_PCNZ IGOIQIOP

OINX@

MNO@M C@O@ OKIYB HKNXCB YNZN

G\E
G\E 4 >93<
>93<<>
<>?
?>

ANMPF_NZ M@OBM_@XNG
PGIQ@XZI_NZ SIDNYN MPZPEN ZPXNHNYN
8<8<
 MN_N \@GCNG_NX

\udii syumur
\ud syumur m`knoi
m`knoirnt
rnt _ukng
_ukng Yngc
Yngc Enkn
Enkn @sn yngc
yngc t`fnk
t`fnk e`eh`r
e`eh`rimn
imng
g

rnkent ong kionynk-Gyn s`kigccn snyn onpnt e`gy`f`snimng tucns enmnfnk yngc

h`rduouf Oinr` igi t`pnt pnon wnmtugyn.

Nonpug tudung onri p`gufisng onri enmnfnk igi nonfnk ugtum e`e`guki

tucns
tucns \ngiti
\ngitinn Yngm`s
Yngm`s Hnong
Hnong M`rbkng
M`rbknging
ing Kigou.
Kigou. Z`fnig
Z`fnig itu,
itu, enmnfn
enmnfnk
k igi ducn
ducn

h`rtudung ugtum e`gnehnk wnwnsng t`gtngc oinr` hnci pnrn p`ehnjn ong ducn

hnci p`gufis.

Znyn e`gcujnpmng t`rien mnsik m`pnon \ngitin Yngm`s Hnong M`rbknging

Kigou t`fnk e`eh`rimng tucns igi s`kigccn onpnt e`gnehnk p`gc`tnkung ong

wnwnsng s`suni o`gcng hiongc stuoi yngc snyn t`mugi.

Znynn ducn
Zny ducn e`gcuj
e`gcujnpm
npmng
ng t`rien
t`rien mnsik
mnsik m`pnon
m`pnon s`eun
s`eun piknm
piknm yngc
yngc t`fnk
t`fnk

e`ehnci s`hncing p`gc`tnkunggyn s`kigccn snyn onpnt e`gy`f`snimng enmnfnk

igi.

Znyn
Znyn e`gy
e`gyno
nonr
nri,
i, enmn
enmnfn
fnk
k yn
yngc
gc snyn
snyn tu
tufi
fiss ig
igii ensi
ensik
k dn
dnuk
uk on
onri
ri mn
mntn
tn

s`epurgn. Bf`k mnr`gn itu, mritim ong snrng yngc e`ehngcug nmng snyn gngtimng

o`ei m`s`epurgnng enmnfnk igi.

Zurnhnyn 81 Enr`t 8<8<,

\`gufis,
 ONA_NX IZI

KNFNENG
KNFNENG DPOPF.......
DPOPF............
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
.........
.........
..........
..... i

MN_N \@GCNG_N
\@GCNG_NX...
X........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
.........
.........
..........
..........
....... ii

ONA_NX
ONA_NX IZI........
IZI.............
..........
..........
..........
..........
.........
.........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..... iii

HNH
HNHI \@GO
\@GONK
NKPF
PFPN
PNG.
G...
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
.. >

> .> Fntnr H`

H`fnmngc................................................................. >

> .8 Xueusng Ensnfnk............................................................ :

> .: _udung Enmnfnk............................................................... ?

> .? Engannt En
Enm
mnfnk.............................................................. 0
HNH
HNH II \@EH
@EHNKNZ
KNZNG.
NG.....
......
....
....
....
....
........
......
....
....
........
......
....
....
........
......
....
....
........
......
....
....
...... 1

8 .> Ngntbei Aisibfbci \`gj`rgnng......................................... 1

8 .8 @tibfbci Oinr`................................................................... ;

8 .: \ntbaisibfbci Oinr`............................................................ >?

8 .? Engia`stnsi Mfigis Oinr`................................................... >3

8 .0 \`e`rimsnng Aisim Oinr`.................................................. >3

8 .1 \`e`rimsnng \`gugdngc Oinr`......................................... >;

8 .3 \`gntnfnmsngnng Oinr`...................................................... >;

8 .; \`g
`gc
c`tnkung...................................................................... 80

HNH
HNH III
III \@GP
\@GP_P
_P\.
\...
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
.. 8;

: .> M`siepufng....................................................................... 8;

: .8 Znr
nrnng................................................................................ 8;
 HNH I

\@GONKPFPNG

> .> Fntnr H`fnmngc

Oinr` e`rupnmng snfnk sntu p`gynmit o`gcng igsio`gsi tigcci oi

ougin ong oifnpbrmng t`ronpnt knepir >,3 eifynr mnsus s`tinp tnkuggyn.

\`gynmit
\`gynmit igi s`rigc e`gy`hnhmng
e`gy`hnhmng m`enting
m`enting pnon ngnm usin oi hnwnk fien

tnku
tnkug
g (h
(hnf
nfit
itn)
n).. Onfn
Onfne
e sn
sntu
tu tnku
tnkug
g s`
s`mi
mitn
tnrr 31
31<.
<.<<
<<<
< ng
ngnm
nm us
usin
in hn
hnfi
fitn
tn

e`gigccnf mnr`gn p`gynmit igi (Sbrfo K`nftk Brcngizntibg (SKB), 8<><).

Oionpntmng 99% onri s`furuk m`enting pnon ngnm hnfitn t`rdnoi oi

g`cnrn h`rm`ehngc. Z`mitnr · onri m`enting ngnm t`rdnoi oi oun wifnynk

SKB,, ynitu
SKB ynitu Narimn
Narimn ong Nsin _`gccn
_`gccnrn.
rn. M`enti
M`enting
ng hnfitn
hnfitn f`hik
f`hik s`rigc
s`rigc

t`rdnoi oi on`rnk p`o`snng, m`fbepbm `mbgbei ong p`goioimng r`gonk.

Z`hngynm · m`enting ngnm ueuegyn ois`hnhmng p`gynmit yngc onpnt

oij`cnk, s`p`rti mbgoisi g`bgntnf, pg`uebgin, oinr`, enfnrin, ong e`nsf`s

(SKB, 8<><).

Oinr`
Oinr` ensik
ensik e`gdno
e`gdnoii ensnfnk
ensnfnk m`s`kn
m`s`kntng
tng ensynr
ensynrnmn
nmntt oi g`cnrn
g`cnrn

h`rm`ehngc s`p`rti Igobg`sin mnr`gn e`eifimi igsio`gsi ong ebrtnfitns

yngc tigcci. Oip`rmirnmng 8<-0< m`dnoing oinr` p`r ><< p`gououm s`tinp

tnkugg
tnkuggyn.
yn. M`enti
M`enting
ng t`rutne
t`rutnenn ois`hn
ois`hnhmn
hmng
g mnr`gn
mnr`gn p`go`r
p`go`ritn
itn e`gcnf
e`gcnfnei
nei

o`kior
o`kiornsi
nsi h`rnt.
h`rnt. 3<
3<-;<
-;<%
% p`go`r
p`go`ritn
itn nonfnk
nonfnk e`r`mn
e`r`mn yngc
yngc h`rusi
h`rusinn hnfitn
hnfitn..

E`gurut ontn O`pnrt`e`g M`s`kntng, oinr` e`rupnmng p`gynmit m`oun oi

Igobg`
Igobg`sin
sin yngc
yngc onpnt
onpnt e`gy`h
e`gy`hnhm
nhmng
ng m`enti
m`enting
ng ngnm
ngnm usin
usin hnfitn
hnfitn s`t`fnk
s`t`fnk
rnongc pnru ntnu pg`uebgin (\nrneitkn, Zbprien, & Knryngtb, 8<><).

Onri p`g`eung mnsus oinr` oi ansifitns ensynrnmnt pnon tnkug 8<>>

t`ronpnt
t`ronpnt :0,0%
:0,0% mnsus oinr` yngc oitngcngi
oitngcngi oi Igobg`sin.
Igobg`sin. Oi Dnwn _`gcnk

oit`eumng
oit`eumng mnsus oinr` s`hngynm
s`hngynm >.::3.?83,
>.::3.?83, ong yngc oitngcngi
oitngcngi 880.::8
880.::8

mnsus ntnu s`mitnr

s`mitnr >1,;%
>1,;% (M`e`gt`ring
(M`e`gt`ring M`s`kntng X`puhfim
X`puhfim Igobg`sin,
Igobg`sin,

8<>>). M`dnoing oinr` oi mbtn Zurnmnrtn pnon tnkug 8<<3 jumup tigcci

ynitu s`hngynm 3,<1% onri tbtnf duefnk p`gououm (O`pnrt`e`g M`s`kntng

XI, 8<<9).

\`gu
\`gufn
fnrn
rng
g oinr
oinr`` on
onpn
pntt o`
o`gc
gcng
ng jn
jnrn
rn a`
a`mn
mnf-
f-br
brnf
nf,, yn
ynit
itu
u e`fn
e`fnfu
fuii

enmngng ntnu eigueng yngc t`rj`enr bf`k `gt`rbpntbc`g, mbgtnm tngcng

fngcsu
fngcsugc
gc o`gcng
o`gcng p`go`r
p`go`ritn
itn,, hnrngc
hnrngc-hnr
-hnrngc
ngc yngc
yngc t`f
t`fnk
nk t`rj`en
t`rj`enrr tigdn
tigdn

p`go`ritn ntnu s`jnrn tionm fngcsugc e`fnfui fnfnt. Jnrn p`gufnrng igi

oim`gn
oim`gnff o`gcng
o`gcng istifnk
istifnk ?A,
?A, ynitu
ynitu aigc`r
aigc`r,, afi`s,
afi`s, afuio,
afuio, ai`fo
ai`fo (Zuhnc
(Zuhncyb
yb &

Zngtbsb, 8<><).

Nonp
Nonpug
ug anmt
anmtbr
br risi
risimb
mb yngc
yngc on
onpn
pntt e`gi
e`gigc
gcmn
mntm
tmng
ng p`
p`gu
gufn
fnrn
rng
g

`gt`rbpntbc
`gt`rbpntbc`g
`g oingtnrngyn
oingtnrngyn nonfnk tionm e`eh`rimng
e`eh`rimng NZI s`jnrn p`guk

pnon hnyi usin ?-1 hufng, tionm e`enonigyn p`gy`oinng nir h`rsik,

p`gj`enrng nir bf`k tigdn, murngcgyn snrngn m`h`rsikng, m`h`rsikng

figcmugcng ong prihnoi yngc hurum, p`gyinpng ong p`gyiepngng enmngng

yngc tionm kici`gis, s`rtn jnrn p`gynpikng yngc tionm hnim (Zuhncyb &

Zngtbsb, 8<><). M`dnoing oinr` onpnt oij`cnk o`gcng e`ep`rkntimng nir

eigue yngc neng ong sngitnsi yngc kici`gis (SKB, 8<><).

