru gtgu rifdgfg
tmflgcgf ygf` sulgb tmlgc
chapitif kg`m uftuc
aifyikisgmcgf agsgcgb ygf`
glg
M ? Mapkiaiftgsm

\mflgcgf cipirgwgtgf ygf`

lmkgcucgf sisugm lif`gf
mfstrucsm ygf` tikgb
tirmliftmnmcgsm lgkga
 pirifdgfggf (p), lmsirtgm lif`gf

7=

 
 

aifukmscgf tgf``gk oga

 pikgcsgfggf

I ? Ivgkugsm

Zisphf ckmif sitikgb lmkgcucgf

tmflgcgf cipirgwgtgf

Z ? Zigssisaift

Uif`cgomgf ukgf` ygf` lmkgcucgf

tirbglgp pirifdgfggf sitikgb
lmcitgbum bgsmk ivgkugsm, gpgcgb
lgrm rifdgfg tmflgcgf pirku
lmkgfoutcgf, lmahlmnmcgsm gtgu
lmbiftmcgf.

JGJ MMM

UIFY\YU

7.7 Cismapukgf
Tidgrg uaua lgpgt lmsmapukcgf jgbwg gfgc jircijutubgf cbusus (Biwgrl,
:55:) glgkgb gfgc lif`gf cgrgctirmstmc cbusus ygf` jirjilg lif`gf gfgc pglg
uauafyg tgfpg sikgku aifufouccgf pglg citmlgcagapugf aiftgk, iahsm gtgu nmsmc.
Mstmkgb kgmf kg`m gfgc jircijutubgf cbusus glgkgb gfgc cbusus glgkgb gfgc kugr jmgsg lgf
gfgc dgdgt. Gfgc lif`gf cijutubgf cbusus ( spidmgk fiils dbmklrif) lgpgt lmgrtmcgf

:5

 
 

sidgrg smapki sijg`gm gfgc ygf` kgajgt (skhw) gtgu aif`gkgam `gf``ugf (ritgrlil) ygf`
sgf`gt sucgr uftuc jirbgsmk lmsichkgb sijg`gmagfg gfgc-gfgc pglg uauafyg

7.: Tgrgf
Tiah`g agcgkgb mfm jiragfnggt uftuc pgrg piajgdg.

LGN\GZ UYT\GCG

\ma Uhcog TLCM LUU UUFM, (:570), Ttgflgr Lmg`fhsms Cipirgwgtgf Mflhfismg (TLCM), Ilmsm
7, Ogcgrtg, Uirsgtugf Uirgwgt Mflhfismg
\ma Uhcog TKCM LUU UUFM, (:572), Ttgflgr Kugrgf Cipirgwgtgf Mflhfismg (TKCM), Ilmsm 7,
Ogcgrtg, Uirsgtugf Uirgwgt Mflhfismg
\ma Uhcog TMCM LUU UUFM, (:572), Ttgflgr Mftirvifsm Cipirgwgtgf Mflhfismg (TMCM), Ilmsm 7,
Ogcgrtg, Uirsgtugf Uirgwgt Mflhfismg
 Zgtrm Lismfmf`rua, Lmfmi. :57>. Usmchkh`m Gfgc Jircijutubgf Cbusus. ]h`ygcgrtg ? Usmchsgmf

:7

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