Dr. Sulistyani
Tujuan Pembelajaran
1. Mengetahui definisi dan macam-macam reseptor beserta fungsinya. 2. Mengetahui anatomi struktur bola mata dan fungsinya. 3. Mengetahui mekanisme kerja (proses) melihat beserta komponen-komponen yang terlibat. 4. Mengetahui beberapa gangguan penglihatan (kelainan syaraf, buta warna dan kelainan refraksi). 5. Mengetahui anatomi, fungsi dan mekanisme kerja indera pembau, perasa dan peraba.
Reseptor
Receptors ?
Akhiran saraf sensorik atau sekumpulan sel dengan akhiran saraf sensorik yang berfungsi untuk mendeteksi serta mengubah stimulus dari lingkungan dan menstranlasikan menjadi potensial aksi yang dapat dihantarkan ke sistim saraf pusat (SSP).
Only about 1% of the sensory information taken in by afferent fibers actually reaches the cerebral cortex and conscious awareness (pusat kesadaran).
Components of Sensation
1. Stimulation : perubahan dilingkungan yang dapat meningkatkan status energi sehingga cukup/adekuat untuk depolarisasi membran sel/menginisiasi potensial lokal. 2. Transduction : penghantaran stimulus dan mentranduksikan ke dalam bentuk impuls saraf. (convert it from one form, like light, to another energy form, the electrical nerve impulse) by way of whats called a generator potential)
Components of Sensation
3. Conduction: penghantaran impuls sepanjang saraf ke SSP. 4. Translation : Pada susunan saraf, impuls yang ada ditransalasikan menjadi respons
Level of sensation
Batang otak pengendalian tidak sadar (seperti perubahan rata-rata denyut jantung dan frekuensi pernafasan) Thalamus, crude identification of the type of sensations occurs (pain ,touch, hearing) Korteks cerebri dapat mengidentifikasi dan menunjukkan lokasi (persepsi) dari pengalaman sensorik yang pernah dialami (nyeri, pembauan, penglihatan)
Rods and cones Hair cells Olfactory neurons Taste receptors cells Hair cell
11. Joint position And movement 12. Muscle length Nerve endings 13. Muscle tension Nerve endings
Hair cells Nerve endings Nerve endings Nerve endings Naked nerve endings Nerve endings
Thermoreceptors
Mendeteksi perubahan suhu.
Nosireceptors
Mendeteksi adanya kerusakan jaringan (nyeri).
Photoreceptors
Mendeteksi rangsang cahaya.
Chemoreceptors
Mendeteksi rangsang kimia melalui pengecap, pembau, atau dalam cairan tubuh (O2 terlarut dalam darah).
Pain Sensations
Pain receptors
Terletak dibagian superfisial kulit, kapsul sendi, periosteum dan sekitar dinding pembuluh darah.
Nociceptors
Terdiri dari akhiran saraf yang terletak pada setiap jaringan tubuh; they exhibit slight adaptation (if at all); excessive stimulation of any receptor type can elicit pain (like a tremendously loud noise, bright light, etc.).
Ada 3 kategori rangsangan untuk nocireseptor: 1. Sensitif terhadap suhu yang ekstrim 2. sensitif terhadap kerusakan mekanik 3. sensitif terhadap zat kimia (contoh: zat kimia yang dilepaskan oleh jaringan tubuh yang rusak). Jenis serabut saraf untuk nocireseptor: - Type A (myelinated) - Type C fibers (unmyelinated)
Ketika impuls nyeri hanya dihantarkan sampai formatio retikularis atau thalamus, maka nyeri lokalisasi nyeri tidak nyata. Klasifikasi nyeri (speed of onset, quality of sensation, and duration)
Acute:
nyeri dirasakan cepat, tajam dan tidak dirasakan bagian dalam tubuh.
Chronic:
Nyeri terasa lambat, meningkat secara perlahan dan dapat terjadi pada suprfisial kulit maupun jaringan tubuh bagian dalam (organ).
Visceral pain
Originates in viscera (internal organs of the ventral body cavity, like lungs, GI tract, etc.)
More difficult to localize, carried to ascending tracts by general visceral afferent fibers, may be "referred" to a somatic region that enters the same level of the spinal cord.
Baroreceptors
These are types of mechanoreceptors of the general senses that monitor changes in pressure. These are free nerve endings that branch within elastic tissues of distensible organs, like urinary bladder or blood vessel walls. Many of these are involved in reflex activities, such as in the urinary system, respiratory system (to dilate airways) and helping to control blood pressure. The input from these may travel to areas of the brainstem (like the medulla) where many visceral reflexes are integrated.
