Rangka Batang

Truss - Fachwerk
Metode Sambungan
Method of Joints
2MEC/D-2014

Contents

Pendahuluan
Definisi Struktur Rangka Batang
Struktur /Rangka Batang Sederhana
Analisis Struktur/Rangka Batang dengan Metoda Sambungan
Struktur/Rangka Batang yang terdiri dari beberapa Struktur/Rangka
Batang sederhana
Contoh Soal 1
Contoh Soal 2
Contoh Soal 3
Contoh Soal 4
Contoh Soal 5

6-2

Pendahuluan
Kesetimbangan struktur yang terbuat dari bagian atau
batang-batang yang disambung, terjadi gaya-yaya luar
(reaksi tumpuan, beban) dan gaya dalam batang (tarik,
tekan, geser) yang perlu diperhatikan.
Interaksi antara batang-batang atau bagian-bagian yang
tersambung, berlaku hukum Newtons ke-3, yang
menyatakan bahwa gaya aksi dan reaksi pada
batang/bagian yang tersambung mempunyai besar, dan
garis kerja yang sama, tetapi berlawanan arah
Terdapat 3 kategori dalam struktur enjiniring, sbb:
a) Rangka: terdiri dari minimal satu bagian dengan
beban multipel. Contoh: batang AD dan batang CF
b) Rangka Batang: dibentuk oleh bagian-bagian atau
batang-batang yang hanya mendapatkan 2 beban.
Contoh: batang BE
c) Mesin: struktur yang ada bagian bergeraknya untuk
memindahkan atau mengubah gaya.
6-3

Definisi Rangka Batang

Rangka Batang terdiri dari batang-batang lurus yang
tersambung, dan tidak ada batang yang tanpa
sambungan. Contoh: Rangka Batang disamping terdiri dari
batang AC, AD, BC, BD, CD, bukan batang AB
Struktur pada umumnya dibentuk dari beberapa Rangka
Batang yang digabungkan sehingga membentuk Rangka
Batang Ruang. Masing-masing Rangka Batang menerima
beban pada bidangnya masing-masing, sehingga bisa
diberlakukan Rangka Batang pada bidang.
Sambungan baut, keling, atau las diasumsikan sebagai
sambungan pin yang sempurna. Gaya-gaya yang bekerja
diujung batang disederhanakan menjadi gaya tunggal dan
tidak ada kopel, sehingga batang dianggap mendapatkan
2 beban saja.
Bila 2 gaya cenderung menarik batang, maka batang
menerima beban tarik. Sebaliknya bila cenderung
menekan maka batang menerima beban tekan

6-4

Definisi Rangka Batang

Batang-batang pada struktur Rangka Batang pada

umumnya tidak terlalu besar sehingga tidak mampu
menerima beban melintang yang besar.
Beban beban dikenakan pada sambungan

6-5

Jenis Rangka Batang

Rangka Batang Sederhana

Rangka Batang yang kekar dan kuat
tidak akan kolaps atau berubah bentuk
bila dibebani.
Rangka Batang Sederhana dibuat
dengan menambahkan 2 batang dan
satu sambungan pada segitiga dasar
Rangka Batang.
Pada Rangka Batang sederhana
kestabilannya dapat ditentukan
berdasarkan rumusan, m = 2n - 3
dimana m adalah jumlah batang dan
n adalah jumlah sambungan

6-7

Analisis Rangka Batang dengan Metoda Sambungan

Dismember the truss and create a freebody
diagram for each member and pin.
The two forces exerted on each member are
equal, have the same line of action, and
opposite sense.
Forces exerted by a member on the pins or
joints at its ends are directed along the member
and equal and opposite.
Conditions of equilibrium on the pins provide 2n
equations for 2n unknowns. For a simple truss,
2n = m + 3. May solve for m member forces and
3 reaction forces at the supports.
Conditions for equilibrium for the entire truss
- 8not
provide 3 additional equations which6are
independent of the pin equations.

Contoh (1)
Rangka Batang dengan
9 (sembilan) batang dan
6 (enam) sambungan
A tumpuan tetap
D tumpuan bebas
Beban L diketahui
besarnya dan dengan
arah seperti pada
gambar

Reaksi Tumpuan
Besar reaksi gaya
pada tumpuan
dihitung terlebih
dahulu, supaya bisa
memulai
Prinsip
kesetimbangan: F =
0 dan M = 0
R1 dan R2 bisa ditentukan
terlebih dahulu

Metode Sambungan
Semua sambungan
diasumsikan
sambungan pin
Gaya luar/eksternal
ditransformasikan
menjadi gaya internal
melalui batang
Batang: Kesetimbangan
2 gaya (collinear)
Gaya Tarik (Tension)
atau Gaya Tekan
(Compression)

Sambungan A
DBB

DBB sambungan A,
bekerja gaya-gaya R1,
FAB, dan FAF
Diagram Gaya

Batang AF menerima
beban/gaya Tekan (-),
sedangkan batang AB
menerima beban/gaya
Tarik (+)
Besar gaya dalam
masing-masing batang
bisa dihitung dengan
memanfaatkan diagram
gaya

