Daftar Isi Revisi

DAFTAR ISI
BIODATA................................................................................................. ii
ABSTRAK ............................................................................................... iii
LEMBAR PERSETUJUAN PEMBIMBING ....................................... v
LEMBAR PENGESAHAN..................................................................... vi
KATA PENGANTAR............................................................................. vii
DAFTAR ISI............................................................................................ ix
DAFTAR TABEL.................................................................................... xvi
DAFTAR GAMBAR............................................................................... xx
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN............................................................................ xxi
BAB I PENDAHULUAN
1.1 Latar Belakang..................................................................... 1
1.2 Pembatasan Masalah............................................................ 3
1.3 Identifikasi Masalah............................................................. 4
1.4 Rumusan Masalah ............................................................... 5
1.5 Tujuan Penelitian.................................................................. 5
1.6 Manfaat Penelitian ............................................................... 6
1.7 Waktu Dan Tempat Penelitian............................................. 7
1.8 Hipotesis............................................................................... 7
BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA
2.1 Tanaman Umbi Bawang Putih (Allium sativum L.)............. 8
2.1.1 Deskripsi Tanaman Umbi Bawang Putih (Allium
ix
sativum L.)................................................................ 9
2.1.2 Klasifikasi Umbi Bawang Putih(Allium sativum L.) 9
2.1.3 Morfologi Umbi Bawang Putih(Allium sativum L.). 9
2.1.4 Senyawa Aktif Umbi Bawang Putih(Allium
sativum L.)................................................................ 12
2.1.5 Manfaat Umbi Bawang Putih(Allium sativum L.).... 13
2.2 Tanaman Senggugu (Rotheca serrata L.)............................ 14
2.2.1 Diskripsi Tanaman Senggugu (Rotheca serrata L.). 14
2.2.2 Klasifikasi Tanaman Senggugu (Rotheca serrata L.) 15
2.2.3 Morfologi Tanaman Senggugu (Rotheca serrata L.) 15
2.2.4 Senyawa Aktif dan Khasiat Senggugu (Rotheca
serrata L.)................................................................ 16
2.3 Tinjuan Tentang Simplisia................................................... 17
2.3.1 PengertianSimplisia.................................................. 17
2.3.2 Tahapan PembuatanSimplisia................................... 18
2.4 Tinjauan Tentang Ekstraksi.................................................. 20
2.4.1 Pengertian Ekstraksi................................................. 20
2.4.2 Maserasi.................................................................... 21
2.5 Tinjauan Tentang Suspensi................................................... 22
2.5.1 Pengertian Suspensi................................................. 22
2.5.2 Syarat Suspensi........................................................ 24
2.5.3 Stabilitas Suspensi................................................... 24
2.5.4 Bahan Pensuspensi Dari Alam.................................... 26
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2.5.5 Bahan Pensus Pensuspensi...................................... 27
2.5.6 Metode Pembuatan Suspensi ................................. 28
2.5.7 Evaluasi Suspensi.................................................... 30
2.6 Uji Stabilitas......................................................................... 32
2.6.1 Pengertian Uji Stabilitas......................................... 32
2.6.2 Uji Stabilitas Jangka Pendek (Dipercepat)............. 33
2.7 Tinjauan Tentang Diuretik.................................................. 35
2.7.1 Pengertian Diuretik................................................. 35
2.7.2 Penggolongan Diuretik.......................................... 36
2.7.3 Mekanisme Pembentukan Urine........................... 39
2.8 Bahan Penleitian.................................................................. 40
2.8.1 Kontrol Positif (Furosemid)................................. 40
2.8.2 Preformulasi......................................................... 42
2.9 Hewan Uji........................................................................... 43
2.9.1 Pengenalan Hewan Uji......................................... 43
2.9.2 Tinjauan Tentang Mencit..................................... 44
2.9.3 Klasifikasi Mencit................................................ 45
BAB III METODE PENELITIAN
3.1 Objek Penelitian................................................................... 50
3.1.1 Populasi.................................................................... 50
3.1.2 Sampel dan Penarikan Sampel................................. 50
3.1.3 Variabel dan Oprasional Variabel............................ 51
3.2 MetodePenelitian.................................................................. 54
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3.3 DesainPenelitian................................................................... 55
3.4 Prosedur Penelitian............................................................... 56
3.4.1 Alat Penelitian.......................................................... 56
3.4.2 Bahan Penelitian....................................................... 57
