DIAGRAM FASA

(PHASE DIAGRAM)

Lukhi Mulia S

Definisi dan Konsep Dasar

Komponen

fasa

Definisi dan Konsep Dasar

Komponen : unsur atau senyawa yang terdapat didalam

sistem.
Fasa : bagian homogen dari suatu sistem yang memiliki
sifat fisik dan kimia yang seragam.

Batas kelarutan (solubility limit)

Konsentrasi makismal suatu solute yang larut dalam solven
Contoh : sistem larutan air-gula (C12H22O11-H2O)

Batas kelarutan maksimal gula didalam air adalah 65%wt pada

suhu 20C
Sehingga
- Jika komponen < 65wt% gula : sirup
- Jika komponen > 65wt% gula : sirup + kristal gula
batas kelarutan meningkat dengan kenaikan temperatur

sugarwater (C12H22O11-H2O ) system.

sugar

water

Saturated syrup
Excess
sugar

solubility limit

Figure 9.1 The solubility of sugar (C12H22O11) in sugar

water syrup.

Effect of Temperature (T) & Composition (Co)

Changing T can change # of phases: See path A to B.
Changing Co can change # of phases: See path B to D.
B (100C,70) D (100C,90)
1 phase

watersugar
system

Temperature (C)

100

Source :
www.d.umn.edu/~rlind
ek1/ME2105/Phase
%20Equilibrium_Ch9_
F09.ppt

80

(liquid)

60

L
(liquid solution
i.e, syrup)

40

+
S
(solid
sugar)

A (20C,70)

20
0

2 phases

2 phases

20
40
60 70 80
100
Co =Composition (wt% sugar)

ONE-COMPONENT (OR UNARY)

PHASE DIAGRAMS/DIAGRAM FASA SISTEM SATU KOMPONEN
Komposisi konstan (pure substance)
Ditentukan dalam tekanan P dan temperatur T tertentu.

ONE-COMPONENT (OR UNARY)

PHASE DIAGRAMS/DIAGRAM FASA SISTEM SATU
KOMPONEN
three different phases solid,

liquid, and vapor

aO : equilibrium between solid
and vapor phases
bO : solid-liquid
cO : liquid-vapor
At 1 atm during heating the
solid phase transform to the
lquid phase (point 2)
Liquid-vapor phase (point 3)
And, finally, solid ice sublimes
or vaporizes upon crossing the
curve labeled aO.

Binary Phase Diagrams (Diagram Fasa Dua

Komponen)
Variabel : temperatur, komposisi, dan tekanan
Terdapat 3 daerah fasa yaitu :

- daerah
- daerah L
-+L

Figure 9.3 (a) The coppernickel phase diagram (Adapted from Phase Diagrams of Binary Nickel Alloys, P.
Nash, Editor, 1991. Reprinted by permission of ASM International, Materials Park, OH.)

INTERPRETATION OF PHASE DIAGRAMS

three kinds of information are available in the binary system
:
1) the phases that are present
2) the compositions of these phases
3) the percentages or fractions of the phases

Determination of Phases Present

For example, an alloy of composition 60 wt% Ni40 wt%

Cu at 1100C would be located at point A in Figure

9.3a;since this is within the region, only the single phase
will be present.
On the other hand, a 35 wt% Ni65 wt% Cu alloy at
1250C (point B) will consist of both and liquid phases at
equilibrium.

Determination of Phases Present

A(1100C, 60 wt% Ni):

1 phase:

T(C)
1600

L (liquid)
1500

B (1250C,35)

Examples:

B(1250C, 35 wt% Ni): 1400

2 phases: L +
1300

s
u
d
i
il qu
us
d
i
l
so

(FCC solid
solution)

1200

A(1100C,60)

1100
1000
Source :
www.engr.mun.ca/~asharan/courses/5911
_LECTURES/ch09.ppt

Cu-Ni
phase
diagram

20

40

60

80

100

wt% Ni

Determination of Phase Compositions

Examples:

Cu-Ni
system

T(C)
Consider C0 = 35 wt% Ni
At TA = 1320C:
Only Liquid (L) present
CL = C0 ( = 35 wt% Ni)
At TD = 1190C:
Only Solid () present
C = C0 ( = 35 wt% Ni)
At TB = 1250C:
Both and L present

CL = C liquidus ( = 32 wt% Ni)

C = C solidus ( = 43 wt% Ni)

TA
1300

A
L (liquid)

TB
1200

TD

20

tie line dus

i
liqu

+
L

(solid)

3032 35

CL C0

id
sol

4043

us

50

C wt% Ni

Source :
www.engr.mun.ca/~asharan/courses/5911_
LECTURES/ch09.ppt

Determination of Phase Amounts

If only one phase is present, the alloy is composed

entirely of that phase; that is, the phase fraction is 1.0 or,
alternatively, the percentage is 100%.
If the composition and temperature position is located
within a two-phase region lever rule expression

lever rule expression

Lever rule expression for
computation
of liquid mass fraction

Lever rule expression for computation

of -phase mass fraction

Determination of Phase Amounts

Examples:

Cu-Ni
system

T(C)
Co = 35 wt% Ni
At T A: Only Liquid (L)
W L = 100 wt%, W = 0
At T D: Only Solid ( )
W L = 0, W = 100 wt%
At T B :

WL
W

TA
1300

1200

43 35
S

73 wt %
R +S
43 32
= 27 wt%

L (liquid)

TB

Both and L

R
R +S

TD
20

L+

tie line dus

i
liqu

B
R S
D

3032 35

CLCo

+
L

us
d
i
l
so

(solid)

40 43

50

C wt% Ni

Source :
www.d.umn.edu/~rlindek1/ME2105/Phase
%20Equilibrium_Ch9_F09.ppt

Contoh
Tentukan komposisi fasa dan L paduan 35 wt% Ni

65 wt% Cu pada suhu 1250C.