Chemoreceptor
These respond to water-soluble and lipidsoluble substances dissolved in body fluids. These do not send information to the primary sensory cortex ( postcentral gyrus), so we are not consciously aware of these types of chemopreception. These have to do with the respiratory, urinary, and cardiovascular systems
Proprioceptors
Proprioceptors are located in the muscles, tendons, joints, and the vestibular part of ear. These convey nerve impulse related to muscle tone, movement of body parts, and body position. The information is needed for awareness of the position of body parts with respect to one another and of the movement of body parts.
Indera Penglihatan
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Indera Penglihatan
Struktur assesori Bola Mata dan otot Fisiologi Penglihatan Innervasi Vaskularisasi
Kelainan mata
Berseta kelainannnya
2. Eyelids or palpebrae 3. Eyelashes (bulu mata) 4. Conjunctiva 5. Apparatus lacrimalis 6. Extrinsic eye muscles (there are six per eye, voluntary skeletal muscle
A. TUNIKA FIBROSA
This is the outer coat of the eyeball. It can be divided into two continuous regions:
the anterior cornea (clear) the posterior sclera (white),
At the junction of the sclera and cornea is the scleral venous sinus (canal of Schlemm).
Cornea
The cornea is well supplied with nerve endings, most of which are pain fibers (some people can never adjust to wearing contact lenses) When the cornea is touched, reflex blinking and increased lacrimal fluid secretion
B. TUNIKA VASKULOSA
This is middle layer of the eyeball: Its highly vascular composed of 3 continuous portion
1. The Choroid 2. The ciliary body 3. The iris
Function
Provides blood supply Produces a fluid called aqueous humor Regulates the shape of the lens Controls the amount of light entering the eye
1.The Choroid
is dark-coloured due to a high concentration of the pigment melanin in its cells. These pigmented layers prevent internal reflection of light rays because they absorbs light rays so that they are not reflected and scattered within the eyeball the choroid contains many blood vessels. Blood supplies the posterior side of retina with nutrients and oxygen and removes waste
3.
LENSA MATA
C. TUNIKA NERVOSA
RETINA
The inner coat of the eye lines the
posterior three-fourths of the eyeball and is the beginning of the visual pathway. The primary function of the retina is image formation. Its neural portion contains three zones of neurons : photoreceptor neurons, bipolar neurons, and ganglion neurons.
There are no rods in the fovea, but they increase in density toward the periphery (that's why in the dark, you see things better "out of the corner of your eye", but you can't see them when you stare directly at them, try it!). The blind spot is the optic disc where the optic nerve exits the eye, so there are no photoreceptors in the retina at that location.
FISIOLOGI PENGLIHATAN
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Reformation of Rhodopsin
All trans Retinal reconvert into 11 CIS Retinal This process is catalyzed by the enzym Retinal isomerase (in dark) 11 CIS retinal Recombines with the scotopsin Rhodopsin
Vitamin A
Is present both in the cytoplasm of the rod and in the pigment layer of the Retina Vitamin A is normally available to form new Retinal when needed When there is excess retinal in the retina, the excess is converted back into Vitamin A ( Light Sensitive Pigment in the retina )
SEL BIPOLAR DI RETINA NERVUS OPTIKUS KIRI CHIASMA OPTIKUM KIRI ( SERABUT BAGIAN ASAL BERSILANGAN) TRAKTUS OPTIKUS KIRI KOLLIKULUS SUPERIOR KORPUS GENIKULATUM LATERALE NUKLEUS EDINGER-WESTPHAL KORTEKS VISUALIS (OPTIKUM) PUSAT REFLEKS DI MEDULLA OBLONGATA M. SPHINCTER PUPILLAE NUKLEUS PRETEKTALIS (KANAN-KIRI)
REFLEKS KONJUNKTIVA :
SENTUHAN OKULI
NERVUS OPTIKUS
MEDULLA OBLONGATA
NERVUS FASCIALIS
M.OBRIKULARIS
COLOUR BLIND
A colour blind person can see clearly but can not distinguish certain colours. The problem is hereditary and is passed via the X chromosome. Women, who have two X chromosomes, can use their good chromosome if they inherit an affected X chromosome, so they are not colour blind but they are carriers.
