HORMONE SYNTHESIS,

RELEASE AND TRANSPORT

Hormone

Hormone:
produced in small amounts by
specific
tissues (endocrine
glands), control the
metabolic
and biological activities in the
target cells

HORMONE CLASSIFICATION

Protein and polypeptide

Amine
Steroid
Eicosanoid

BIOCHEMISTRY

PEPTIDE HORMONES

Consist of specific amino acids

Synthesized as large precursor
proteins
Stored in membrane-enclosed
compartments
Hydrophillic

PEPTIDA INSULIN

Di sintesa di Pulau Pankreas sebagai

preproinsulin
Untuk sekresi disimpan di RES
oleh enzim mikrosomal dibelah
menjadi proinsulin sewaktu memasuk
memasu
membran RES
Proinsulin diangkut ke golgi komplek
dikemas menjadi secretory granule
Di granula, C-Peptida dipisahkan
insulin disekresikan

Protein and Polypeptide Hormones

Synthesis

: Peptide hormone synthesis and packaging

Proinsuli
n
Insulin

AMINE HORMONES

Derived from the amino acid

tyrosine
Includes thyroid hormones
and catecholamines
Stored until secreted

Thyroid Hormones

Thyroid gland produce T3 and

T4 hormones
Iodide (I-) actively transported
into the follicle of thyroid
gland
Oxidized to iodine (Io) by a
peroxidase

Thyroid
Hormones

Iodine attached to tyrosine

within thyroglobulin chain
MIT, DIT
MIT and DIT or 2 DIT
molecules coupled together
TSH via cAMP stimulates
hydrolyze T3 and T4 from
thyroglobulin (inhibited by KI)

STEROID HORMONES

Precursor: Cholesterol
Lipophillic
Immediately released from the
cell following synthesis

Hormon Steroid

Korteks adrenal sintesis :

glukokortikoid, mineralokortikoid,
sex steroid
Terutama dari kolesterol plasma
(sebahagian kecil dari asetil koA)
Kolesterol plasma dirubah menjadi
pregnenolon oleh enzim sitokrom
P450
(mitkondria atau RES)

Hormon Steroid

Hormon Steroid

Kekhususan seluler :
sintesis mineralokortikoid
pada sel glomerulosa
18 hidroksilase dan 18
hidroksisteroid dehidrogenase
hanya ditemukan pada sel ini

Golongan Hormon Steroid

Protein Transport
Thyroid

Hormones

Globulin alfa (85%) TBG

TBPA (transferitin)
Albumin sedikit

Protein Transport
Hormon Steroid

Kortisol
- 75 % terikat CBG (transkortin)
- 10 % kortisol bebas
- selebihnya pada albumin
(mis deksametason)

Protein Transport
Hormon Steroid

Androgen
- DHEA terikat lemah pada albumin
- Testoteron terikat pada globulin
spesifik
( SHBG)
Mineralokortikoid
- tidak punya protein pengangkut
spesifik
- membentuk ikatan lemah dengan
abumin

EICOSANOIDS HORMONE

Produced from arachidonic acid,

Released from phospholipids by action
of phospholipase A2, phospholipase C
Produced in almost every organ
In one pathway arachidonic acid is
converted to prostanoids by a group of
enzymes, the cyclooxygenase system
A second pathway to produce
leukotrienes by the enzyme 5
lipoxygenase

EICOSANOIDS HORMONE

Prostaglandins

SAIDS inhibit action of

phospholipase
NSAIDs, such as aspirin and
derivatives of ibuprofen, inhibit
cyclooxygenase activity of PGH2
Synthase
They inhibit formation of
prostaglandins involved in fever,
pain, & inflammation
They inhibit blood clotting by
blocking thromboxane formation in
blood platelets

REFERENCES

Devlin T M, PhD. Text Book of

Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations
5thed. Wiley-Liss, New York. 2002 : 906952, 982-983
McKee Trudy, McKee James R. The
molecular basis of Life. 3rded. McGrawHill. Americas, New York. 2003 : 541559
Murray R K, et al. Harpers
Biochemistry 26thed. Appleton & Lange.
America 2003: 434-473
Raff A, et al. Moleculer Biology of The
Cell. 4thed. Garland Science. New York.
2002: 832-892
Stryer L. Biokimia. Edisi 4. EGC,