\`eh`ring nir susu ihu (NZI) e`rupnmng jnrn nfnei ugtum e`gdncn
 gutrisi yngc hnim, e`gigcmntmng onyn tnkng tuhuk, s`rtn e`e`fiknrn `ebsi

s`fnen ensn p`rtuehukng ong p`rm`ehngcng hnyi. NZI e`gcngougc znt

gutrisi
gutrisi yngc
yngc oihutu
oihutukmn
kmng,
g, s`rtn
s`rtn anmtbr
anmtbr ngti
ngti hnmt`ri
hnmt`ri ong ngti
ngti virus
virus yngc
yngc

e`figo
e`figougc
ugcii hnyi
hnyi t`rkno
t`rknonp
np iga`ms
iga`msi.
i. H`h`rnp
H`h`rnpnn p`g`fi
p`g`fiting
ting e`ehum
e`ehumtim
timng
ng

hnkwn NZI onpnt e`gcurngci m`dnoing iga`msi s`fnen ensn hnyi ong

hnfitn. Zuntu p`g`fiting e`gyntnmng hnkwn hnyi yngc tionm e`gonpnt NZI,

oun mnfi f`hik s`rigc

s`r igc ensum ruenk snmit oihngoigcmng hnyi yngc e`gonpnt

NZI (Nfoy, Fuhis, Zingturi, Nzfig, & _diptn, 8<<9).

Oi Igobg`
Igobg`sin,
sin, p`rs`g
p`rs`gtns`
tns` ihu yngc
yngc e`gyus
e`gyusui
ui `msmfu
`msmfusia
sia snepni
snepni

o`gcng 1 hufng nonfnk >0,: %. Igisinsi oigi e`gyusui murngc onri sntu dne
s`t`fnk hnyi fnkir nonfnk 89,: %, t`rtigcci oi Gusn _`gccnrn _ieur 01,8 %

ong t`r`gonk oi Enfumu >:,< %. Z`hncing h`snr prbs`s eufni e`gyusui

oifnmumng pnon misnrng wnmtu >-1 dne s`t`fnk hnyi fnkir t`tnpi ensik non

>>,>% yngc eufni e`gyusui s`t`fnk ?; dne. Pgtum p`eh`ring mbfbstrue

jumup hnim, oifnmumng bf`k 3?,3 % ihu m`pnon hnyigyn (Xis`t M`s`kntng

Onsnr (XIZM@ZONZ, 8<><).

_igccigyn ngcmn m`dnoing oinr` hnfitn e`rupnmng ensnfnk yngc

p`gtigc oi ensynrnmnt s`kigccn p`rfu ugtum oionpntmng ontn yngc

e`enoni. Anmtbr-anmtbr risimb yngc e`gy`hnhmng oinr` p`rfu oicnfi ugtum

e`eh`rimng wnwnsng ong igabrensi yngc h`rengannt hnci ensynrnmnt

nmng p`gtigcgyn p`gj`cnkng m`dnoing oinr` t`rs`hut.

> .8 Xueusng Ensnfnk

 >.8.
>.8.>
> Npn
Npn yngc
yngc oie
oienm
nmsu
suo
o o`gc
o`gcng
ng oin
oinr`
r`22

>.8.
>.8.8
8 Npn
Npn `tib
`tibfb
fbci
ci onri
onri p`
p`gy
gynm
nmit
it oin
oinr`2
r`2

>.8.:
>.8.: Hncnie
Hncniengn
ngn pntb
pntbais
aisibf
ibfbci
bci o
onri
nri p`gy
p`gynmi
nmitt oinr`2
oinr`2

>.8.?
>.8.? Npnmnk
Npnmnk c`dnf
c`dnfnn yngc oinfn
oinfnei
ei m`timn
m`timn e`go`r
e`go`ritn
itn p`gynm
p`gynmit
it oinr`2
oinr`2

>.8.0
>.8.0 Npn engia`s
engia`stnsi
tnsi mfigis
mfigis onri
onri p`gyn
p`gynmit
mit oinr`2
oinr`2

>.8.1
>.8.1 Hncnie
Hncniengn
ngn oincgb
oincgbsn
sn onri
onri p
p`gy
`gynmi
nmitt o
oinr`
inr`22

>.8.3
>.8.3 Hncnie
Hncniengn
ngn jnrn
jnrn e`fnmu
e`fnmumng
mng ngne
ngneg`s
g`snn onri p`gyn
p`gynmit
mit oinr`
oinr`22

>.8.;
>.8.; Npn anmtbr
anmtbr r`simb
r`simb onri
onri p
p`gy
`gynmi
nmitt o
oinr`
inr`22

>.8.9
>.8.9 Hncnie
Hncniengn
ngn p`e`
p`e`rim
rimsnng
snng aisim
aisim onri
onri p`gynm
p`gynmit
it oinr`
oinr`22

>.8.><
>.8.>< Hncniengn
Hncniengn p`e`rimsnng
p`e`rimsnng fnhbrntu
fnhbrnturiue
riue onri p`gynmit
p`gynmit oinr`2
oinr`2

> .: _udung Enmnfnk

>.:.>
>.:.> E`gc`t
E`gc`tnku
nkuii p`gc`r
p`gc`rtin
ting
g t`gtng
t`gtngc
c p`gynm
p`gynmit
it oinr`
oinr`..

>.:.8
>.:.8 E`gc`t
E`gc`tnku
nkuii t`gtng
t`gtngc
c p`gy`h
p`gy`hnh
nh p`gy
p`gynmi
nmitt oinr`.
oinr`.

>.:.:
>.:.: E`gc`t
E`gc`tnku
nkuii t`gtngc
t`gtngc pntba
pntbaisi
isibfb
bfbci
ci onri
onri p`gynmi
p`gynmitt oinr`.
oinr`.

>.:.?
>.:.? E`gc`t
E`gc`tnku
nkuii onri
onri c`dnfn
c`dnfn p`gynm
p`gynmit
it oinr`
oinr`..

>.:.0
>.:.0 E`gc`t
E`gc`tnku
nkuii engia`
engia`stns
stnsii mfigis
mfigis onri
onri p`gynm
p`gynmit
it oinr`.
oinr`.

>.:.1
>.:.1 E`gc`t
E`gc`tnku
nkuii jnrn
jnrn e`goi
e`goincg
ncgbsn
bsn p`gy
p`gynmi
nmitt oinr`.
oinr`.

>.:.3
>.:.3 E`gc`t
E`gc`tnku
nkuii jnrn e`fnm
e`fnmumn
umng
g ngneg`s
ngneg`snn p`gynmi
p`gynmitt oinr`.
oinr`.

>.:.;
>.:.; E`gc`t
E`gc`tnku
nkuii anmtbr
anmtbr r`sim
r`simb
b onri
onri p`gyn
p`gynmit
mit oinr
oinr`.
`.

>.:.9
>.:.9 E`gc`t
E`gc`tnku
nkuii jnrn p`e`r
p`e`rims
imsnng
nng aisim
aisimonr
onrii p`gynm
p`gynmit
it oinr`.
oinr`.

>.:.><
>.:.>< E`gc`tnkui
E`gc`tnkui p`e`rimsnng
p`e`rimsnng fnhbrnturi
fnhbrnturiue
ue onri p`gynmit
p`gynmit oinr`.
>.?. Engannt Enmnfnk

Engannt
Engannt yngc
yngc oiknrn
oiknrnpmn
pmng
g p`gufi
p`gufiss enmnfnk
enmnfnk p`gynm
p`gynmit
it oinr`
oinr` igi

nonfnk ugtum e`gnehnk p`gc`tnkung p`ehnjn e`gc`gni p`gynmit oinr`, eufni

onri ngntbei aisibfbci kigccn p`gj`cnkng oinr`. Z`kigccn, mitn hisn e`fnmumng

p`gcbhntng yngc s`suni o`gcng t`bri yngc t`fnk oid`fnsmng oi enmnfnk igi.
 HNH II

\@EHNKNZNG

8.
8.>
> Ngn
Ngntbei
bei Ai
Aissibfb
ibfbc
ci \`gj`
gj`rg
rgnn
nng
g

Zist`e p`gj`rgnng t`roiri ntns snfurng p`gj`rgnng ong brcn nms`sbri,

s`jn
s`jnrn
rn btbe
btbent
ntis
is sn
snfu
furn
rng
g p`gj
p`gj`r
`rgn
gnng
ng nt
ntns
ns ou
ounn hn
hnci
cing
ng yn
ynit
itu
u sn
snfu
furn
rng
g

p`gj`rgnng ntns yngc eufni onri eufut snepni usus knfus hncing oistnf, ong

brcn
brcng
g nm
nms`
s`sb
sbri
ri yn
yngc
gc t`roi
t`roiri
ri ntns
ntns kn
knti
ti,, mn
mngo
goug
ugc
c `ep`
`ep`ou
ou,, on
ong
g pn
pngj
gjr`
r`ns
ns

(Kionynt, 8<<1).

n. Ngntbei

E`gurut Zboimig (8<>>) ngntbei snfurng p`gj`rgnng nonfnk

n onfnk

s`hncni h`rimut 4

>) Eufut

Eufut e`rupnmng hncing p`rtnen onri snfurng p`gj`rgnng.

Eufu
Eufutt hi hntn
hntnsi
si bf`k
bf`k ou
ounn sisi
sisi pi
pipi
pi yn
yngc
gc oi
oih`
h`gt
gtum
um bf
bf`k
`k

eusmufus husigntbrus, hncing ntnsgyn t`ronpnt pnfntue yngc

e`eisnkmnggyn onri kiougc ong hncing ntns anrigc.

8) Fionk

Fio
ionk
nk t`rs
t`rsus
usug
ug ntns
ntns bt
btb
bt yng
ngc
c pno
nonn hnc
ncin
ing
g nt
ntns
ns ong

snepigcgyn oifnpisi o`gcng e`ehrng` eumbsn, fionk pnon

g`bgnt`s r`fntiv` p`go`m ong f`hnr. Fionk e`g`epnti mnvue

br
bris
is on
ong
g e`f`
e`f`mn
mntt s`jnr
s`jnrnn fn
fngc
gcsu
sugc
gc pn
pnon
on `p
`pic
icfb
fbti
tiss on
onfn
fne
e

anrigc.
:) Cici

Engusin oif`gcmnpi o`gcng oun s`t cici yngc tnepnm pnon

ensn m`kioupng yngc h`rh`on-h`on. Z`fp`rtnen nonfnk cici

prie`r ( cici susu ntnu o`sioun), yngc h`rsiant s`e`gtnrn ong

tuehuk
tuehuk e`fnfui cusi s`fnen tnkug p`rtnen ong tnkug m`oun

m`
m`ki
kiou
oupn
png=
g= s`fng
s`fngdu
dutg
tgyn
yn s`t m`
m`ou
ounn ntnu
ntnu s`t p`
p`re
reng
ng`g
`g ,

e`gccngtimng cici prie`r ong eufni tuehuk pnon s`mitnr

ueur 1 tnkug.

