PENGANTAR

BIOKIMIA,
KARBOHIDRAT DAN
LIPID
dr. Huda Marlina Wati

Referensi:

Definisi Biokimia
Bios = kehidupan
Ilmu pengetahuan ttg dasar kimiawi
khdpn.
Ilmu pengetahuan ttg molekul yg tdpt
dlm sel hidup/organisme serta rx &
proses yg dialami molekul tsb.
Mencakup : biologi sel, biomol dan
genetika.

Tujuan biokimia

Menjelaskan & menerangkan semua

proses kimiawi sel hidup pada tingkat
molekuler.

So, para ahli biokim bupaya ISOLASI

molekul dr sel analisis struktur dan
fungsinya.

Biokimia & ilmu kedokteran

Biokimia dan kedok berkaitan erat.

Sehat situasi ketika semua rx. Intra &
ekstrasel tjd dlm kecepatan seimbang
harmonis.
Penyakit kelinan pd biomolekul, rx,
ataupun proses biokimianya.
Kemajuan biokim mberi penerangan ilmu
kedok penelitian peny. srg
mengungkapkan aspek biokim yg
sblmnya blm diket.

BIOKIMIA
As.
nukleat

Lipid
Protein

Anemia sel
sabit

Glukosa

Diabetes
melitus
Ateroslerosis

Penyakit
genetik
ILMU KEDOKTERAN

Pentingnya Biokimia

Pemahaman as. nukleat & kelainan genetik

sptinborn error of metabolism
Dasar u/ memperjelas kausa penyakit dan
merancang th/ yg sesuai.
Farmakologi metabolisme obat & rx. enzim
Toksikologi proses biokim pd kerja racun
Patologi (ilmu ttg peny) peradangan, cedera sel
dan kanker,
Pendekatan nutrisional dalam pencegahan penyakit.
Penelitian biokim & pemeriksaan lab bbg peny.

Ruang lingkup biokimia

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

8.
9.

Elemen penyusun tubuh

Air, pH & elektrolit
Sitoskeleton
bioenergitika
Makromolekul & mikromolekul
Struktur pembawa informasi
Metabolisme KH, protein, lipid & asam
nukleat
Regulasi tubuh fungsi endokrin
Khusus hemostasis & trombosis
imunoglobulin

Elemen penyusun
tubuh
Air 60 %
2. Makromoleku
l
3. Mikromolekul
4. Ion
Makromoleku
l
1. Karbohidrat
2. Protein
3. Lemak
1.

Senyawa
Organik

Senyawa Organik

Minimal mengandung atom C, H, O.

Unsur lain : N, S dan P
Ikatannya kovalen
Molekul organik kecil dapat bergabung
menjadi molekul yg lebih besar yg disebut
macromolecules
Macromolecul biasanya polymers
Polymer = molekul besar yg dibentuk dari
molekul penyusun kecil yg identik /
serupa (monomer) dg ikatan kovalen.

Reaksi pembentukan dan penguraian

polymer

Ada 4 polymer tubuh (Makro

molekul):
1. Karbohidrat
2. Protein
3. Lipid

Carbon and Its

Functional Groups

Karbohidrat

Rumus kimia Cn(H2O)n

Asal kata : karbo &
hidrat
Polimer
monosakarida
Hanya 2 3% massa
tubuh
Berdasarkan
strukturnya disebut
juga polihidroksi-

KARBOHIDRAT
Kepentingan Klinis
1.

2.
3.

4.

Sumber utama energi kimia penghasil

ATP, yakni energi yang dibutuhkan utk
menjalankan reaksi kimia tubuh
Komponen pembangun struktur tubuh
Komponen asam nukleat dan gula
darah
Tersedia sbg sumber makanan, baik
dari hewan (glikogen) ataupun
tanaman (pati)

Klasifikasi Karbohidrat
Monosakarida

CH2OH

MONOSKARIDA :
penamaan jlh atom C & gugus
HO
fx

Ketose and Aldose

1.polyhydroxy
ketone
KETOSE

2. polyhydroxy aldehyde
ALDOSE

C O

H C

OH

H C

OH

CH2OH

-OH > 1

CHO

O
C H
-OH > 1

H C
HO

OH
H

H C

OH

H C

OH

CH2OH

Isomer Optik
Krn adanya
atom-C
asimetris
D glukosa
dan L glukosa

Epimer

Monosakarida yg hanya berbeda pada 1

atom C

EPIMERS
Sugars that differ only in their stereochemistry at a single
carbon.

