10-1

Sifat Aset Tetap

Aset
Aset tetap
tetap mempunyai
mempunyai
Ya
Aset Tetap
umur
umur yang
yang panjang
panjang atau
atau
permanen.
permanen. Tidak
Beban / Biaya

Aset
Aset tetap
tetap berwujud
berwujud
Ya
Aset Tetap
karena
karena mempunyai
mempunyai
Aset tak
bentuk
bentuk fisik.
fisik. Tidak berwujud

Dimiliki
Dimiliki dan
dan digunakan
digunakan
Ya
Aset Tetap
oleh
oleh perusahaan
perusahaan dan
dan
tidak
tidak untuk
untuk dijual
dijual Tidak
Persediaan
sebagai
sebagai bagian
bagian dari
dari Investasi
operasional.
operasional.
10-2
 Pengaturan Aset Tetap dalam PSAK

Bunga Penurunan
Nilai Aset
Pinjaman
PSAK PSAK
26 48
2010 2010

Aset Tetap
PSAK PSAK Terkait
PSAK
16 Aset tetap 58
2011
2010
PSAK
13 & 19 Aset Tidak Lancar
ISAK 25 Dimiliki untuk Dijual dan
PSAK
Operasi yang Dihentikan
Sewa 30
2011 Investasi Properti
Aset tidak
berwujud 3
10-3 Tanah
 Ikhtisar Perubahan PSAK 16 (Revisi 2011)

No Perihal PSAK 16 Revisi PSAK 16 Lama

1 Istilah Aset Aktiva
2 Penyusutan Digabung di PSAK 16. Bagian Diatur di PSAK lain
yg signifikan disusutkan
terpisah.
3 Komponen biaya Termasuk: Tidak mengatur 2 hal tsb
perolehan biaya imbalan kerja secara spesifik.
biaya pengujian aset hasil
penjualan dari pengujian
4 Bukan komponen Kegiatan insidental ini Tidak mengatur hal tsb
biaya perolehan mungkin terjadi sebelum atau secara spesifik.
selama konstruksi atau
aktivitas pengembangan
(misal : parkir)
5 Pertukaran aset Membedakan antara ada Membedakan pertukaran
substansi komersial atau sejenis dan tidak sejenis
tidak.
4
10-4
 Ikhtisar Perubahan PSAK 16 (Revisi 2011)

No Perihal PSAK 16 Revisi PSAK 16 Lama

6 Pengukuran Cost Model atau Revaluation Hanya Cost Model,
setelah pengakuan Model revaluasi boleh dilakukan
Awal jika sesuai ketentuan
pemerintah
7 Telaah ulang nilai Harus dilakukan minimum tiap Telaah nilai residu tidak
residu, umur akhir tahun dan perubahannya diatur, perubahan umur
manfaat & metode diperlakukan sebagai manfaat diperlakukan
penyusutan perubahan estimasi prospektif, perubahan
(prospektif). metode penyusutan
retrospektif.
8 Aktiva Lain-lain Diatur di PSAK lain Mengatur Aktiva Lain-lain
9 Dismantling cost Diakui sebagai biaya perolehan Tidak diatur
dan kewajiban

5
10-5
 Pengertian Aset Tetap

Definisi Aset tetap adalah aset berwujud yang: (par 6)

1. Dimiliki untuk digunakan dalam produksi atau
penyediaan barang atau jasa, untuk direntalkan
kepada pihak lain, atau untuk tujuan administratif; dan
2. Diharapkan digunakan selama lebih dari satu periode.

Ciri
Used in operations and
not for resale.
Long-term in nature and
Tidak berlaku untuk
usually depreciated.
Possess physical substance. Hak penambangan
Reservasi tambang
6
10-6
 PROPERTY, PLANT, AND EQUIPMENT

Property, plant, and equipment are assets of a durable

nature. Other terms commonly used are plant assets and
fixed assets.

Used in operations and not Includes:

for resale.
Long-term in nature and
usually depreciated.
Possess physical substance.
Land,
Building structures
(offices, factories,
warehouses), and
Equipment (machinery,
furniture, tools).

10-7 LO 1
 ACQUISITION OF PROPERTY, PLANT,
AND EQUIPMENT (PP&E)

Historical cost measures the cash or cash equivalent price of

obtaining the asset and bringing it to the location and condition
necessary for its intended use.