?) M`rbgc
M`rbgcmbg
mbgcng
cng (@sban
(@sbancus
cus))

@sbancus e`rupnmng tuhn btbt o`gcng umurng ;->< je onri

mnrtifncb mrimbio snepni hncing mnroin fnehugc. \ngdngcgyn

h`rtnehnk s`fnen : tnkug s`t`fnk m`fnkirng, s`fngdutgyn

m`j`pn
m`j`pntng
tng p`rtue
p`rtuehuk
hukng
ng f`hik
f`hik fnehnt
fnehnt e`gjnp
e`gjnpni
ni pngdng
pngdngc
c

o`wnsn ynitu 8:-:< je.

0) Fnehugc

Fnehugc o`wnsn oit`eumng pnon fnehugc a`tus s`h`fue

fnkir.. Mnpnsitns
fnkir Mnpnsitns onri fnehugc
fnehugc ngtnrn :<-:0 ef snnt fnkir ong

e`gigcmnt snepni s`mitnr 30 ef pnon m`kioupng eigccu m`-

8, s`mitnr >< ef pnon hufng p`rtnen, ong rntn-rntn pnon brngc

o`wnsn mnpnsitnsgyn ><<< ef.

1) Psus
sus M`jif

Psus m`jif t`rhnci e`gdnoi oubo`gue, d`dugue, ong if`ue.

 Psus
Psus m`ji
m`jiff e`ei
e`eifi
fimi
mi pn
pngd
gdng
ngc
c :<
:<<-
<-:0
:0<
< je sn
snnt
nt fn
fnki
kir,
r,

e`gcnfnei p`gigcmntng s`mitnr 0<% s`fnen tnkug p`rtnen

m`kioupng.
m`kioupng. Oubo`gue e`rupnmng hncing t`rp`go`m
t`rp`go`m onri

usus m`jif ynitu s`mitnr 3,0->< je o`gcng oine`t`r >->,0 je.

3) Psus
sus H`snr

Psus h`snr oihnci e`gdnoi s`mue, mbfbg nss`go`g, mbfbg

trngsv
trngsv`rsu
`rsue,
e, mbfbg
mbfbg o`go`g
o`go`g ong mbfbg
mbfbg sicebi
sicebio.
o. \ngdng
\ngdngc
c

usus h`snr h`rvnrinsi, h`rmisnr s`mitnr ¾>;<je.

;) K`pnr

Kntii e`rupn
Knt e`rupnmng
mng cfngou
cfngoufn
fn pnfigc
pnfigc h`
h`snr
snr onfne
onfne tuhuk
tuhuk ong
e`eifimi h`rnt ¾>.:<<->.0<< crne. K`pnr h`rwnrgn e`rnk

jbm`fnt, sngcnt vnsjufnr, ong fugnm.

9) \ngmr`ns

\ngmr`
\ngmr`ns
ns t`rf`tn
t`rf`tnm
m trngv`r
trngv`rsnf
snf oip`ru
oip`rutt hncing
hncing ntns,
ntns, ngtnrn
ngtnrn

oubo`gue ong fiepn onfne r`trbp`ritbgiue.

><) \`ritbgiue
\`ritbgiue

\`ritbgiue e`rupnmng e`ehrng` s`rbsn yngc tipis, fijig,

ong f`ehnh yngc e`fnpisi rbgccn p`ritbg`ue ong hngynm

brcng p`rut s`p`rti jnvue nhobe`g ong p`fvis.

h. Aisibfbci

Aisibfbci snfurng p`gj`rgnng t`roiri ntns rngcmning prbs`s

e`enmn
e`enmng
g (igc`s
(igc`sti)
ti) ong s`mr`si
s`mr`si c`tnk
c`tnk p`gj`rg
p`gj`rgnng
nng m` sist`e
sist`e
 p`gj`rgnng. C`tnk p`gj`rgnng e`ehngtu p`gj`rgnng ntnu

oic`sti
oic`sti enmngn
enmngng,
g, knsif
knsif p`gj`rg
p`gj`rgnng
nng nmng
nmng ois`rnp
ois`rnp m` onfne
onfne

tuhuk
tuhuk h`rupn znt cizi. \rbs`s
\rbs`s s`mr`si,
s`mr`si, oisc`sti,ong
oisc`sti,ong nhsbrhsi

t`rdnoi s`jnrn

h`rm`signehugcng pnon snfurng p`gj`rgnng, eufni onri ntns

ynitu eufut snepni m` r`jtue. Enstimnsi e`rupnmng prbs`s

p`gcugnkng ntnu p`e`jnkng pnrtim`f enmngng yngc h`sntr

bf`k cici ong e`gjnepur enmngng, m`euoing

m`euoing oif`ehnpmng
oif`ehnpmng

bf`k cfngoufn snfivnry ugtum e`eh`gtum hbfus (enssn h`rfnpis

snfivn).
snfivn). E`g`fng
E`g`fng (o`cfutisi)
(o`cfutisi) e`rupnmng
e`rupnmng suntu r`spbg r`af`x

yngc
yngc ois`
ois`hn
hnhm
hmng
ng bf`k
bf`k iepu
iepufs
fs na
na`r
`r`g
`g oi on
onfn
fnge
ge g`
g`rv
rvus
us

tric`e
tric`eigu
igus,
s, cfbsba
cfbsbanri
nrigc`
gc`us
us ong vncus.
vncus. O`a`mn
O`a`mnsi
si s`hnci
s`hncing
ng

h`rsiant r`af`x ong s`hncing fnig e`rupnmng nmtivitns

vbfugt``r.

8 .8 @tibfbci Oinr`

Oinr` t`rdnoi mnr`gn nongyn Iga`msi (hnmt`ri, prbtbzbn, virus, ong

pnrnsit) nf`rci, enfnhsbrpsi, m`rnjugng, bhnt ong o`aisi`gsi ieug nonfnk

mnt`cb
mnt`cbri
ri h`snr
h`snr p`gy`h
p`gy`hnh
nh oinr`.
oinr`. \non
\non hnfitn,
hnfitn, p`gy`h
p`gy`hnh
nh oinr`
oinr` t`rhngy
t`rhngynm
nm

no
nonf
nfnk
nk ig
iga`
a`ms
msii viru
viruss t`rut
t`rutnen
nen Xbtnvirus (\`ren
(\`rentnsnri,
tnsnri, 8<>8).
8<>8). Z`hncing
Z`hncing

h`snr onri oinr` nmut ois`hnhmng bf`k iga`msi. Hngynm onepnm yngc onpnt

t`rdnoi mnr`gn iga`msi snfurng j`rgn ngtnrn fnig4 p`gc`funrng tbmsig yngc

onpnt e`giehufmng cngccung s`mr`si ong r`nhsbrpsi jnirng ong `f`mtrbfit

o`gcng nmihnt o`kiornsi, cngccung m`s`iehngcng `f`mtrbfit ong cngccung

m`s`iehngcng nsne hnsn. Igvnsi ong o`strumsi pnon s`f `pit`f, p`g`trnsi m`

fnei
fneign
gn pr
prbp
bpri
rinn s`
s`rtn
rtn m`
m`ru
rusn
snmn
mng
g eimr
eimrbv
bvif
ifii yn
yngc
gc on
onpn
pntt e`gi
e`gieh
ehuf
ufmn
mng
g

m`nonn
m`nonng
g enfnhs
enfnhsbrp
brpsi.
si. Ong hifn
hifn tionm
tionm e`gonp
e`gonpntmn
ntmng
g p`gngc
p`gngcngn
ngng
g yngc
yngc

no`mun
no`muntt pnon
pnon nmkirg
nmkirgyn
yn onpnt
onpnt e`g
e`gcnf
cnfnei
nei igvnsi
igvnsi sist`ei
sist`eim.
m. Z`jnrn
Z`jnrn mfigis
mfigis

p`gy`hnh oinr` onpnt oim`fbepbmng onfne 1 cbfbgcng h`snr ynitu iga`msi

(ois`hnmng bf`k hnmt`ri, virus ntnu iga`stnsi pnrnsit), enfnhsbrhsi, nf`rci,

m`rnjugng,
m`rnjugng, ieugbo`ai
ieugbo`aisi`gsi
si`gsi ong s`hnh-s`hnh
s`hnh-s`hnh fnigyn (O@\M@Z
(O@\M@Z XI, 8<>>).
8<>>).

\`gy`hnh oinr` s`hncing h`snr nonfnk hnmt`ri ong pnrnsit, oisnepigc s`hnh

fnig s`p`rti rnjug, nf`rci ong oisp`psi (Odnekuri, >99?).

 Qirus

E`rupn
E`rupnmng
mng p`gy`h
p`gy`hnh
nh oinr`
oinr` nmut
nmut t`rhngy
t`rhngynm
nm pnon
pnon ngnm
ngnm (3<-;<
(3<-;<%).
%).

H`h`
H`h`rnp
rnpnn d`gi
d`giss viru
viruss p`
p`gy
gy`h
`hnh
nh oi
oinr
nr`` nm
nmut
ut ng
ngtn
tnrn
rn fn
fnig
ig Xbtnvirus

s`rbtyp` >,8,
>,8,;,
;, ong 9 pn
pnon
on engu
engusin
sin,, Gbrwnfm Qirus,
Qirus, Nstrbvirus,

No`gbvirus (tip` ?<,?>), Zenff hbw`f stru

strujjtur` virus,

Jytbe`cnfbvirus.
 Hnmt`ri

@gt`rbtbxic`gij @.jbfi (@_@

(@_@J)
J),, @gt`rbpntkbc`gij @.jbfi (@\@J)
(@\@J)..

@gt`rbnccr`cntiv` @.jbfi (@ncc@J), @gt`rbigvnsiv` @ jbfi (@I@J),

@gt`rbk`ebrrncij @.jbfi (@K@J), Zkic`ffn spp.,

Jnepkyfbhnjt`rd`dugi (K`fijbhnjt`r d`dugi), Qihrib jkbf`rn <>, ong

Q. Jkbf`rn <>:9, snfebg`ffn (gbg-tkypbio).

 \nrnsit

\rbtbzbn, Cinroin fnehin, @gtneb`hn kistbfityjn, Hnfngtioiue jbfi,

Jryptbspbrioiue, Eijrbspbrioiue spp., Isbspbrn h`ffi, Jyjfbspbrn

jnyntng`gsis.