Sambungan F
DBB

DBB sambungan F, bekerja

gaya-gaya FAF, FBF, dan FEF
Batang AF sudah dihitung
melalui sambungan A,
Batang EF menerima
beban/gaya Tekan (-),
sedangkan batang BF
menerima beban/gaya
Tarik (+)

Diagram Gaya

Besar gaya bisa dihitung

dengan memanfaatkan
diagram gaya

Sambungan B
DBB sambungan B,
bekerja gaya-gaya FBC,
FBE, FBE, FAB, dan L

DBB

Diagram Gaya

Batang BF sudah
dihitung melalui
sambungan F, Batang
AB, BC, dan BE
menerima beban/gaya
Tarik (+)
Besar masing-masing
gaya dalam batang bisa
dihitung dengan
memanfaatkan diagram
gaya

Sambungan C
DBB

DBB sambungan C,
bekerja gaya-gaya FBC,
FCD, dan FCE
Apabila CE 0, maka tidak

terjadi kesetimbangan di
sambungan C

Batang BC sudah
dihitung melalui
sambungan B, dan
batang CD tentunya
harus membuat
sambungan C
setimbang, FBC = FCD

Sambungan E
DBB

Diagram Gaya

DBB sambungan E,
bekerja gaya-gaya FBE,
FDE, dan FEF
Batang EF dan DE
menerima beban Tekan
(-), sedangkan batang BE
sudah dihitung melalui
sambungan B
sebelumnya.
Besar gaya dalam batang
lainnya bisa dihitung
dengan memanfaatkan
diagram gaya

Sambungan D
DBB

DBB sambungan D,
bekerja gaya-gaya FCD,
FDE, dan R2
Batang DE sudah
ditentukan sebelumnya
melalui sambungan E.
Batang CD menerima
beban Tarik (+)
Diagram Gaya

Besar gaya dalam batang

CD bisa dihitung dengan
memanfaatkan diagram
gaya

Diagram Rangka Batang

Truss Diagram
Rangka Batang ditampilkan
menyeluruh
Setiap batang dilengkapi
dengan panah pada
ujungnya
Arah panah menuju
sambungan, berarti
batangnya menerima
beban Tekan (-)
Arah panah menjauhi
sambungan, berarti
batangnya menerima
beban Tarik (+)

 Forces in opposite members intersecting in

two straight lines at a joint are equal.
The forces in two opposite members are
equal when a load is aligned with a third
member. The third member force is equal
to the load (including zero load).
The forces in two members connected at a
joint are equal if the members are aligned
and zero otherwise.
Recognition of joints under special loading
conditions simplifies a truss analysis.

Joints Under Special

Loading Conditions

619

Sample Problem 6.1

SOLUTION:

Based on a free-body diagram of the

entire truss, solve the 3 equilibrium
equations for the reactions at E and C.
Joint A is subjected to only two unknown
member forces. Determine these from the
joint equilibrium requirements.

Using the method of joints, determine

the force in each member of the truss.

In succession, determine unknown

member forces at joints D, B, and E from
joint equilibrium requirements.
All member forces and support reactions
are known at joint C. However, the joint
equilibrium requirements may be6 applied
to check the results.

20

SOLUTION:
Based on a free-body diagram of the entire truss,
solve the 3 equilibrium equations for the reactions
at E and C.

MC 0
2000 lb 24 ft 1000 lb12 ft E 6 ft
E 10,000 lb

Fx 0 C x

Cx 0

Fy 0 2000 lb - 1000 lb 10,000 lb C y

Sample Problem 6.1

C y 7000 lb

621

Sample Problem 6.1

Joint A is subjected to only two unknown
member forces. Determine these from the
joint equilibrium requirements.

2000 lb FAB FAD

4
3
5

FAB 1500 lb T
FAD 2500 lb C

There are now only two unknown member

forces at joint D.

622

FDB FDA

FDB 2500 lb T

FDE 2 53 FDA

FDE 3000 lb C

Sample Problem 6.1

There are now only two unknown member

forces at joint B. Assume both are in tension.

Fy 0 1000 54 2500 54 FBE

FBE 3750 lb

FBE 3750 lb C

Fx 0 FBC 1500 53 2500 53 3750

FBC 5250 lb

FBC 5250 lb T

There is one unknown member force at joint

E. Assume the member is in tension.

Fx 0 53 FEC 3000 53 3750

FEC 68750
- lb C
FEC 8750 lb
23

 All member forces and support reactions are

known at joint C. However, the joint equilibrium
requirements may be applied to check the results.

Fx 5250 53 8750 0 checks

Fy 7000 54 8750 0 checks

Sample Problem 6.1

624

 When the force in only one member or the

forces in a very few members are desired, the
method of sections works well.
To determine the force in member BD, pass a
section through the truss as shown and create
a free body diagram for the left side.
With only three members cut by the section,
the equations for static equilibrium may be
applied to determine the unknown member
forces, including FBD.

Analysis of Trusses by the

Method of Sections

625

 Compound trusses are statically

determinant, rigid, and completely
constrained.

m 2n 3
Truss contains a redundant member
and is statically indeterminate.

m 2n 3

Additional reaction forces may be

necessary for a rigid truss.