COLOUR BLIND
This means that they have a 50% chance of having a colour blind son, and a 50% chance of having a daughter who is a carrier too. If a girl inherits one of the affected X chromosomes from her mother (a carrier) and an affected X chromosome from her father (colour blind) she will also be colour blind. However, this set of circumstances is rare and only 0.5% of women have the condition.
COLOUR BLIND
About 8% of males have the problem (of which, to either red, green or blue light. Activation of different combinations of these three about three-quarters have a problem with green and one quarter have a problem with red). There are three types of colour sensitive cones in the retina which respond cones provides us with an appreciation of all of the colours of the rainbow.
COLOUR BLIND
Loss of just one of these cones is enough to disrupt your colour vision loss of two turns a multicoloured world into one that's just black and white
REFRAKSI
Light rays are refracted when they pass from one medium into a medium of a different density. Except when they strike perpendicular to the interface The degree of refraction depend on : 1.Refractive index 2.Curvature of the interface between two media
Light pass through air at velocity=300.000 km/sec BUT SLOWER through transparent solid & liquids. The RI a transparent substance is the ratio of the velocity of light in air to the velocity in the substance. RI of air is set at 1.00, RI cornea :1.38, RI lens :1.40 , RI aqueous humor :1.33
REDUCED EYE
This is simple calculation -A single refractive surface is considered to exist with its central point 17 mm in front of the retina and to have a total refractive power 59 diopters when lens is accommodated for distant vision. -Most of the refractive power of the eye provided by the anterior surface of cornea not by the crystallize lens.
Total refractive power of the crystalline lens is only 20 diopters(1/3 total refractive power of the eyes lens system) BUT the importance of the crystallize lens is that its curvature can be increased markedly to provide accommodation The refractive power of the crystalline lens can be increased from 20 diopters to 34 diopters (in young children).This is total accommodation =14D
ACCOMMODATION
When a normal eye views an object, parallel rays of light are refracted to a focal point or the retina. If the degree of refraction remained constant, movement of the object closer to or farther from the eye would cause corresponding movement of the focal point so that the focus would either be behind or in front of the retina. The ability to the eyes to keep the image focused on the retina as the distance between the eyes and object varies called accommodation
VISUAL ACUITY
The sharpness of an image depends on the resolving power of the visual system. That is, on the ability of the visual system to distinguish (resolve) two closely space dots. The better the resolving power of the system, the closer together. These dots can be and still be seen as separate. When the resolving power is exceeded the dots blur are perceived as single image.
ANOMALI REFRACTION
Emetropia a light ray from an object that strike a lens more than 20 ft (6M) you focus light from an object in the retina This produces clear vision Abnormalities of refraction are due to: 1. improper shape of the eyeball 2. or to irregularities in the surface of the lens or cornea
1. HIPERMETROPIA
If you are long-sighted you are said to have hypermetropia and you focus light behind the retina. Again objects appear blurred. Long sightedness results from 1. a shortened eyeball 2. a lens that is too thin and is corrected using a converging or convex lens.
2. MIOPIA
o If you are short-sighted, a condition
technically known as myopia o you focus light from an object in front of the retina This produces a blurred image. o Short sightedness can result from : 1. an elongated eyeball 2. a thickened cornea or lens. o It is corrected by using a diverging or concave lens
3. ASTIGMATISME
A more complicated visual defect is astigmatism. In astigmatism, the surface of the cornea is irregular, the object appears blurred because some of the light rays are focused and others are not (this is similar to the distortion produced by a wavy pane of glass). Astigmatism is corrected using a cylindrical lens that bends light rays in one plane only
PRESBIOPIA
A person grows older the lens grows larger & thicker and become less elastic (denaturation of lens protein) The ability of the lens change shape progressively decreases from 14 diopters (young child) to less than 2 diopters (45-50) and 0 at age 70 The eye can no longer accommodate for both near and far vision Older person must wear bifocal glasses with the upper segment normally focused for far seeing and the lower segment focus for near seeing.
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Feature Shape
Rod cells Rod shaped outer segment Connection Many rods connect with one bipolar neuron Visual Low acuity Visual Rhodopsin (no pigment colour vision)
Cone cells Cone shape outer segment Only a single cone cell per bipolar High Contain 3 types of iodopsin(red, blue, and green).
Frequency
120 million per retina (20 x more common than cones) Distribution All over retina
7 million per retina All over retina but much concentrated in the center particularly in the yellow spot or fovea centralis
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