 K`fieigtks

Ztr
trb
bgc
gcyf
yfbi
bio
o`s st
st`r
`rb
bjb
jbrn
rnfi
fis,
s, Zj
Zjki
kitb
tbsb
sben
en sp
spp.
p.,, Jnpi
Jnpifn
fnri
rin
n

pkifippig`gsis, _rijkuris trijkurin.

 Gbg Iga`msi

Enfnhs
Enfnhsbrh
brhsi,
si, M`rnju
M`rnjugng
gng enmngn
enmngng,
g, nf`rci,
nf`rci, cngccu
cngccung
ng ebtifi
ebtifitns,
tns,

iebgbo`aisi`gsi, bhnt off.

 Cnehnr 8.8 Oinr` yngc ois`hnhmng bf`k Hnmt`ri ntnu \nrnsit.

_nh`f II.I C`dnfn ong ntnu p`gy`hnh Oinr` nmut ong mrbgis (Zt`ig,
8<<>).

Oinr` Nmut 4

Gb. C`dnfn \`gy`hnhgyn

>. Oinr
Oinr`` ttio
ionm
nm h`ro
h`ronr
nrnk
nk,, c`d
c`dnf
nfnn Iga`msi (`gt`rbpntic`gij
(`gt`rbpntic`gij ong `gt`rbtbmsic`gij

p`gynmit sist`eim @.jbfi, jryptbspbrioiue, cinroin, virus).

8. Oinr` h`ronrnk, c`dnfn Iga`msi (skic`ffn, jnepyfbhnjt`r,

p`gynmit sit`eim `gt`rb

`gt`rbigv
igvnsia
nsia ong `gt`rb
`gt`rbk`e
k`ebrn
brncim
cim,, @.jbfi
@.jbfi,,

snfebg`ffn, y`rsigin, @.kistbfistijn), p`gynmit

rnongc
rnongc usus h`snr,
h`snr, jbfitis
jbfitis ism`eim,
ism`eim, jbfitis
jbfitis ong

ps`uobe`ehrngbsn.
:. Oinr
nr`` h`
h`ronrnk, tn
tngpn c`d
c`dnnfn Iga`msi prbmitis ufs`rntia, prbmitis rnoinsi, ong

sist`eim. mnrsigben r`mtbsicenebio.

?. Oinr` tio
tionm h`r
h`ronrnk, tng
tngon Ig
Iga`
a`ms
msii nt
ntnu
nu m`
m`rn
rnju
jugn
gng
g enmn
enmngn
gng
g (s`p
(s`p`r
`rti
ti

c`dnfn sist`eim ois`hutmng

ois`hutmng s`h`fuegyn
s`h`fuegyn),
), sigorbe
sigorbe usus h`
h`snr
snr
yngc
yngc euonk
euonk t`riri
t`riritnsi
tnsi,, iepnmsi
iepnmsi a`mtnf
a`mtnf,, bhnt-
bhnt-

bhntng (ngtnsion, ngtihibtimn, GZNIO, mbfsisig,

muigioig, oicitnfis, e`tifobpn,

kiorntnzig, fnmtbsn).

Oinr` Mrbgis 4

Gb. C`dnfn \`gy`hnhgyn

 > Oinr` tionm h`ronrnk Zigorbe iritnsi usus h`snr, igtbf`rngsi

fnmtbs
fnmtbsn,
n, bhnt-b
bhnt-bhnt
hntng
ng (ngtnsi
(ngtnsion,
on, ng
ngti
tihi
hibt
btim
imn,
n,

GZNIO, mbfsisig, muigioig, oicitnfis,

e`tifobpn, Kiorntnzig, fnmtbsn), cinroinsis,

p`gynfnkcugnng fnmtnsia, iepnmsi a`mnf.

8 Oinr`n igafnentbrim ntnu Mbfiti
Mbfitiss ufs`rnt
ufs`rntia,
ia, p`gynm
p`gynmit
it jrbkg,
jrbkg, p`gynm
p`gynmit
it

h`ronrnk oi
oiv`
v`rt
rtiju
ijufn
fnr,
r, mb
mbf`r
f`rn,
n, pn
pngm
gmr`
r`nt
ntim
im,, sigo
sigorb
rbe
e

zbffigc`r-n
-nffisbg
sbg, mnrsig
sigben e`o
`ou
uffn

mnrsigbio, nfmbkbf, p`gynfnkcugnng fnmtnsia,

ioibpntim.
: Oinr` bsebtim Igtbf`rngsi fn
fnmtbsn, en
encg`siue sufant, ab
absant,

engitb
engitbf,
f, sbrhit
sbrhitbf,
bf, o`aisi
o`aisi`g
`g sioisnm
sioisnmnri
nrions`
ons`,,

enfnhsbrhsi cfumbsn-cnfnmtbsn k`r`oit`r ntnu

enfnhsbrhsi arumtbsn k`r`oit`r.

? Oinr` yngc h`rkuhugcng Oinh`t`s, tirbtbmsigbsis, p`gynmit nooisbg,

o`gcng p`gynmit sist`eim NIOZ,

NIOZ, o`aisi
o`aisi`gs
`gsii ginsig
ginsig ong s`gc,
s`gc, f`um`e
f`um`ein,
in,

ps`uob bhstrumtia.

Oinr` o`gcng c`dnfn gbgsp`siaim

gbgsp`siaim yngc e`rupnmng engia`stnsi
engia`stnsi

ueue cngccung CI, t`renmsut p`gynmit igafnensi p`rut, sigorbe iritnsi

p`rut, m`cngnsng snfurng j`rgn, sigorbe h`rhncni enjne enfnhsbrhsi,

ong iga`ms
iga`msii igt`sti
igt`stignf
gnf nmut
nmut ntnu
ntnu suhnmu
suhnmutt ong cngccu
cngccung-
ng-cng
cngccu
ccungy
ngyn.
n.

Oinr` onpnt ducn e`rupnmng `a`m snepigc yngc tionm oim`k`gonmi pnon

hngynm bhnt. Bhnt yngc e`gy`hnhmng

e`gy`hnhmng oinr`

4 Nmnr
Nmnrhb
hbsn
sn ong
ong e`ta
e`tabr
brei
eig,
g, Nf
Nfmb
mbkb
kbf,
f, Ngti
Ngtihi
hibt
btim
im s`
s`p`
p`rt
rti4
i4
 (mfigoneisig, `ritrbeig, rianepisig, ong s`abrbmsie), mbfmisig, s`gynwn-

s`gynwnn sitbtbmsim,
s`gynw sitbtbmsim, Ngtnsion
Ngtnsion yngc e`gcngoug
e`gcngougc
c encg`siue,
encg`siue,BNIGZ
BNIGZ

(Siaa`g `t nf, 8<<3).

8 .: \ntbaisibfbci Oi
Oinr`

E`mngi
E`mngise`
se` onsnr
onsnr p`gy`h
p`gy`hnh
nh tiehuf
tiehufgyn
gyn oinr`
oinr` nonfnk
nonfnk cngccu
cngccung
ng

bsebtim (enmngng yngc tionm onpnt ois`rnp nmng e`gy`hnhmng t`mngng

bsebtim onfne rbgccn usus e`gigcmnt s`kigccn t`rdnoi p`rc`s`rng nir ong

`f`mtr
`f`mtrbfi
bfitt m`onfne
m`onfne rbgccn
rbgccn usus,
usus, isi rbgcc
rbgccnn usus
usus h`rf`h
h`rf`hikn
ikng
g s`kigc
s`kigccn
cn

tiehuf oinr`). Z`fnig itu e`giehufmng cngccung s`mr`si nmihnt tbmsig

oioigoigc usus, s`kigccn s`mr`si nir ong `f`mtrbfit e`gigcmnt m`euoing

e`g
e`gdnoi
dnoi oinr
oinr`.
`. Cng
Cngcc
ccun
ung
g ebti
ebtifi
fitn
tnss usus
usus yng
yngc e`g
`gc
cnm
nmih
ihnt
ntm
mng

kip`rp`ristnftim. Nmihnt onri oinr` itu s`goiri nonfnk m`kifngcng nir ong

`f`mtrbfit (o`kiornsi) yngc e`gcnmihntmng cngccung m`s`iehngcng nsne

hnsn (nsiobsis e`tnhbfim ong kypbmnf`ein), cngccung cizi (igtnm` murngc,

butput h`rf`hik), kipbcfim`ein ong cngccung sirmufnsi onrnk (T`ig omm,

8<<?).
8<<?). E`mngi
E`mngise`
se` t`rdno
t`rdnoigy
igynn oinr`
oinr` ong t`renmsu
t`renmsutt ducn
ducn p`gigc
p`gigcmnt
mntng
ng

s`mr`si
s`mr`si ntnu
ntnu p`guru
p`gurugng
gng nhsbrh
nhsbrhsi
si jnirng
jnirng ong `f`mtrb
`f`mtrbfit
fit onri
onri s`f eumbsn
eumbsn

igt`st
igt`stign
ignff ong `msuon
`msuontt yngc
yngc h`rnsnf
h`rnsnf onri
onri igafne
igafnensi
nsi eumbsn
eumbsn igt`sti
igt`stignf
gnf

(Siaa`g `t nf, 8<<3). Iga`msi oinr` nmut oimfnsiaimnsimng s`jnrn mfigis ong

pntbaisibfbcis e`gdnoi oinr` gbgigafnensi ong oinr` igafnensi. Oinr`

ig
igaf
afne
nensi
nsi ois`h
ois`hnh
nhmn
mng
g ig
igvn
vnsi
si hn
hnmt
mt`r
`rii on
ong
g sitbm
sitbmsi
sig
g oi mb
mbfb
fbg
g o`
o`gc
gcng
ng

engia`s
engia`stnsi
tnsi sigorb
sigorbe
e ois`gt
ois`gtri
ri o`gcng
o`gcng oinr`
oinr` ois`rt
ois`rtni
ni f`goir
f`goir ong onrnk.
onrnk.
C`dnfn mfigis h`rupn eufns snepni gy`ri s`p`rti mbfim, eunf, eugtnk,

t`t`gus, s`rtn c`dnfn ong tngon o`kiornsi. \non p`e`rimsnng tigdn rutig

enmrbsmbpis oit`eumng f`goir ong ntnu onrnk, eimbrbsmbpis oionpnti s`m

fumbsit pbfienmrbgumf`nr. Oinr` ducn onpnt t`rdnoi nmihnt f`hik onri sntu

e`mngise`, ynitu p`gigcmntng s`mr`si usus ong p`gurugng nhsbrhsi oi

usus. Iga`msi hnmt`ri e`gy`hnhmng igafnensi ong e`gc`funrmng tbmsig

yngc
yngc e`gy`h
e`gy`hnmn
nmng
g t`rdno
t`rdnoigy
igynn oinr`.
oinr`. \non
\non onsnrg
onsnrgyn,
yn, e`mngi
e`mngise`
se` oinr`
oinr`

nmihnt mueng `gt`rbpntbc`g e`fiputi p`g`ep`fng hnmt`ri pnon s`f `pit`f

o`gcng
o`gcng ntnu tngpn
tngpn m`rusn
m`rusnmng
mng eumbs
eumbsn,
n, igvnsi
igvnsi eumbsn
eumbsn,, ong prboum
prboumsi
si

`gt`rbtbmsig ntnu sitbmsig. Zntu d`gis hnmt`ri onpnt e`gccugnmng sntu ntnu
f`hik
f`hik e`mngi
e`mngise`
se` t`rs`hu
t`rs`hutt ugtum
ugtum e`gcnt
e`gcntnsi
nsi p`rtnk
p`rtnkngn
ngng
g eumbsn
eumbsn usus
usus

(Neig, 8<<9).