In general, costs include:

1. Purchase price, including import duties and non-refundable
purchase taxes, less trade discounts and rebates.

2. Costs attributable to bringing the asset to the location and

condition necessary for it to be used in a manner intended
by the company.

10-8 LO 2
 ACQUISITION OF PROPERTY, PLANT,
AND EQUIPMENT (PP&E)

Companies value property, plant, and equipment in

subsequent periods using either the
cost method or
fair value (revaluation) method.

10-9 LO 2
 Harga Perolehan Aset Tetap - Dikapitalisasi

Kapitalisasi
Kapitalisasi proses
proses menangguhkan
menangguhkan biaya
biaya
perolehan
perolehan yang
yang terjadi
terjadi pada
pada periode
periode sekarang
sekarang ke
ke
periode
periode masa
masa depan
depan didi mana
mana aset
aset tersebut
tersebut
diharapkan
diharapkan memberikan
memberikan manfaat
manfaat

Biaya
Biaya dikapitalisasi
dikapitalisasi jika
jika memenuhi
memenuhi kriteria
kriteria ::
Terjadi
Terjadi dari
dari transaksi
transaksi masa
masa lalu
lalu
Dapat
Dapat diidentifikasi
diidentifikasi dan
dan memiliki
memiliki manfaat
manfaat
di
di masa
masa mendatang
mendatang
Pemilik
Pemilik memiliki
memiliki kendali
kendali atas
atas manfaat
manfaat
di
di masa
masa depan
depan dari
dari aset
aset tersebut
tersebut
control
control over
over future
future benefits
benefits

10-10
 Harga Perolehan Aset Tetap
Dialokasikan Beban Depresiasi

Alokasi
Alokasi proses
proses membebankan
membebankan biaya
biaya yang
yang
dikapitalisasi
dikapitalisasi pada
pada periode
periode di
di mana
mana aset
aset
tersebut
tersebut memberikan
memberikan manfaat.
manfaat.
Ditentukan
Ditentukan oleh
oleh masa
masa manfaat,
manfaat, nilai
nilai sisi
sisi dan
dan
metode
metode alokasi
alokasi

Proses
Proses alokasi
alokasi dikenal
dikenal sebagai:
sebagai:
Depreciation
Depreciation untuk
untuk aset
aset tetap
tetap

10-11
 ACQUISITION OF PP&E

Cost of Land
All expenditures made to acquire land and ready it for use.
Costs typically include:

(1) purchase price;

(2) closing costs, such as title to the land, attorneys fees, and
recording fees;
(3) costs of grading, filling, draining, and clearing;
(4) assumption of any liens, mortgages, or encumbrances on
the property; and
(5) additional land improvements that have an indefinite life.

10-12 LO 2
 ACQUISITION OF PP&E

Cost of Land
Improvements with limited lives, such as private
driveways, walks, fences, and parking lots, are recorded
as Land Improvements and depreciated.
Land acquired and held for speculation is classified as
an investment.
Land held by a real estate concern for resale should be
classified as inventory.

10-13 LO 2
 ACQUISITION OF PP&E

Cost of Buildings
Includes all expenditures related directly to acquisition or
construction. Costs include:
materials, labor, and overhead costs incurred during
construction and

professional fees and building permits.

Companies consider all costs incurred, from excavation to

completion, as part of the building costs.

10-14 LO 2
 ACQUISITION OF PP&E

Cost of Equipment
Include all expenditures incurred in acquiring the equipment
and preparing it for use. Costs include:
purchase price,
freight and handling charges,
insurance on the equipment while in transit,
cost of special foundations if required,
assembling and installation costs, and
costs of conducting trial runs.