Penyelesaian :
Pada Fig. 9.3b diperoleh C0 = 35 wt% Ni, C =

42,5 wt% Ni dan CL = 31,5 wt% Ni

21

Ex: Cooling of a Cu-Ni Alloy

Phase diagram:

T(C) L (liquid)

Cu-Ni system.
Consider
microstuctural
changes that
accompany the
cooling of a

130 0
L: 35 wt% Ni
: 46 wt% Ni

C0 = 35 wt% Ni alloy
A (1300C)
B (1260C)
C 1250C)
D (1220C)

L: 35wt%Ni

A
32

35

B
C

46
43

24
120 0

L+

L+

L: 32 wt% Ni

36

: 43 wt% Ni

L: 24 wt% Ni
: 36 wt% Ni

(solid)
110 0
20

Source :
www.engr.mun.ca/~ashar
an/courses/5911_LECTU
RES/ch09.ppt.

30

Cu-Ni
system

35
C0

40

50

wt% Ni

BINARY EUTECTIC SYSTEMS

three single-phase regions : ,, and L
A liquid phase tranformed into the two solid and phases is

called eutectic reaction

The eutectic reaction can be written as follows:

BINARY EUTECTIC SYSTEMS

CE : the eutectic composition

TE : the eutectic temperature

Figure 9.7 The coppersilver phase diagram. [Adapted from Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams, 2nd
edition, Vol. 1, T. B. Massalski (Editor-in-Chief), 1990. Reprinted by permission of ASM
International, Materials Park, OH.]

24

EX 1: Pb-Sn Eutectic System

For a 40 wt% Sn-60 wt% Pb alloy at 150C, determine:

-- the phases present

Answer: +
-- the phase compositions
Answer: C = 11 wt% Sn
C = 99 wt% Sn

-- the relative amount

of each phase

Answer:
C - C0
S
=
W =
C - C
R+S
99 - 40
99 - 11
W = R =
R+S

40 - 11
=
99 - 11
=

59
= 0.67
88
C0 - C
C - C

29
= 0.33
88

Pb-Sn
system

T(C)
300

200
150
100

L (liquid)

L+
18.3

183C

61.9

L+
97.8

S
+

0 11 20
C

40
C0

Source :
www.d.umn.edu/~rlindek1/ME
2105/Phase
%20Equilibrium_Ch9_F09.ppt

60
80
C, wt% Sn

99100
C

Exercise
Cite the phases that are present and the phase compositions for the following

alloys:
15 wt% Sn85 wt% Pb at 100C

THE GIBBS PHASE RULE

P+F=C+N
P is the number of phases present
F is the number of degrees of freedom or the number of externally
controlled variables (e.g., temperature, pressure, composition)
C is the number of components in the system.
N is the number of noncompositional variables (e.g., temperature and
pressure).

Tekanan konstan ( 1 atm), N = 1

P+F=C+1
jumlah komponen, C = 2 ( Cu and
Ag)
P+F=2+1=3
F=3P
jika ada satu fasa,
maka P = 1
F=3P
F = 3 -1 = 2
jika ada 2 fasa maka
F=3P=32=1
Jika ada 3 fasa, maka
F=3P=33=0

Diagram fasa dasar dari sistem dua

komponen
1.

Larut sempurna dalam keadaan cair dan membentuk

eutektik dengan kelarutan padat terbatas. Contoh
Sistim paduan timah-timbal

Diagram fasa dasar dari sistem dua

komponen
2. Larut sempurna dalam keadaan cair dan membentuk
eutektik dengan komponen murni

3. Larut sempurna dalam keadaan cair dan dalam keadaan

padat
A dan B larut sempurna dalam keadaan cair dan dalam
keadaan padat untukk setiap komposisi

4. Larut sempurna dalam keadaan cair dan mempunyai

senyawa dengan titik maksimum
Cairan e1 = fasa padat A + fasa AmBn
Cairan e2 = fasa AmBn + fasa padat B

5. larut sempurna dalam keadaan cair dan mempunyai senyawa dengan

titik peritektik

Cairan c + kristal primer B (d) senyawa AmBn

6.

Larut sempurna dalam keadaan cair dan mempunyai peritektik

dengan kelarutan terbatas

Kristal primer (d) + cairan c larutan padat (p)

7. Pemisahan dua fasa cairan

Cairan L2 (m) cairan L1(c) + fasa padat (d)