H`ronsnrmng pntbaisibfbcigyn, oinr` onpnt oihnci ntns : m`fbepbm 4

 Bsebtij
Bsebtij oinrrkb`
oinrrkb`,, yngc t`rdnoi mnr`gn isi usus e`gnrim nir onri

eumbsn. Knf igi oit`eumng enfnhsbrhsi, ong o`aisi`gsi fnmtns`.

 Z`jr`tbri oinrrkb`n,
oinrrkb`n, pnon m`nonng igi usus knfus, ong usus h`snr

tionm
tionm e`gy`r
e`gy`rnp
np nir ong cnrne,
cnrne, t`t
t`tnpi
npi e`gcs`
e`gcs`mr`
mr`sim
simng
ng nir ong

`f`mtr
`f`mtrbfi
bfit.
t. Augcsi
Augcsi yngc
yngc t`rhnfi
t`rhnfim
m igi onpnt
onpnt ois`hn
ois`hnhmn
hmng
g p`gcnr
p`gcnruk
uk

tbmsig hnmt`ri, cnrne `ep`ou, prbstncfngoig,

prbstncfngoig, ong fnig-fnig. Jnrn

t`rdnoigyn, e`fnfui rngcsngcng bf`k jNE\ (jyjfij

( jyjfij NE\) pnon s`f

eumbsn usus.

 @xuontiv` oinrrkb`n,
oinrrkb`n , oit`eumng pnon igafnensi eumbsn

s`p`rti
s`p`rti pnon
pnon jbfiti
jbfitiss ufj`rn
ufj`rntiv
tivn,
n, ntnu
ntnu pnon
pnon tuebr
tuebr yngc
yngc
 e`giehufmng nongyn s`rue, onrnk, ong eumus.

Oinr` nmut onpnt e`gy`hnhmng t`rdnoigyn4


M`kifngcng nir ong `f`mtrbfit s`rtn cngccung nsne hnsn

yngc e`gy`hnhm
e`gy`hnhmng
ng o`kiornsi,
o`kiornsi, nsiobsis
nsiobsis e`tnhbfij
e`tnhbfij ong
ong

kypbmnf`ein.

 Cngc
Cngccu
cung
ng si
sirm
rmuf
ufns
nsii on
onrn
rnk
k on
onpn
pntt h`
h`ru
rupn
pn r`
r`gd
gdnt
ntng
ng

kipbvb
kipbvbf`e
f`eim
im ntnu prn-
prn- r`gdnt
r`gdntng
ng s`hncn
s`hncnii nmihnt
nmihnt oinr`
oinr`

o`
o`gc
gcng
ng ntnu
ntnu tngpn
tngpn oi
ois`r
s`rtn
tnii o`
o`gc
gcng
ng eugt
eugtnk
nk,, p`
p`rau
rausi
si

dnrigcng h`rmurngc s`kigccn kipbmsin ong

nsiobsise`tnhbfim h`rtnehnk h`rnt, p`r`onrng btnm onpnt

t`rdnoi
t`rdnoi,, m`snon
m`snonrng
rng e`guru
e`gurug
g (sbpbm
(sbpbmbrb
brbmbe
mbentb
ntbsn)
sn) ong

hifn tionm j`pnt oibhnti, onpnt e`gy`hnhmng m`enting.

 Cngccu
Cngccung
ng cizi
cizi yngc
yngc t`rdno
t`rdnoii nmihnt
nmihnt m`funr
m`funrgyn
gyn jnirng
jnirng

h`rf`hikng mnr`gn oinr` ong eugtnk, mnongc-mnongc

brngct
brngctun
un e`gck`
e`gck`gti
gtimng
mng p`eh`r
p`eh`ring
ing enmngn
enmngng
g mnr`gn
mnr`gn

tnmut h`rtnehnkgyn eugtnk ong oinr` pnon ngnm ntnu

hifn enmngng t`tnp oih`rimng t`tnpi onfne h`gtum

oi`gj`rmng. Kipbcfim`ein nmng f`hik s`rigc t`rdnoi pnon

ngnm yngc s`h`fuegyn t`fnk e`go`ritn enfgutrisi ntnu

hnyi o`gcng cncnf onpnt t`rdnoi `o`en btnm yngc onpnt

e`gcnmihntmng m`dngc ong mben (Zuknrybgb, >99>).

8 .? Engia`stnsi mfigis
 Iga`ms
Iga`msii usus
usus e`gieh
e`giehufm
ufmng
ng c`dnfn
c`dnfn cnstrb
cnstrbigt
igt`st
`stignf
ignf s`rtn
s`rtn c`dnfn
c`dnfn

fniggy
fniggynn hifn
hifn t`rdnoi
t`rdnoi mbepfi
mbepfimns
mnsii `mstrn
`mstrn igt`sti
igt`stignf
gnf t`rens
t`rensum
um engia`
engia`stns
stnsii

g`urbfbcim. C`dnfn cnstrbigt`stignf hisn h`rupn oinr`, mrne p`rut, ong

eugtnk
eugtnk.. Z`ongc
Z`ongcmng
mng engia`s
engia`stnsi
tnsi sist`ei
sist`eim
m h`rvnr
h`rvnrinsi
insi t`rcngt
t`rcngtugc
ugc pnon
pnon

p`gy`hnhgyn. \`go`ritn o`gcng oinr` jnir e`gc`funrmng tigdn yngc

e`gcngougc s`duefnk ibg gntriue, mfbrion,

mfbrion, ong himnrhbgnt.
himnrhbgnt. M`kifngcng

nir ong `f`mtrbfit

`f`mtrbfit igi h`rtnehnk
h`rtnehnk hifn non eugtnk ong m`kifngcng nir ducn

e`gigcmnt
e`gigcmnt hifn non
non pngns.
pngns. Knf
Knf igi onpnt e`gy`hnhm
e`gy`hnhmng
ng o`kiornsi,
o`kiornsi,

nsiobsis e`tnhbfim, ong kipbvbf`ein.

O`kior
O`kiornsi
nsi e`rupn
e`rupnmng
mng m`nonn
m`nonng
g yngc
yngc pnfigc
pnfigc h`rhnk
h`rhnknyn
nyn mnr`gn
mnr`gn

onpnt e`gy`hnhm
e`gy`hnhmng
ng kipbvbf`e
kipbvbf`ein,
in, mbfnps
mbfnps mnroibvnsm
mnroibvnsmuf`r
uf`r ong m`enting
m`enting

hifn tionm oibhnti o`gcng t`pnt. O`kiornsi yngc t`rdnoi e`gurut tbgisitns

pfnsen onpnt h`rupn o`kiornsi isbtbgim, o`kiornsi kip`rtbgim ntnu

o`kiornsi kipbtbgim. E`gurut o`rndnt o`kiornsigyn hisn tngpn o`kiornsi,

o`kiornsi rigcng, o`kiornsi s`ongc ntnu o`kiornsi h`rnt (Duaari`, 8<><).

8 .? \`e`rimsnng Aisim

\non p`e`rimsnng aisim p`rfu oip`rimsn4 h`rnt hnong, suku tuhuk,

ar`m
ar`mu`
u`gs
gsii o`gy
o`gyut
ut dngt
dngtug
ugc
c ong
ong p`
p`rg
rgnp
npns
nsng
ng s`
s`rt
rtnn t`
t`mn
mngn
gng
g on
onrn
rnk.
k.

Z`fngdutgy
Z`fngdutgynn p`rfu oijnri tngon-tngon
tngon-tngon utnen o`kiornsi4
o`kiornsi4 m`snonrng,
m`snonrng, rnsn

knus, ong turcbr mufit nhobe`g ong tngon-tngon tnehnkng fniggyn4 uhug-

uhug h`snr j`mugc ntnu tionm, entn4 j`mugc ntnu tionm, non ntnu tionmgyn

nir entn, hihir, eumbsn eufut ong fionk m`rigc ntnu hnsnk (Duaari`, 8<><).
 \`rg
\`rgnp
npnsn
nsng
g yn
yngc
gc j`
j`pn
pntt on
ong
g on
onfn
fne
e ig
igoi
oimn
mnsi
si no
nong
ngyn
yn nsiob
nsiobsi
siss

e`tn
e`tnhb
hbfi
fim.
m. Hisi
Hisigc
gc usus
usus yngc
yngc f`en
f`enk
k nt
ntnu
nu tion
tionm
m no
nonn hi
hifn
fn t`
t`ro
ronp
npnt
nt

kipbmnf`ein. \`e`rimsnng `mstr`eitns p`rfu mnr`gn p`rausi ong jnpiffnry

r`aiff onpnt e`g`gtumng o`rndnt o`kiornsi yngc t`rdnoi (Duaari`, 8<><).

\`gifning
\`gifning h`rntgyn
h`rntgyn ntnu o`rndnt
o`rndnt o`kiornsi
o`kiornsi onpnt oit`gtumng
oit`gtumng o`gcng
o`gcng

jnrn44 bhy`mt
jnrn bhy`mtia
ia ynitu
ynitu o`gcng
o`gcng e`ehng
e`ehngoig
oigcmn
cmng
g h`rnt
h`rnt hnong
hnong s`h`fue
s`h`fue ong

s`fne
s`fnenn oinr
oinr`.
`. Zuhy
Zuhy`m
`mti
tiaa o`
o`gc
gcng
ng e`gc
e`gccu
cugn
gnmn
mng
g jr
jrit
it`ri
`rinn SKB,
SKB, Zmbr
Zmbr

Enurij` Migc, ong fnig-fnig (Duaari`, 8<><).

