KOMUNIKASI INTERSELULER :
Molekul sinyal Fungsi : Sebagai ligan: akan mengubah konfigurasi protein penyusun reseptor yg diikatnya. * * * * Asam amino Polipeptida Steroid Mikromolekul Misal: - Hormon - Sitokin - Growth factor - Neurotransmitter
ENDOKRIN : Sel endokrin memproduksi hormon masuk aliran darah berpengaruh pada sel-sel lain yg letaknya jauh dari sel yg memproduksinya.
PARAKRIN : Beberapa macam sel dapat memproduksi molekul yg akan berpengaruh pada sel-sel yg dekat letaknya. Salah satunya : neurotransmitter signal penghubung neuron di sinapsis (signal kimia)
AUTOKRIN : Suatu molekul yg dikeluarkan oleh suatu sel, namun juga berpengaruh terhadap sel itu sendiri.
JUKSTAKRIN : Suatu sel memproduksi pesan yang tidak disekresikan keluar sel diekspresikan pd membran selnya. Pesan tsb. Hanya dapat diterima oleh 2 sel tetangga sebelahnya saja.
KOMUNIKASI SEL
Forms of cell signaling. (A) Hormones produced in endocrine glands are secreted into the bloodstream and can be distributed widely throughout the body. (B) Paracrine signals are released by cells into the extracellular medium in their neighborhood and act locally. (C) Neuronal signals are transmitted along axons to remote target cells. (D) Contact-dependent signaling requires cells to be in direct membrane-to-membrane contact with each other. Many of the same types of signal molecules are used in endocrine, paracrine, and neuronal signaling. The crucial differences lie in the speed and selectivity with which the signals are delivered to their targets
Sensasi
Memonitor segala perubahan/event yang terjadi di lingkungannya. Perubahan tersebut kmdn disebut stimuli dan sel yang menangkap rangsangan disebut receptors.
Secara bersamaan berfungsi sebagai processing dan intrepretasi terhadap berbagai stimuli yang sesuai Keluarannya bersifat motorik
2.
Integrasi
3.
Reaksi
Mengaktivasi otot dan kelenjar (glands) (typically via the release of neurotransmitters (NTs))
2.
Komunikasi Neuronal
Neuron
Sebutan untuk sel saraf dan semua processusnya
Most neurons have a single axon a long (up to 1m) process designed to convey info away from the cell body. Originates from a special region of the cell body called the axon hillock. Transmit APs from the soma toward the end of the axon where they cause NT release. Often branch sparsely, forming collaterals. Each collateral may split into telodendria which end in a synaptic knob, which contains synaptic vesicles membranous bags of NTs. - Badan sel (soma) - Procesus/tonjolan soma (axons/dendrites) - Bagian penerima input (dendrites/soma) - Bagian konduksi (axon) - Bagian output/sekretori 6 (axon terminal)
Neuroglia
4. Oligodendrocytes
Produce the myelin sheath which provides the electrical insulation for certain neurons in the CNS
Substantia grisea
Substantia alba
Synapsis
Tempat dua neuron berdekatan satu dengan Yang lain dan terjadi fungsi komunikasi Interneuronal
Neuron
doking
Mampu membuat sinap dengan 1000 atau lebih neuron lain Mampu menerima sampai 10.000 atau lebih Hubungan dengan neuron lain Bersinap dengan otot Myoneuronal Junction 10
Action Potentials
If VM reaches threshold, Na+ channels open and Na+ influx ensues, depolarizing the cell and causing the VM to increase. This is the rising phase of an AP. Eventually, the Na+ channel will have inactivated and the K+ channels will be open. Now, K+ effluxes and repolarization occurs. This is the falling phase.
K+ channels are slow to open and slow to close. This causes the VM to take a brief dip below resting VM. This dip is the undershoot and is an example of hyperpolarization.
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Animasi
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Na+ Channels
At rest, one is closed (the activation gate) and the other is open (the inactivation gate). Suprathreshold depolarization affects both of them.
Animasi
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Saltatory Conduction
Occurs in myelinated axons. Saltare is a Latin word meaning to leap. Recall that the myelin sheath is not completed. There exist myelin free regions along the axon, the nodes of Ranvier.