GLUCO

GALACTO

MANNO

Struktur cincin

Gugus
fungsional
aldehid
berkombinasi
dg alkohol
pada C-5 =
ikatan
hemiacetal
Atau pd
keton (kemi
ketal)

Derivat gula penting

1. Sugar acid

Derivat gula penting

4. Sugar Fosfat

Disakarida
maltosa

Disakarida

Polisakarida

1.

2.

Insoluble in water dan do

not taste sweet
Homo polisakarida : bila
dihidrolisis hanya
menjadi 1 jenis
monosakarida saja
Hetero polisakarida : bila
dihidrolisis akan
menghasilkan lebih dari 1
jenis monosakarida

Homo polisakarida =
homoglikan
pati, glikogen, selulosa, dextran, inulin
1.

Pati : tdd amilosa dan amilopectin, ikatan

- glikosida (1 4)
cadangan makanan tumbuhan : beras,
gandum, kentang dan sayuran,
Amilosa =
rantai lurus

Amilopectin
=
bercabang

Homo polisakarida =
homoglikan
pati, glikogen, selulosa, dextran, inulin
2. Glikogen

Struktur mirip amilopectin, cabang lbh

banyak

pati hewani

Bentukcadangan makanan pd mns

Tu. Ditemukan di otot dan liver

glikogen

Homo polisakarida =
homoglikan
pati, glikogen, selulosa, dextran, inulin
3. selulosa = serat

Struktur rantai linier, dg ikatan glikosida

Polisakarida terbanyak di alam

selulosa

Homo polisakarida =
homoglikan
pati, glikogen, selulosa, dextran, inulin
3. Dextran

Terdapat pada bakteri

Dpt digunakan sbg pengganti volume

plasma (infus)
4. Inulin

Digunakan utk menentukan laju filtrasi

glomerulus ginjal

Hetero polisakarida =
mukopolisakarida =
glikosaminoglikan
Beberapa contoh mukopolisakarida =
glikosaminoglikan adalah ;
1. Asam hialuronat
2. Kondroitin sulfat
3. Heparin
4. Keratan sulfat
5. Dermatan sulfat
Proteoglikan : kompleks mukopolisakarida
dan protein contoh kolagen dan

LIPID

Lipids make up 1825% of body mass in lean

adults
lipids contain C, H & O
most lipids are insoluble in polar solvents
such as water; they are hydrophobic
To become more soluble in blood plasma
join with hydrophilic protein molecules
Lipoprotein

Fatty Acids

used to synthesize triglycerides and phospholipids

can also be catabolized to generate adenosine
triphosphate (ATP)
Fatty acids can be either saturated or unsaturated:

saturated fatty acid contains only single

covalent bonds between the carbon atoms of the
hydrocarbon chain palmitic acis
unsaturated fatty acid contains one or more
double covalent bonds between the carbon atoms of
the hydrocarbon chain oleic acid
Monounsaturated
polyunsaturated

Saturated vs unsaturated
fatty acid

Fatty Acids in Health and

Disease

Essential fatty acids (EFAs) is essential to

human health
omega-3 fatty acids, omega-6 fatty acids,
and cis-fatty acids
Omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids are
polyunsaturated fatty acids that are
believed to work together to promote
health
Omega 3 source: flaxseed, fatty fish, fish
oils, and walnuts

Cis- fatty acid vs Transfatty acid

omega-6 fatty acids include most processed

foods (cereals, breads, white rice), eggs,
baked goods, oils with large amounts of
polyunsaturated fatty acids, and meats
(especially organ meats, such as liver)

Cis- fatty acid vs Transfatty acid

Cis-fatty acid mrpk asam lemak tidak jenuh

baik karena merupakan prekursor
pembentukan hormon (regulator) dan
membran sel
Ketika cis-fatty acids dipanaskan, dipressure,
berkombinasi dg katalis (spt nickel) maka
akan berubah menjadi trans-fatty acids mll
proses hydrogenation
Proses hidrogenasi lemak sayur pada
suhu kamar oleh pabrik hanya sedikit
trans FA.