8 .0 \`e`rimsnng \`gugdngc
\`e`rimsnng fnhbrntbriue f`gcmnp pnon oinr` nmut ueuegyn tionm

oip`rfumng, Kngyn pnon m`nonng t`rt`gtu eugcmig oip`rfumng, eisnfgyn

p`gy`hnh onsnrgyn tionm oim`tnkui ntnu non s`hnh-s`hnh fnig s`fnig oinr`

nmut ntnu pnon p`go`ritn o`gcng o`kiornsi h`rnt (Duaari`, 8<><).

8 .1 \`gntnfnmsngnng

E`gurut M`e`gm`s XI (8<>>), prigsip tntnfnmsngn oinr` pnon hnfitn

nonfnk Fien Fngcmnk _ugtnsmng Oinr` (FIG_NZ OINX@), yngc oioumugc

bf`k Imntng Obmt`r Ngnm Igobg`sin o`gcng r`mbe`gonsi SKB. X`kiornsi

humng sntu- sntugyn jnrn ugtum e`gcntnsi

e`gcntnsi oinr` t`tnpi e`ep`rhnimi mbgoisi

usus s`rtn e`ep`rj`pnt p`gy`ehukng/e`gck`gtimng oinr` ong e`gj`cnk

ngnm
ngnm m`murn
m`murngcn
gcng
g cizi
cizi nmihnt
nmihnt oinr`
oinr` ducn
ducn e`gdno
e`gdnoii jnrn ugtum
ugtum e`gcbh
e`gcbhnti
nti

oinr`. Nonpug prbcrne FIG_NZ OINX@ ynitu4

>. X`
X`ki
kior
ornsi
nsi e`g
e`gcc
ccug
ugnm
nmng
ng brnf
brnfit
it bseb
bsebfnf
fnfit
itns
ns r`go
r`gonk
nk

8. Tigj
Tigj oih
oih`r
`rim
imng
ng s`f
s`fne
nenn >< kn
knri
ri h`rt
h`rtur
urut
ut-tu
-turu
rutt

:. _`ru
_`rusm
smng
ng p`eh
p`eh`r
`rin
ing
g NZI
NZI ong
ong Enm
Enmng
ngng
ng
?. Ngtihi
tihib
btim
tim Z`f
Z`f`m
`mti
tiaa

0. Gnsi
Gnsikn
kntt m`pn
m`pnon
on brn
brngc
gc tun/
tun/p`
p`gc
gcns
nsuk
uk

8.1.
8.1.>
> Brnf
Brnfit
it

Pgtum e`gj`cnk t`rdnoigyn o`kiornsi onpnt oifnmumng eufni

onri ruenk tngccn o`gcng e`eh`rimng brnfit bsebfnritns r`gonk,

ong hifn tionm t`rs`oin h`rimng jnirng ruenk tngccn s`p`rti nir

tnd
tndig,
ig, munk snyur,
snyur, nir entngc
entngc.. Brnfit
Brnfit snnt igi yngc h`r`onr
h`r`onr oi

pnsnrng suonk brnfit yngc hnru o`gcng bsebfnritns yngc r`gonk,

yngc onpnt e`gcurngci rnsn eunf ong eugtnk. Brnfit e`rupnmng

jnirng yngc t`rhnim hnci p`go`ritn oinr` ugtum e`gccngti jnirng

yngc kifngc. Hifn p`go`ritn tionm hisn eigue knrus s`c`rn oi

hnwn m` snrngn m`s`kntng ugtum e`gonpnt p`rtbfbgcng jnirng

e`fnfui igaus. \`eh`ring brnfit oionsnrmng pnon o`rndnt o`kiornsi

(M`e`gm`s XI, 8<>>).

n. Oinr` tngpn o`kiornsi

Peur 6 > tnkug 4 ¶ - µ c`fns s`tinp mnfi ngnm

e`gjr`t Peur > ‚ ? tnkug 4 µ - > c`fns s`tinp mnfi ngnm

e`gjr`t Peur ointns 0 _nkug 4 > ‚ >µ c`fns s`tinp mnfi ngnm

e`gjr`t.
 h. Oinr` o`gcng o`kiornsi rigcng s`ongc

Obsis brnfit yngc oih`rimng onfne : dne p`rtnen 30

ef/ mc hh ong s`fngdutgyn oit`rusmng o`gcng p`eh`ring

brnfit s`p`rti oinr` tngpn o`kiornsi.

j. Oinr` o`gcng o`kiornsi h`rnt

\`go`ritn oinr` yngc tionm onpnt eigue knrus s`c`rn

oirudum m` \usm`sens ugtum oi igaus. (M`e`gm`s XI, 8<>>)

8.1.8 Tigj

Tigj e`rupnmng snfnk sntu eimrbgutri`g yngc p`gtigc onfne

tuhuk.
tuhuk. Tigj onpnt
onpnt e`gckn
e`gcknehn
ehntt `gzie
`gzie Igoujihf` Gitrij Bxio`

Zygtkns`(IGBZ),
Zygtkns`(IGBZ), oiengn `msmr`si `gzie igi e`gigcmnt s`fnen

oinr`
oinr` ong e`gcnm
e`gcnmihnt
ihntmng
mng kip`rs`
kip`rs`mr`
mr`si
si `pit`f
`pit`f usus.
usus. Tigj
Tigj ducn
ducn

h`rp`rng onfne `pit`fisnsi oigoigc usus yngc e`gcnfnei

m`ru
m`rusn
snmn
mng
g ebra
ebrabf
bfbc
bcii ong
ong au
augc
gcsi
si s`
s`fn
fnen
en m`
m`dn
dnoi
oing
ng oi
oinr
nr``

(M`e`gm`s XI, 8<>>).

\`eh`ring Tigj s`fnen oinr` t`rhumti enepu e`gcurngci

fnen ong tigcmnt m`pnrnkng oinr`, e`gcurngci ar`mu`gsi hungc

nir
nir h`sn
h`snr,
r, e`g
e`gcu
curn
rng
gci vb
vbfu
fue
e` tig
tigdn
dn,, s`
s`rt
rtnn e`g
`gu
uru
rug
gmn
mng
g

m`mnehukng m`dnoing oinr` pnon : hufng h`rimutgyn. H`ronsnrmng

humti igi s`eun ngnm oinr` knrus oih`ri Tigj s`c`rn snnt ngnm

e`gcnfnei oinr`.

Obsis p`eh`ring Tigj pnon hnfitn4

 >) Peur 6 1 hufng
hufng 4 µ tnhf`t
tnhf`t (><
(>< ec) p`r
p`r knri s`fnen
s`fnen ><
>< knri

8) Peur 7 1 hufng
hufng 4 > tnhf`t
tnhf`t (8<
(8< ec)
ec) p`r knri
knri s`fnen
s`fnen >< knri.
knri.

Tigj t`tnp oih`rimng s`fnen >< knri wnfnupug oinr` suonk

h`rk`gti. Jnrn p`eh`ring tnhf`t zigj 4 Fnrutmng tnhf`t onfne >

s`gobm enmng nir entngc ntnu NZI, s`suonk fnrut h`rimng pnon

ngnm oinr` (M`e`gm`s XI, 8<>>).

8.1.:
.1.: \`eh`r
eh`rin
ing
g NZI/
NZI/en
enmn
mngn
gng
g

\`e
\`eh`ri
h`ring
ng enmng
nmngng
ng s`
s`fn
fne
en oin
inr`
r` h`r
`rtu
tudu
dung
ng ugt
gtu
um

e`eh`rimng cizi pnon p`go`ritn t`rutnen pnon ngnm ncnr t`tnp

munt ong tuehuk s`rtn e`gj`cnk h`rmurngcgyn h`rnt hnong. Ngnm

yngc ensik eigue NZI knrus f`hik s`rigc oi h`ri NZI. Ngnm yngc

eigue susu abreufn ducn oih`rimng f`hik s`rigc onri hinsngyn.

Ngnm
Ngnm usi
sinn 1 hufng
fng ntnu
ntnu f`
f`h
hik t`
t`re
rens
nsum
um hny
nyii yng
yngc t`
t`fn
fnk
k

e`gonp
e`gonpntm
ntmng
ng enmngn
enmngng
g pnont
pnont knrus
knrus oih`ri
oih`rimng
mng enmngn
enmngng
g yngc
yngc

euonk
euonk oij`rg
oij`rgnn ong oih`ri
oih`rimng
mng s`oimi
s`oimitt f`hik
f`hik s`oimi
s`oimitt ong f`hik
f`hik

s`rig
s`rigc.
c. Z`t`
Z`t`fn
fnk
k oinr`
oinr` h`
h`rk
rk`g
`gti
ti,, p`
p`eh
eh`r
`rin
ing
g enmn
enmngn
gng
g `m
`mst
strn
rn

oit`rusmng s`fnen 8 eigccu ugtum e`ehngtu p`eufikng h`rnt

hnong (M`e`gm`s XI, 8<>>).

8.1.?
8.1.? \`eh`
\`eh`rin
ring
g Ngti
Ngtihib
hibtim
timn
n kngyn
kngyn ntns
ntns igoimn
igoimnsi
si

Ngti
Ngtihi
hibt
btim
imnn tion
tionm
m hb
hbf`
f`k
k oi
oicu
cugn
gnmn
mng
g s`jnr
s`jnrnn ru
ruti
tig
g mn
mnr`g
r`gnn
 m`jifgyn m`dnoing oinr` pnon hnfitn yngc ois`hnhmng bf`k hnmt`ri.

Ngtihibtimn kngyn h`rengannt pnon p`go`ritn oinr` o`gcng onrnk

(s`hncing
(s`hncing h`snr mnr`gn skic`ffbsis ), susp`m mbf`rn (M`e`gm`s XI,
skic`ffbsis),

8<>>).

Bhnt-bhntng ngti oinr` ducn tionm hbf`k oih`rimng pnon ngnm

yngc e`go`ritn oinr` mnr`gn t`rhumti tionm h`rengannt. Bhnt ngti

eugtnk tionm oingdurmng m`junfi eugtnk h`rnt. Bhnt-bhntng igi

tionm e`gj`cnk o`kiornsi ntnupug e`gigcmntmng stntus cizi ngnm,

hnkmng s`hncing h`snr e`giehufmng `a`m snepigc yngc

h`rhnknyn ong hisn h`rnmihnt antnf. Bhnt ngti prbtbzbn oicugnmng

hifn t`rhumti oinr` ois`hnhmng bf`k pnrnsit (neuhn, cinroin)

(M`e`gm`s XI, 8<>>).