3.5 Langkah Kerja...................................................................... 58
3.5.1 Determinasi Tanaman Umbi Bawang Putih (Allium
sativumL) Dan Daun Senggugu (Rotheca serrata L.)
..................................................................................58
3.5.2 Pengumpulan Umbi Bawang Putih (Allium sativum L.)
Dan Daun Senggugu (Rotheca serrata L.)............... 58
3.5.3 PembuatanSimplisia Umbi Bawang Putih (Allium
sativum L.) dan Daun Senggugu (Rotheca serrata L.) 59
3.5.4 Pembuatan Ekstrak Umbi Bawang Putih (Allium sativum
L.)............................................................................. 59
3.5.5 Pembuatan Ekstrak Daun Senggugu (Rotheca serrata
L.)............................................................................. 60
3.5.6 Pembuatan Suspensi Ekstrak Umbi Bawang Putih
(Allium sativum L.)................................................... 61
3.5.7 Pembuatan Suspensi Ekstrak Daun Senggugu (Rotheca
serrata L.) dan Kontrol Negatif................................ 63
3.5.8 Evaluasi Sediaan Suspensi Ekstrak Umbi Bawan Putih
dan Daun Senggugu.................................................. 65
3.5.9 Uji Stabilitas............................................................. 67
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3.5.10 Uji Aktivitas Diuretik Pada Mencit.......................... 67
3.6 Perlakuan Pada Hewan Uji................................................... 71
3.6.1 Uraian Skema Perlakuan Terhadap Hewan Uji........ 71
3.6.2 Skema Perlakuan Terhadap Hewan Uji.................... 73
3.7 Sumber Data dan Pengumpulan Data................................... 74
3.7.1 Sumber Data............................................................ 74
3.7.2 Pengumpulan Data................................................... 75
3.8 Teknik Pengolahan Data...................................................... 75
3.8.1 Analisa Statistik........................................................ 75
3.9 Format dan Data Hail Pengamatan....................................... 77
3.9.1 Tabel Hasil.................................................................. 77
3.9.2 Tabel Evaluasi Sediaan............................................... 78
BAB IV HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN
4.1 Hasil Penelitian.................................................................................... 80
4.1.1 Hasil Determinasi................................................... 80
4.1.2 Pembuatan Simplisia.............................................. 80
4.1.3 Hasil Pembuatan Ekstrak Daun Senggugu (Rhoteca serrata
L.) Dan Umbi Bawang Putih (Allium sativum L.). 82
4.1.4 Hasil Identifikasi Metabolit Sekunder Daun Senggugu
(Rhoteca serrata L.) Dan Umbi Bawang Putih (Allium
sativum L.).............................................................. 83
4.1.5 Hasil Evaluasi Sediaan Ekstrak Daun Senggugu
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(Rhotecaserrata L) Dan Umbi Bawang Putih (Allium
sativum L.).............................................................. 84
4.1.6 Hasil Uji Stabilitas Suspensi Ekstrak Daun Senggugu
(Rhoteca serrata L.) Dan Umbi Bawang Putih
(Allium sativum L.)................................................. 85
4.1.7Hasil Uji Efektivitas Diuretik SediaanSuspensi Ekstrak Umbi
Bawang Putih (Allium sativum L.) dan Suspensi Ekstrak
Daun Senggugu (Rhoteca serrata L.).................... 86
4.2 Analisa Data......................................................................... 90
4.2.1 Uji Normalitas....................................................... 90
4.2.2 Uji Homogenitas.................................................... 91
4.2.3 Hasil Kruskal Wallis Test...................................... 92
4.2.4 Hasil Uji Mann Whitney Test............................................. 94
4.3 Pembahasan.......................................................................... 125
BAB V KESIMPULAN
4.1 Hasil Penelitian.................................................................................... 136
4.1.1 Hasil Determinasi................................................... 136
4.1.2 Pembuatan Simplisia.............................................. 137
DAFTAR PUSTAKA ............................................................................. 138
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xv
DAFTAR TABEL
Tabel 2.1 Data Biologi Normal Mencit..................................................... 49
Tabel 3.1Alat Penelitian............................................................................ 56
Tabel 3.3Bahan Penelitian......................................................................... 57
Tabel 3.4 FormulasiSuspensiEkstrakUmbiBawangPutih (Amillum
sativum L.)................................................................................ 61
Tabel 3.5 FormulasiSuspensiEkstrakDaunSenggugu (Rotheca
serrata L.)................................................................................. 63
Tabel 3.6 ANOVA Satu Arah (One Way ANAVA)................................... 76
Tabel 3.7Volume Urine Rata-Rata Selama 3 Jam..................................... 77
Tabel 3.8 Evaluasi Sediaan dan Uji Stabilitas ekstrak Umbi Bawang Putih 78
Tabel 3.7 Evaluasi Sediaan dan Uji Stabilitas ekstrak Daun Senggugu dan
Kontrol Negatif......................................................................... 79
Tabel 4.1.Hasil Pembuatan Simplisia Daun Senggugu (Rotheca sativum L.) dan
Umbi Bawang Putih (Allium serrarta L.)................................. 81
Tabel 4.2 Hasil Pembuatan Ekstrak Daun Senggugu (Rhoteca serrata L) dan