Trusses
Made
of
Several
m 2n 3
m 2n 4
Simple Trusses
m r 2n
non-rigid

rigid

Necessary but insufficient condition

for a compound truss to be statically
determinant, rigid, and completely
6constrained,

26

SOLUTION:
Take the entire truss as a free body.
Apply the conditions for static equilib-rium
to solve for the reactions at A and L.
Pass a section through members FH,
GH, and GI and take the right-hand
section as a free body.
Apply the conditions for static equilibrium
to determine the desired member forces.
Determine the force in members FH,
GH, and GI.

Sample Problem 6.3

627

SOLUTION:
Take the entire truss as a free body.
Apply the conditions for static equilib-rium
to solve for the reactions at A and L.

M A 0 5 m 6 kN 10 m 6 kN 15 m 6 kN
20 m 1 kN 25 m 1 kN 25 m L
L 7.5 kN
Fy 0 20 kN L A

Sample Problem 6.3

A 12.5 kN

628

 Pass a section through members FH, GH, and GI

and take the right-hand section as a free body.

Apply the conditions for static equilibrium to

determine the desired member forces.

MH 0
7.50 kN 10 m 1 kN 5 m FGI 5.33 m 0
FGI 13.13 kN

Sample Problem 6.3

FGI 13.13 kN T

629

tan

FG 8 m

0.5333
GL 15 m
0

28.07

MG
7.5 kN 15 m 1 kN 10 m 1 kN 5 m
FFH cos 8 m 0
FFH 13.82 kN

tan

GI
5m
2
0.9375
HI
8 m
3

FFH 13.82 kN C

43.15

ML 0
1 kN 10 m 1 kN 5 m FGH cos 10 m 0
6FGH 1.371 kN
30 kN C
FGH 1.371

Sample Problem 6.3

 Frames and machines are structures with at least one

multiforce member. Frames are designed to support loads
and are usually stationary. Machines contain moving parts
and are designed to transmit and modify forces.
A free body diagram of the complete frame is used to
determine the external forces acting on the frame.
Internal forces are determined by dismembering the frame
and creating free-body diagrams for each component.
Forces on two force members have known lines of action
but unknown magnitude and sense.
Forces on multiforce members have unknown magnitude
and line of action. They must be represented with two
unknown components.

Analysis of Frames

6Forces between connected components are equal,

31have
the same line of action, and opposite sense.

Frames Which Cease To Be Rigid When Detached From Their

Supports
Some frames may collapse if removed from their
supports. Such frames can not be treated as
rigid bodies.
A free-body diagram of the complete frame
indicates four unknown force components which
can not be determined from the three equilibrium
conditions.
The frame must be considered as two distinct, but
related, rigid bodies.
With equal and opposite reactions at the contact
point between members, the two free-body
diagrams indicate 6 unknown force components.

6-

Equilibrium requirements for the two rigid

32
bodies yield 6 independent equations.

SOLUTION:
Create a free-body diagram for the
complete frame and solve for the support
reactions.
Define a free-body diagram for member
BCD. The force exerted by the link DE
has a known line of action but unknown
magnitude. It is determined by summing
moments about C.
Members ACE and BCD are
connected by a pin at C and by the link
DE. For the loading shown, determine
the force in link DE and the
components of the force exerted at C
on member BCD.

With the force on the link DE known, the

sum of forces in the x and y directions
may be used to find the force
components at C.

Sample Problem 6.4

With member ACE as a free-body,

6check the solution by summing 33
moments about A.

SOLUTION:
Create a free-body diagram for the complete frame
and solve for the support reactions.

Fy 0 Ay 480 N

Ay 480 N

M A 0 480 N 100 mm B160 mm

B 300 N

Fx 0 B Ax

Ax 300 N

Note:

Sample Problem 6.4

80 28.07
tan 1 150

634

 Define a free-body diagram for member BCD.

The force exerted by the link DE has a known
line of action but unknown magnitude. It is
determined by summing moments about C.

M C 0 FDE sin 250 mm 300 N 60 mm 480 N 100 mm

FDE 561 N

FDE 561 N C

Sum of forces in the x and y directions may be used to find the force
components at C.

Fx 0 C x FDE cos 300 N

0 C x 561 N cos 300 N

C x 795 N

Fy 0 C y FDE sin 480 N

0 C y 561 N sin 480 N

635N
C y 216

Sample Problem 6.4

 With member ACE as a free-body, check the

solution by summing moments about A.

M A FDE cos 300 mm FDE sin 100 mm C x 220 mm

561cos 300 mm 561sin 100 mm 795 220 mm 0

Sample Problem 6.4

(checks)

636

 Machines are structures designed to transmit

and modify forces. Their main purpose is to
transform input forces into output forces.
Given the magnitude of P, determine the
magnitude of Q.
Create a free-body diagram of the complete
machine, including the reaction that the wire
exerts.
The machine is a nonrigid structure. Use
one of the components as a free-body.

Machines

Taking moments about A,

M A 0 aP bQ

a
P
b

637