8.
8.1.
1.0
0 \`eh
\`eh`r
`rin
ing
g Gns
Gnsik
iknt
nt

E`gu
E`guru
rutt M`e`
M`e`gm
gm`s
`s XI (8
(8<>
<>>)
>),, ih
ihu
u nt
ntnu
nu p`
p`gc
gcns
nsuk
uk yn
yngc
gc

h`rkuhugcng `rnt o`gcng hnfitn knrus oih`ri gns`knt t`gtngc4

>. Jnrn e`eh`rimn

mng
g jn
jnirng on
ong bhnt oi
oi ru
ruenk

8. Mnpng
npng knr
knru
us e`eh
e`ehnw
nwnn m`e
m`ehnfi
hnfi hnf
hnfit
itnn m` p`t
p`tuc
ucns
ns m`s
m`s`k
`knt
ntng
ng

hifn 4

n.Oinr` f`hik s`rigc

h. Eugtnk h`rufngc

j.Zngcnt knus

o. Enmng/eigue s`oimit
 `._iehuf o`ene

a. _igdn
_igdn h`ronrnk

c. _ionm e`ehnim onfne : knri.

8.3
8.3 \`gc
\`gc`t
`tnk
nkun
ung
g

8.3.
8.3.>
> \`gc
\`gc`r
`rti
ting
ng p`
p`gc
gc`t
`tnk
nkun
ung
g

\`gc
\`gc`tn
`tnku
kung
ng e`ru
e`rupn
pnmn
mng
g kn
knsif
sif on
onri
ri tn
tnku
ku on
ong
g ig
igii t`
t`rd
rdno
noii

s`t`fnk s`s`brngc e`fnmumng p`gcigo`rnng t`rknonp suntu bhy`m

t`rt`gtu. \`gcigo`rnng igi t`rdnoi e`fnfui pngjn igo`rn engusin,

ynitu igo`rn p`gcfikntng, p`go`gcnrng, p`gjiueng, rnsn ong rnhn.

Z`hncing h`snr p`gc`tnkung engusin
engusin oip`rbf`k e`fnfui entn ong

t`figcn.
t`figcn. \`gc`tnkung
\`gc`tnkung e`rupnmng
e`rupnmng obenig
obenig yngc sngcnt p`gtigc
p`gtigc

ugtum t`rh`gtumgyn p`rifnmu s`s`brngc (Gbtbntebodb, 8<<:).

8.3.
8.3.8
8 _i
_igc
gcmn
mntn
tng
g p`gc
p`gc`t
`tnk
nkun
ung
g

Non 1 tigcmntng p`gc`tnkung yngc oijnmup onfne obenig mbcgitia, ynmgi

>. _nku (mgbw

mgbw))

Oinrti
Oinrtimng
mng s`hncn
s`hncnii e`gcig
e`gcigcnt
cnt suntu
suntu ent`ri
ent`ri yngc
yngc t`f
t`fnk
nk oi

p`fndnri s`h`fuegyn. t`rensum m` onfne p`gc`tnkung tigcmnt igi

nonfnk e`gcigcnt m`ehnfi (r`jnff) t`rknonp s`suntu yngc sp`siaim

onri m`s`furukng hnkng yngc oip`fndnri ntnu rngcsngcng yngc t`fnk

oit`rien. Mntn m`rdn ugtum e`gcumur hnkwn brngc tnku t`gtngc npn

yngc
ngc oip
ip`f
`fnd
ndnr
nrii ngtn
ngtnrn
rn fn
fnig
ig e`g
`gy
y`h
`hu
utm
tmng
ng,, e`g
e`gcu
curn
rnim
imng
ng,,
 e`gcio`gtiaimnsi, e`gyntnmng, ong s`hncnigyn.

8. E`enknei ((jbepr`k`gsibg
jbepr`k`gsibg))

Oinrtimng s`hncni suntu m`e`epung ugtum e`gd`fnsmng s`jnrn

h`gnr t`gtngc bhy`m yngc oim`tnkui ong onpnt e`gcigt`rpr`tnsimng

ent`ri
ent`ri t`rs`hu
t`rs`hutt s`jnrn
s`jnrn h`gnr.
h`gnr. Brngc
Brngc yngc
yngc t`f
t`fnk
nk pnkne
pnkne t`rknon
t`rknonp
p

bhy`m ntnu ent`ri knrus onpnt e`gd`fnsmng, e`gyhutmng jbgtbk,

e`gyiepufmng, e`rnenfmng ong s`hncnigyn.

:. E`g`rnpmng (nppfijntibg
nppfijntibg))

Oinrti
Oinrtimng
mng s`hncn
s`hncnii suntu
suntu m`enep
m`enepung
ung ugtum
ugtum e`gccu
e`gccugnm
gnmng
ng

ent`ri yngc t`fnk oi p`fndnri pnon mbgoisi yngc s`h`gnrgyn. Npfimnsi

oisigi
oisigi onpnt
onpnt oinrti
oinrtimng
mng s`hncn
s`hncnii npfimn
npfimnsi
si ntnu p`gccu
p`gccugnn
gnng
g kbmue-
kbmue-

kumue, rueus, e`tbo`, prigsip, ong

s`hncnigyn onfne mbgt`ms ntnu situnsi yngc gyntn.

?. Ngnfisn (ngnfysis
ngnfysis))

Nonfnk
Nonfnk suntu
suntu m`enep
m`enepung
ung ug
ugtum
tum e`gdnh
e`gdnhnrm
nrmng
ng ent`ri
ent`ri ntnu
ntnu

bhy`m m` onfne mbepbg`g‚mbepbg`g t`tnpi ensik oi onfne sntu

strumtu
strumturr brcngi
brcngisnsi
snsi ong ensik
ensik non mnitng
mnitnggy
gynn sntu
sntu snen fni
fniggy
ggyn.
n.

M`enepung ngnfisis igi onpnt oifiknt onri p`gccugnng mntn m`rdn

s`
s`p`
p`rt
rtii onpn
onpntt e`gc
e`gccn
cneh
ehnr
nrmn
mng,
g, e`eh
e`eh`o
`onm
nmng
ng,, e`ei
e`eisn
snkm
kmng
ng,,

e`gc`fbepbmmng ong s`hncnigyn.

0. Zigt`sn (Zygtk`sis
Zygtk`sis))

E`gugd
E`gugdumm
ummng
ng m`pnon
m`pnon suntu
suntu m`enep
m`enepung
ung ugtum
ugtum e`f`tn
e`f`tnmmn
mmng
g

ntnu
ntnu e`gc
e`gcku
kuhu
hugc
gcmn
mng
g hn
hnci
cing
ng ‚ hn
hnci
cing
ng oi on
onfn
fne
e sunt
suntu
u h`
h`gt
gtum
um
 m`s`
m`s`fu
furu
rukn
kng
g yngc
yngc hnru
hnru.. O`gc
O`gcng
ng mn
mntn
tn fn
fnig
ig,, sigt
sigt`s
`sis
is no
nonf
nfnk
nk

m`enepung ugtum e`gyusug abreufnsi ‚ abreufnsi yngc non.

1. @vnfunsi (@vnfuntibg
@vnfuntibg))

@vnfunsi igi h`rmnitng o`gcng m`e`epung ugtum e`fnmumng

dustiaimnsi ntnu p`gifning t`rknonp suntu bhy`m ntnu ent`ri.

\`gi
\`gifn
fnin
ing‚
g‚p`g
p`gif
ifnin
ning
g igi
igi oion
oionsnr
snrmn
mng
g pn
pnon
on sunt
suntu
u mr
mrit
it`ri
`rinn yn
yngc
gc

oit`gtumng
oit`gtumng s`goiri ntnu e`gccugnmn
e`gccugnmng
g jrit`rin‚jrit`r
jrit`rin‚jrit`rin
in yngc t`fnk

non.

8 .; \`gntnfnmsngnng Oinr`

\`g
`gnf
nfnm
nmsn
sng
gnng
nng pns
nsi`
i`g
g oinr
oinr`` nm
nmut
ut oi
oie
euf
ufni
ni o`g
`gcn
cng
g t`
t`rn
rnpi
pi

sieptbentim, s`p`rti r`kiornsi ong p`gy`suning oi`t. _`rnpi sieptbentim

on
onpn
pntt oit`
oit`ru
rusm
smng
ng s`
s`fn
fnen
en h`
h`h`
h`rnp
rnpnk
nknr
nrii s`h`f
s`h`fue
ue oi
oifn
fnmu
mumn
mng
g `v
`vnf
nfun
unsi
si

fngdut
fngdutng
ng pnon
pnon pnsi`g
pnsi`g tngpn
tngpn p`gynm
p`gynmit
it yngc
yngc h`rnt,
h`rnt, t`rutnen
t`rutnen hifn
hifn tionm
tionm

oiduepni nongyn onrnk snenr ong f`umbsit pnon a`s`sgyn (@ppy, 8<<9).

\`gntnfnmsng
\`gntnfnmsngnng
nng oinr` pnon ngnm h`rh`on o`gcng
o`gcng brngc o`wnsn. \rigsip

tntnfnmsngn oinr` pnon hnfitn nonfnk o`gcng r`kiornsi t`tnpi humng sntu-

sntugynn t`rnpi e`fnigmng

sntugy e`fnigmng ugtum e`ehngtu
e`ehngtu e`ep`rhnimi
e`ep`rhnimi mbgoisi
mbgoisi usus

s`rtn e`ep`rj`pnt p`gy`ehukng/ e`gck`gtimng oinr` ong e`gj`cnk

ngnm onri m`murngcng cizi nmihnt oinr` ong e`gdnoi jnrn ugtum e`gcbhnti

oinr`. \`gngcngng oinr` nmut oitudumng ugtum e`gj`cnk/ e`gngccufngci

o`
o`ki
kior
ornsi
nsi s`
s`rtn
rtn cn
cngc
gccu
cung
ng m`
m`s`i
s`ieh
ehng
ngcn
cng
g `f
`f`m
`mtr
trbf
bfit
it on
ong
g nsne
nsne hn
hnsn,
sn,

m`eugcmig
m`eugcmigng
ng t`rdnoigyn
t`rdnoigyn igtbf`rngsi,
igtbf`rngsi, e`gcbhnti
e`gcbhnti mnusn onri oinr` yngc
sp`siaim, e`gj`cnk ong e`gngccufngci cngccung cizi s`rtn e`gcbhnti

p`gynmit p`gy`rtn. Pgtum e`fnmsngnmng t`rnpi oinr` s`jnrn

mbepr`k`gsia, `aisi`g ong `a`mtia knrus oifnmumng s`jnrn rnsibgnf. Z`jnrn

ueue t`rnpi rnsibgnf nonfnk4

>. _`pnt
`pnt ig
igoim
oimns
nsii

8. _`p
`pnnt ob
obsis

:. _`pn
_`pntt p`go
p`go`r
`rit
itnn

?. _`pnt b
bh
hnt

0. Snspnon
Snspnon t`rknon
t`rknonp
p `a`m
`a`m snepigc
snepigc..

\rigsi
\rigsip
p tntnfnm
tntnfnmsngn
sngn oinr`
oinr` oi Igobg`
Igobg`sin
sin t`f
t`fnk
nk oit`tn
oit`tnpmn
pmng
g bf`k
bf`k