10-15 LO 2
 ACQUISITION OF PP&E

Illustration: The expenditures and receipts below are related to land,

land improvements, and buildings acquired for use in a business
enterprise. Determine how the following should be classified:

a. Money borrowed to pay building contractor a. Notes Payable

(signed a note)
b. Payment for construction from note proceeds b. Buildings
c. Cost of land fill and clearing c. Land
d. Delinquent real estate taxes on property d. Land
assumed by purchaser
e. Premium on 6-month insurance policy during e. Buildings
construction

10-16 LO 2
 ACQUISITION OF PP&E

Illustration: Determine how the following should be classified:

f. Refund of 1-month insurance premium f. (Buildings)

because construction completed early
g. Architects fee on building g. Buildings
h. Cost of real estate purchased as a plant site h. Land
(land 200,000 and building 50,000)
i. Commission fee paid to real estate agency i. Land
j. Cost of razing and removing building j. Land
k. Installation of fences around property k. Land
Improvements

10-17 LO 2
 ACQUISITION OF PP&E

Illustration: Determine how the following should be classified:

l. Proceeds from residual value of demolished l. (Land)

building
m. Interest paid during construction on money m. Buildings
borrowed for construction
n. Land
n. Cost of parking lots and driveways
Improvements
o. Cost of trees and shrubbery planted o. Land
(permanent in nature)
p. Excavation costs for new building p. Buildings

10-18 LO 2
 Pengakuan Aset Tetap

Suku
Suku cadang
cadang utama
utama dandan peralatan
peralatan siap
siap
pakai
pakai termasuk
termasuk asetaset tetap
tetap jika
jika
digunakan
digunakan lebih
lebih dari
dari satu
satu periode
periode
hanya
hanya digunakan
digunakan untuk
untuk aset
aset tertentu
tertentu
komponen
komponen yang
yang diganti
diganti tidak
tidak diakui
diakui
lagi.
lagi.
Contoh:
Contoh: Entitas
Entitas membeli
membeli suatu
suatu komponen
komponen suku
suku
cadang
cadang dari
dari suatu
suatu mesin.
mesin. Suku
Suku cadang
cadang tersebut
tersebut
spesifik
spesifik dan
dan harganya
harganya material
material dibandingkan
dibandingkan
dengan
dengan nilai
nilai aset
aset tersebut.
tersebut. Jangka
Jangka waktu
waktu
pemakaian
pemakaian suku
suku cadang
cadang tersebut
tersebut lebih
lebih satu
satu
tahun.
tahun.
Suku
Suku cadang
cadang dikategorikan
dikategorikan sebagai
sebagai aset
aset pada
pada
saat
saat pembelian,
pembelian, dengan
dengan syarat
syarat komponen
komponen yang
yang
akan
akan diganti
diganti dihapuskan
dihapuskan dari
dari pembukuan.
pembukuan.
19
10-19
 ACQUISITION OF PP&E

Self-Constructed Assets
Costs include:
Materials and direct labor
Overhead can be handled in two ways:
1. Assign no fixed overhead.

2. Assign a portion of all overhead to the construction

process.

Companies use the second method extensively.

10-20 LO 3
 Pengukuran Awal

Suatu aset tetap yang memenuhi kualifikasi

untuk diakui sebagai aset tetap pada
awalnya harus diukur sebesar biaya
perolehan. (par 15)
Biaya
Biaya Perolehan
Perolehan

Biaya
Biaya yang
yang dapat
dapat
diatribusikan
diatribusikan
secara
secara langsung
langsung Biaya
Biaya pembongkaran
pembongkaran
dan
dan pemindahan
pemindahan aset
aset
tetap
tetap dan
dan restorasi
restorasi
lokasi
lokasi aset
aset
21
10-21
 Biaya Perolehan awal

Seluruh
Seluruh biaya
biaya terkait
terkait aset
aset yang
yang
memiliki
memiliki manfaat
manfaat di di masa
masa
mendatang.
mendatang.
Aset
Aset lain
lain yang
yang berfungsi
berfungsi agar
agar
suatu
suatu aset
aset dapat
dapat memiliki
memiliki
manfaat
manfaat di di masa
masa mendatang.
mendatang.
Alat
Alat yang
yang dipasang
dipasang agar
agar
pabrik
pabrik dapat
dapat berjalan
berjalan sesuai
sesuai
dengan
dengan ketentuan
ketentuan pengolahan
pengolahan
limbah
limbah industri.
industri.