Umbi Bawang Putih (Allium sativum L)................................... 82
Tabel 4.3 Hasil Identifikasi Metabolit Sekunder Daun Senggugu (Rhoteca serrata
L.) dan Umbi Bawang Putih (Allium sativum L.)..................... 83
Tabel 4.4 HasilUjiEvaluasi Sediaan Suspensi........................................... 84
Tabel 4.5 Hasil Uji Stabilitas Suspensi Ekstrak Daun Senggugu dan Umbi
Bawang Putih............................................................................ 85
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Tabel 4.6 Hasil Pengamatan Volume Urine Uji Diuretik Suspensi Ektrak Umbi
Bawang Putih (Allium sativum L.)danSuspensi Ektrak Daun Senggugu
(Rhoteca serrata L.) Selama 3 Jam.......................................... 87
Tabel 4.7 Volume Rata-Rata Urin Selama 3 Jam ..................................... 88
Tabel 4.8 Uji Normalitas........................................................................... 91
Tabel 4.9 Hasil Analisis Uji Homogenitas ............................................... 92
Tabel 4.10 Hasil Kruskan Wallis Test....................................................... 92
Tabel 4.11 Hasil Uji Mann Whitney Suspensi Umbi Bawang
Putih30mg/KgBBdengan Kontrol Positif............................... 94
Tabel 4.14 Hasil Uji Mann Whitney Suspensi Daun Senggugu 30 mg/kgBB
dengan Kontrol Positif............................................................ 97
Tabel 4.17 Hasil Uji Mann Whitney Kontrol Negatif dengan Kontrol Positif 100
Tabel 4.18 Hasil Uji Mann Whitney Umbi Bawang Putih 30mg/kgBBDengan
Umbi Bawang Putih 60mg/kgBB........................................... 101
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Tabel 4.19 Hasil Uji Mann Whitney Umbi Bawang Putih 30mg/kgBBdengan
Umbi Bawang Putih 90mg/kgBB........................................... 102
Tabel 4.20 Hasil Uji Mann Whitney Umbi Bawang Putih 30mg/kgBBdenganDaun
Senggugu 30mg/kgBB............................................................ 103
Senggugu 60mg/kgBB............................................................ 104
Senggugu 90mg/kgBB............................................................ 105
Kontrol Negatif....................................................................... 106
Tabel 4.24 Hasil Uji Mann Whitney Umbi Bawang Putih 60mg/kgBB
denganUmbi Bawang Putih 90mg/kgBB................................ 107
Daun Senggugu 30mg/kgBB.................................................. 108
Tabel 4.26 Hasil Uji Mann Whitney Umbi Bawang Putih 60mg/kgBB dengan
Kontrol Negatif....................................................................... 111
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Suspensi Daun Senggugu 90mg/kgBB................................... 114
Kontrol Negatif....................................................................... 115
Tabel 4.33 Hasil Uji Mann Whitney Daun Senggugu 30mg/kgBB dengan Daun
Senggugu 60mg/kgBB............................................................ 116
Tabel 4.34 Hasil Uji Mann Whitney Daun Senggugu 30mg/kgBB dengan Daun
Senggugu 90mg/kgBB............................................................ 117
Tabel 4.35 Hasil Uji Mann Whitney Daun Senggugu 30mg/kgBB denganKontrol
Negatif.................................................................................... 118
Tabel 4.36 Hasil Uji Mann Whitney Daun Senggugu 60mg/kgBB dengan
Suspensi Daun Senggugu 90mg/kgBB................................... 119
Tabel 4.37 Hasil Uji Mann Whitney Daun Senggugu 60mg/kgBB Dengan Kontrol
Negatif.................................................................................... 120
Tabel 4.38 Hasil Uji Mann Whitney Daun Senggugu 90mg/kgBB Dengan Kontrol
Negatif.................................................................................... 121
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DAFTAR GAMBAR
Gambar 2.1 Tanaman Bawang Putih (Allium sativum L.)......................... 8
Gambar 2.2 Bagian-Bagian dari Tanaman Bawang Putih......................... 9
Gambar 3.3 Tanaman Daun Senggugu (Rotheca serrata L.).................... 14
Gambar 2.4Mekanisme Pembentukan Urine............................................. 39
Gambar 2.5 Struktur Kimia Furosemid..................................................... 40
Gambar 2.6 Mencit Putih........................................................................... 45
Gambar 3.1 Skema Operasional Variabel................................................. 55
Gambar 3.2 Skema Desain Penelitian....................................................... 62
Gambar 3.3 Skema Perlakuan Hewan Uji................................................. 73
Gambar 4.1 GrafikRata-Rata Kenaikan Volume Urine............................. 89
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DAFTAR LAMPIRAN
Lampiran 1 Tabel Kegiatan Tugas Akhir.................................................. 141
Lampiran 2 Determinasi Tanaman............................................................ 142
Lampiran 3 Tabel Volume Maksimum Pemberian Larutan...................... 150
Lampiran 4 Tabel Konversi Perhitungan Dosis Berbagai Jenis (Spesies)
Hewan Uji.............................................................................. 151
Lampiran 5 Tabel Perhitungan Volume Sediaan yang diberikan pada
Hewan Uji Mencit................................................................... 152
Lampiran 6 Tabel Hasil Cycling Test Sediaan Suspensi........................... 153
Lampiran 7 Perhitungan Uji Viskositas..................................................... 154
Lamiran 8 Dokumentasi Penelitian........................................................... 164
xxi