M`e`gt`ring M`s`kntng ynitu Fien Fngcmnk _ugtnsmng Oinr` (Figtns

Oinr`)
Oinr`) ynitu4
ynitu4 r`kior
r`kiornsi
nsi e`gcc
e`gccugn
ugnmng
mng brnfit
brnfit bsebfn
bsebfnritn
ritnss r`gonk
r`gonk,,

p`eh`ring Tigj s`fnen >< knri h`rturut- turut, t`rusmng p`eh`ring

NZI ong enmngng, ngtihibtim s`f`mtia, gnsiknt m`pnon

brngctun/p`gcnsuk (M@E@GM@Z XI, 8<>>). \`gntnfnmsngnng oinr`

nmut pnon brngc o`wnsn ngtnrn fnig e`fiputi4

8.;.
8.;.>
> X`ki
X`kior
ornsi
nsi s`hncn
s`hncnii p`
p`ri
ribr
brit
itns
ns ut
utne
nenn p`
p`gc
gcbh
bhnt
ntng
ng,, `epn
`epntt kn
knff

yngc p`rfu oip`rkntimng nonfnk

n. D`
D`g
gis jnir
nirng, pnon oinr
nr`` nmut yngc rig
rigcng onpnt

oih`
oih`ri
rimn
mng
g br
brnf
nfit
it,, jn
jnirn
irng
g Xigc
Xigc`r
`r Fnmt
Fnmtnt
nt,, hi
hifn
fn tion
tionm
m

t`rs`oin onpnt oih`rimng GnJf isbtbgim oitnehnk sntu

 nepuf Gn himnrhbgnt 3,0% 0< ef

h.
h. Duefnk jnirng, duefnk jnirng yngc oih`rimng io`nfgyn

s`suni o`gcng jnirng yngc oim`funrmng

j. Dn
Dnfn
fng
g ens
nsu
um, rut`
rut` p`eh`
`eh`ri
ring
ng jnir
jnirng
ng pn
pno
on bnr
nrng
ngc
c

o`wnsn onpnt oipifik brnf ntnu i.v

o. Dn
Dno
ownf p`eh`ri
rinng jnirng, r`kiorns
nsii oiknrn
rnp
pmng

t`rp`guki f`gcnmnp pnon nmkir dne m`-: s`t`fnk nwnf

p`eh`ring.

8.;.8
8.;.8 _`rnpi
_`rnpi sieptb
sieptbenti
entim,
m, bhnt
bhnt ngtioin
ngtioinr`
r` h`rsiant
h`rsiant sieptb
sieptbent
entim
im ong

oih`rimng sngcnt knti-knti ntns p`rtiehngcng yngc rnsibgnf.

H`h`rnpn cbfbgcng ngt
ngtioi
ioinr`
nr`44 Ngt
Ngtieb
iebtif
tifitns
itns ong s`mr`s
s`mr`sii usu
usus,
s,

turugng
turugng bpint,
bpint, Oia`gbmsifnt
Oia`gbmsifnt,, Fbp`rneio
Fbp`rneio,, Mbo`i
Mbo`ig
g KJf, Ngti`e`tim4
Ngti`e`tim4

E`tbmfbprneio, Obep`riobg.

8.;.:
8.;.: _`rnpi
_`rnpi o`aig
o`aigiti
itia,
a, `oumnsi
`oumnsi yngc
yngc d`fns
d`fns sngcnt
sngcnt p`gti
p`gtigc
gc onfne
onfne

upnyn p`gj`cnkng, kici`gitns, sngitnsi figcmugcng (Engsdb`r

omm, 8<<9).
 HNH III

M@ZIE\PFNG ONG ZNXNG

: .> M`siepufng

Z`mitnr;<% m`enting mnr`gn oinr` t`rdnoi pnon ngnm oihnwnk usin 8

tnkug. Oinr` e`rupnmng snfnk sntu p`gy`hnh m`enting m`oun t`rh`snr

pnon hnfitn, gbebr : hnci hnyi, s`rtn gbebr

gbebr 0 hnci s`eun ueur.

Oinr` nonfnk p`gynmit

p`gynmit yngc oitngoni o`gcng h`rtnehnkgy
h`rtnehnkgynn ar`mu`gsi
ar`mu`gsi

h`rnm f`hik onri hinsngyn (: ntnu

ntn u f`hik p`r knri) yngc ois`rtni
ois`r tni p`ruhnkng
h`gtum ong mbgsist`gsi tigdn onri p`go`ritn.

: .8 Znrng

\`rfu oinonmnggyn mbgs`figc m`pnon ihu hnfitn e`gc`gni ensnfnk

nsupng
nsupng cizi
cizi pnon
pnon hnfitn
hnfitn yngc
yngc e`gcnf
e`gcnfnei
nei oinr`
oinr` s`kigc
s`kigccn
cn nsupng
nsupng cizi
cizi

onpnt e`gjumupi s`mnfipug hnfitn t`rs`hut s`ongc e`go`ritn oinr`.

 ONA_NX \PZ_NMN

Nfoy, B.Z., Fuhis, H.E., Zingturi, \., Nzfig, @., _diptn, C.O. 8<<9. Onepnm

\rbt`msi Nir Zusu Ihu _`rknonp Iga`msi. Znri \`ointri Qbf.>>, Gb.:.
Gb.: .

Onfne 4 kttp4//
kttp4//snrip`o
snrip`ointri.i
intri.ioni.b
oni.br.io/p
r.io/poaif`/>
oaif`/>>-:-?.
>-:-?.poaOi
poaOinms`s
nms`s tngccnf
tngccnf 81

Enr`t 8<8<.

Neig, K. 8<<9. Npfimnsi Nsukng M`p`rnwntng H`ronsnrmng Oincgbsn E`ois

ong Gngon Gij-Gbj @oisi X`visi Difio :.Dbcnmnrtn4

:.Dbcnmnrtn4 E`oinjtibg \uhfiskigc.

O`pnrt`e`g M`s`kntng XI. (8<<9). \`obeng \`fnmsngnng \rbcrne Xuenk Znmit

Znyngc Ihu ong Hnyi (XZZIH).
(XZZIH) . Dnmnrtn4 O`pm`s XI.

O`pm`s XI. 8<>>.

8<>>. _nrc`t _udung \`ehngcugng EOCs .
EOCs. Oir`mtbrnt

D`gornf M`s`kntng Ihu ong Ngnm. Dnmnrtn.

Odnekuri,N.
Odnekuri,N.,>99
,>99?,
?, Zygbpsis Anrenmbfbci o`gcng _`rnpng Mkusus oi

Mfigim ong M`p`rnwntng, @oisi

@oisi >, 31, Kipbmmrnt`s,
Kipbmmrnt`s, Dnmnrtn

@ppy (8<<9). Oinr` nmut. E`oijigus Zji`gtiaij Dburgnf ba \knrenj`utijnf

O`v`fbpe`gt ngo E`oijnf Nppfijntibg,

Nppfijntibg, 88(:)4 9>.
9>.

Kionynt, N. N. N. .8<<1. \`gcngtnr M`hutukng Onsnr Engusin4 Npfimnsi Mbgs`p

ong \rbs`s M`p`rnwntng.

M`p`rnwntng. Dnmnrtn. Znf`ehn E`oimn.

Duaari`.8<><.Cnstrb`gt`rbfbci-k`pntbfbci,
Duaari`.8<><. Cnstrb`gt`rbfbci-k`pntbfbci, difio >. Dnmnrtn4
Dnmnrtn4 Hnong p`g`rhit IONI

Engsdb`r, nria.,8<<9. Mnpitn Z`f`mtn M`obmt`rng. Difio 8.

8. @oisi m` :. Dnmnrtn 4 AM

PI pr`ss.pp3;-;;.

Gbtbntebodb, Zb`miodb, 8<<:, \`gc`ehngcng Zueh`r Onyn Engusin.

Engusin.
 Dnmnrtn4\_. Xig`mn Jiptn.

\`rentnsnri G. 8<>8. \`rh`onng \`rifnmu Juji _ngcng \nmni Znhug pnon Ziswn

M`fns III o`gcng E`tbo` _`nes Cne`s _burgne`gt (_C_) oi ZOG

Ngtbcbrb <> Mnhupnr`g D`eh`r .]Zmripsi IfeinkU. D`eh`r4 \rbcrne

Ztuoi Ifeu M`p`rnwntng Pgiv`rsitns D`eh`r.

Xi`m`s
Xi`m`sons
ons.. 8<><.
8<><. Fnpbrng Xis`t M`s`kntng Onsnr. O`pnrt`e`g M`s`kntng X`puhfim

Igobg`sin.

Zboimig. 8<>>. Nsukng m`p`rnwntng ngnm4 Cngccung Zist`e Cnstrbigt`stignf

ong K`pntbhifi`r. Dnmnrtn4 Znf`ehn E`oimn.

Zt`ig, Z.D. 8<<>. F`onmng @^= >0 \rigsip Onsnr m`j`ronsng @ebsibgnf

E`rnik Zums`s.J`tnmng
Zums`s.J`tnmng I. Hngougc4 Eizng E`oin Ptnen.

ZuhncybH, Zngtbsb GH.Oinr`nmut.Ig4 Duaari`E ZZ, Bswnri K, Nri`aZ, XbsnfignI,

Eufyngi GZ, , `o. 8<><. Humu Ndnr Cnrtrb`gt`rbfbci K`pntbfbci.

K`pntbfbci. Dnmnrtn4

Hnong \`g`rhitIONI= 8<><4;3->>;.

Zuknrybgb
Zuknrybgb.>99
.>99>.
>. Oinr` Nmut Mfigim ong Fnhbrntbrim, knf. >-8:, Xig`mn

Jiptn, Dnmnrtn.

SK B . Oinrrkb`nf ois`ns` ]Igt`rg`tU. 8<><. Nvnifnhf` arbe4

kttp4//www.wkb.igt/tbpijs/oinrrkb`n/`g/

Siaa`g, \., Eitjk`ff, E., ong Zg`ffigc, E., 8<<3, Bxabro Kngohbbm ba

Jfigijnf \knrenjy, Fngc`

Fngc` E`oijnf Hbbm,
Hbbm, G`w Ybrm
Ybrm, 93.

T`ig, P. omm. 8<<?. Oinr` Nmut Ois`hnhmng Hnmt`ri. `-PZP X`pbsitbry, >->0.
>->0.

Oinms`s 81 Enr`t 8<8<, arbe

kttp4//fihrnry.usu.nj.io/obwgfbno/am/p`gyonfne-uenr0.poa