Effect of trans-fatty acids

= kebalikan dari cis fatty acid
1.
2.
3.
4.

an increase in total cholesterol,

a decrease in HDL,
an increasein LDL, and
an increase in triglycerides.

These effects, which can increase the risk of

heart disease and other cardiovascular
diseases, are similar to those caused by
saturated fats.

Cis fatty acid

Phosphatdiylcholine
(lecithine)

Phosphoacylglycerols containing
choline are the most abundant
phospholipids of the cell membrane
Dipalmitoyl lecithin is a very effective
surfaceactive agent and a major
constituent of the surfactant, to
prevent adherence, due to surface
tension, of the inner surfaces of the
lungs
Sphingomyelins are found in large
quantities in brain and nerve tissue

Sphingomyelin

On hydrolysis, the sphingomyelins

a fatty acid, phosphoric acid, choline,
and a complex amino alcohol,
sphingosine

Triglycerides

The most plentiful lipids in your body and in your diet

are the triglycerides
consists of two types of building blocks, a single
glycerol molecule and three fatty acid molecules
Fat is a triglyceride that is a solid at room temperature
consists of saturated fatty acids
Oil is a triglyceride that is a liquid at room temperature
mostly unsaturated fatty acids

Monounsaturated fats: Olive oil, peanut oil, canola oil,

most nuts, and avocados
Polyunsaturated fats: Corn oil, safflower oil, sunflower
oil, soybean oil, and fatty fish (salmon, tuna, and mackerel)

Pembentukan triglyceride

List of n3 fatty acids

This table lists several different names for the most
common n3 fatty acids found in nature.
Common name

Lipid name

Hexadecatrienoic acid (HTA)

16:3 (n3)

-Linolenic acid (ALA)

18:3 (n3)

Stearidonic acid (SDA)

18:4 (n3)

Chemical name
all-cis-7,10,13-hexadecatrienoic
acid
all-cis-9,12,15-octadecatrienoic
acid
all-cis-6,9,12,15octadecatetraenoic acid

Eicosatrienoic acid (ETE)

20:3 (n3)

all-cis-11,14,17-eicosatrienoic acid

Eicosatetraenoic acid (ETA)

20:4 (n3)

Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)

20:5 (n3)

all-cis-8,11,14,17-eicosatetraenoic
acid
all-cis-5,8,11,14,17eicosapentaenoic acid

Heneicosapentaenoic
21:5 (n3)
acid (HPA)
Docosapentaenoic acid (DPA),
22:5 (n3)
Clupanodonic acid

all-cis-6,9,12,15,18heneicosapentaenoic acid

Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) 22:6 (n3)

all-cis-4,7,10,13,16,19docosahexaenoic acid

Tetracosapentaenoic acid

24:5 (n3)

all-cis-9,12,15,18,21tetracosapentaenoic acid

Tetracosahexaenoic
acid (Nisinic acid)

24:6 (n3)

all-cis-6,9,12,15,18,21tetracosahexaenoic acid

all-cis-7,10,13,16,19docosapentaenoic acid

Steroids, contoh
kolesterol

Dikaitkan dg aterosklerosis
Tapi juga mrpk prekursor
sejumlah besar steroid
penting : asam empedu,
hormon adrenocortical, sex
hormones, D vitamins,
cardiac glycosides, sitosterols
of the plant kingdom, and
some alkaloid.
All of the steroids have a
similar cyclic nucleus
resembling phenanthrene

Selamat
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