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DAFTAR ISI

ABSTRAK ............................................................................................... iii

LEMBAR PERSETUJUAN PEMBIMBING ....................................... v

KATA PENGANTAR............................................................................. vii

DAFTAR TABEL.................................................................................... xvi

DAFTAR LAMPIRAN............................................................................ xxi

1.1 Latar Belakang..................................................................... 1

1.2 Pembatasan Masalah............................................................ 3

1.3 Identifikasi Masalah............................................................. 4

1.4 Rumusan Masalah ............................................................... 5

1.5 Tujuan Penelitian.................................................................. 5

1.6 Manfaat Penelitian ............................................................... 6

1.7 Waktu Dan Tempat Penelitian............................................. 7

BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA

2.1 Tanaman Umbi Bawang Putih (Allium sativum L.)............. 8

2.1.1 Deskripsi Tanaman Umbi Bawang Putih (Allium

2.1.2 Klasifikasi Umbi Bawang Putih(Allium sativum L.) 9

2.1.3 Morfologi Umbi Bawang Putih(Allium sativum L.). 9

2.1.4 Senyawa Aktif Umbi Bawang Putih(Allium

2.1.5 Manfaat Umbi Bawang Putih(Allium sativum L.).... 13

2.2 Tanaman Senggugu (Rotheca serrata L.)............................ 14

2.2.1 Diskripsi Tanaman Senggugu (Rotheca serrata L.). 14

2.2.2 Klasifikasi Tanaman Senggugu (Rotheca serrata L.) 15

2.2.3 Morfologi Tanaman Senggugu (Rotheca serrata L.) 15

2.2.4 Senyawa Aktif dan Khasiat Senggugu (Rotheca

2.3 Tinjuan Tentang Simplisia................................................... 17

2.3.2 Tahapan PembuatanSimplisia................................... 18

2.4 Tinjauan Tentang Ekstraksi.................................................. 20

2.4.1 Pengertian Ekstraksi................................................. 20

2.5 Tinjauan Tentang Suspensi................................................... 22

2.5.1 Pengertian Suspensi................................................. 22

2.5.2 Syarat Suspensi........................................................ 24

2.5.3 Stabilitas Suspensi................................................... 24

2.5.4 Bahan Pensuspensi Dari Alam.................................... 26

2.5.6 Metode Pembuatan Suspensi ................................. 28

2.5.7 Evaluasi Suspensi.................................................... 30

2.6 Uji Stabilitas......................................................................... 32

2.6.1 Pengertian Uji Stabilitas......................................... 32

2.6.2 Uji Stabilitas Jangka Pendek (Dipercepat)............. 33

2.7 Tinjauan Tentang Diuretik.................................................. 35

2.7.1 Pengertian Diuretik................................................. 35

2.7.2 Penggolongan Diuretik.......................................... 36

2.7.3 Mekanisme Pembentukan Urine........................... 39

2.8 Bahan Penleitian.................................................................. 40

2.8.1 Kontrol Positif (Furosemid)................................. 40

2.9 Hewan Uji........................................................................... 43

2.9.1 Pengenalan Hewan Uji......................................... 43

2.9.2 Tinjauan Tentang Mencit..................................... 44

2.9.3 Klasifikasi Mencit................................................ 45

BAB III METODE PENELITIAN

3.1 Objek Penelitian................................................................... 50

3.1.2 Sampel dan Penarikan Sampel................................. 50

3.1.3 Variabel dan Oprasional Variabel............................ 51

3.4 Prosedur Penelitian............................................................... 56

3.4.1 Alat Penelitian.......................................................... 56

3.4.2 Bahan Penelitian....................................................... 57

3.5 Langkah Kerja...................................................................... 58

3.5.1 Determinasi Tanaman Umbi Bawang Putih (Allium

sativumL) Dan Daun Senggugu (Rotheca serrata L.)

3.5.2 Pengumpulan Umbi Bawang Putih (Allium sativum L.)

Dan Daun Senggugu (Rotheca serrata L.)............... 58

3.5.3 PembuatanSimplisia Umbi Bawang Putih (Allium

sativum L.) dan Daun Senggugu (Rotheca serrata L.) 59