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Animasi
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Synaptic Transmission
An AP reaches the axon terminal of the presynaptic cell and causes V-gated Ca2+ channels to open. Ca2+ rushes in, binds to regulatory proteins & initiates NT exocytosis. NTs diffuse across the synaptic cleft and then bind to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane and initiate some sort of response on the postsynaptic cell.
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Celah sinaptik
Reseptor neurotransmiter
Sel postsinaptik
Neurotransmitter binding to receptor channel opening Na+ influx depolarisation of postsynaptic membrane threshold action potential
Inhibitory neurotransmitters (eg -aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glycine) act on Cl- channels Neurotransmitter binding to receptor channel opening Cl- influx prevents depolarisation of postsynaptic membrane no action potential
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Typically, a single synaptic not create a strong enough to migrate axon hillock and of an AP.
However, a graded depolarization will bring the neuronal VM closer to threshold. Thus, its often referred to as an excitatory postsynaptic potential or EPSP. Graded hyperpolarizations bring the neuronal VM farther away from threshold and thus are referred to as inhibitory postsynaptic potentials or IPSPs.
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2 pembagian utama:
1.
2.
Sistem saraf yang keluar dari otak dan med. spinalis Terdiri dari:
31 pasang saraf Spinal Membawa sinyal ke dan dari med. spinalis 12 pasang saraf Cranial Membawa sinyal ke dan dari otak
Substantia grisea
Substantia alba
Gyrus Sulcus
Cerebrum
Lobus
Lobus pada cortex cerebri: Frontalis, Parietalis, Temporalis, Occipitalis, Limbik, Insularis.
Cerebelum
CORTEX CEREBRI
Thalamus
80% of the diencephalon Sensory relay station where sensory signals can be edited, sorted, and routed. Also has profound input on motor (via the basal ganglia and cerebellum) and cognitive function. Not all functions have been elucidated.
Hypothalamus
Influences HR, BP, resp. rate, GI motility, pupillary diameter. Can you hold your breath until you die? Involved in fear, loathing, pleasure Drive center: sex, hunger
Respon Emotional
Pengaturan keseimbangan cairan dan haus Pengaturan siklus tidur/jaga Pengontrol hormon
Releases hormones that influence hormonal secretion from the anterior pituitary gland. Releases oxytocin and vasopressin
Limbic System
1. 2.
Includes nuclei and tracts along the border btwn the cerebrum and the diencephalon. Functional grouping rather than anatomical Functions include:
Establishing emotional states Linking conscious cerebral cortical functions w/ unconscious functions of the brainstem Facilitating memory storage and retrieval
3.
Limbic lobe of the cerebrum consists of 3 gyri that curve along the corpus callosum and medial surface of the temporal lobe. Limbic system the center of emotion anger, fear, sexual arousal, pleasure, and sadness.
Cerebellum
Lies inferior to the cerebrum and occupies the posterior cranial fossa. 2nd largest region of the brain.
2.
Programming and fine-tuning movements controlled at the subconscious and conscious levels
Refines learned movement patterns by regulating activity of both the pyramidal and extrapyarmidal motor pathways of the cerebral cortex Compares motor commands with sensory info from muscles and joints and performs any adjustments to make the movement smooth
Cerebellum
The cerebellum can be permanently damaged by trauma or stroke or temporarily affected by drugs such as alcohol. These alterations can produce ataxia a disturbance in balance.
Menghubungkan timbal balik antara sistem saraf pusat dengan bagian-bagian tubuh. Dapat dibagi menjadi: Divisi Sensoris Afferent Menghantarkan sinyal dari reseptor ke SS pusat Informasi berasal dari bagian dalam tubuh dan dari luar Serabut saraf sensoris terdiri dari somatic (dari kulit, otot rangka atau sendi) atau visceral (organ2 organ dalam) Divisi Motor Efferent Menghantarkan sinyal/impuls dari SS pusat ke organ target/effector (muscles/glands) Serabut saraf terdiri dari Somatomotorik bersifat VOLUNTARY (volunter/disadari) menuju ke otot rangka atau visceromotorik bersifat INVOLUNTARY (involunter/tak disadari) meniji ke otot polos, otot jantung dan kelenjar