22
10-22
 Biaya Setelah Perolehan Awal
Biaya
Biaya pemeliharaan
pemeliharaan dandan perbaikan diakui
perbaikan diakui beban
beban
di
di laporan
laporan laba
laba rugi
rugi komprehensif
komprehensif periode
periode
berjalan
berjalan
Perawatan
Perawatan
Suku
Suku cadang
cadang kecil
kecil
Penggantian
Penggantian aset
aset akan
akan menambah
menambah aset
aset jika:
jika:
Memenuhi
Memenuhi kriteria
kriteria aset
aset (memiliki
(memiliki masa
masa manfaat
manfaat
lebih
lebih dari
dari satu
satu periode
periode dan
dan diukur
diukur dengan
dengan andal)
andal)
Komponen
Komponen yangyang diganti
diganti tidak
tidak lagi
lagi dicatat
dicatat sebagai
sebagai
aset
aset
Inspeksi
Inspeksi yang
yang signifikan
signifikan dapat
dapat diakui
diakui sebagai
sebagai aset
aset
jika:
jika:
Memenuhi
Memenuhi kriteria
kriteria aset
aset
Nilai
Nilai inspeksi
inspeksi terdahulu
terdahulu (dibedakan
(dibedakan dari
dari fisik)
fisik)
dihentikan
dihentikan pencatatanya
pencatatanya
23
10-23
 Komponen biaya Perolehan

a) Harga perolehan, termasuk bea impor dan pajak

pembelian yang tidak dapat dikreditkan setelah dikurangi
diskon pembelian dan potongan lain;
b) Biaya-biaya yang dapat diatribusikan secara langsung
untuk membawa aset ke lokasi dan kondisi yang
diinginkan agar aset siap digunakan sesuai dengan
keinginan dan maksud manajemen
c) Estimasi awal biaya pembongkaran dan pemindahan aset
tetap dan restorasi lokasi aset. Kewajiban atas biaya
tersebut timbul
ketika aset tersebut diperoleh, atau
karena entitas menggunakan aset tersebut selama
periode tertentu untuk tujuan selain untuk menghasilkan
persediaan. 24
10-24
 Biaya Diatribusikan Langsung

a) Biaya imbalan kerja yang timbul dari

pembangunan atau akuisisi aset tetap.
b) Biaya penyiapan lahan untuk pabrik;
c) Biaya handling dan penyerahan awal;
d) Biaya perakitan dan instalasi
e) Biaya pengujian aset apakah aset
berfungsi dengan baik (setelah
dikurangi hasil penjualan produk
tersebut)
f) Komisi profesional

25
10-25
 Bukan Komponen Biaya Perolehan

a) Biaya pembukaan fasilitas baru

b) Biaya pengenalan produk baru
c) Biaya penyelenggaraan bisnis di lokasi baru
termasuk biaya pelatihan staf
d) Administrasi dan overhead umum
e) Biaya saat alat belum beroperasi penuh
f) Kerugian awal operasi
g) Biaya relokasi dan reorganisasi operasi entitas.
h) Hasil dari aset sebelum dimanfaatkan (hasil
parkir dari lahan yang belum digunakan).
i) Laba internal jika aset tersebut merupakan
persediaan perusahaan.

26
10-26
 Ilustrasi Biaya Perolehan
Contoh
Contoh

Entitas membeli peralatan yang diimport

dari luar neger. Harga peralatan 400.000
USD.
Cost insurance and freight sebesar 20.000
USD.
Peralatan tersebut dikenakan bea masuk
dan bea masuk tambahan sebesar 15% dari
nilai CIF.
PPN 10% dan PPh 22 sebesar 2,5%.
Kurs spot atas atas pembelian peralatan
tersebut sebesar 9.500 dan kurs KMK yang
berlaku pada saat transaksi sebesar 9.600.

27
10-27
 Ilustrasi Biaya Perolehan
Contoh
Contoh
Nilai peralatan : 400.000 + 20.000 = 420.000 USD
420.000 x 9.500 = 3.990.000.000 pencatatan perusahaan
Bea masuk 420.000 x 15% x 9.600 = 604.800.000
Total CIF + bea masuk (kurs pajak) = 420.000 x 115% x
9.600 = 4.636.800.000
PPN = 10% x 4.636.800.000 = 463.680.000
PPh 22 = 2,5% x 4.636.800.000 = 115.920.000
Nilai peralatan 3.990.000.000 + 604.800.000 = 4.594.800.000

Peralatan 3.990.000.000
Utang Dagang 3.990.000.000
Peralatan (bea masuk) 604.800.000
Kas 604.800.000
PPN Masukan 463.680.000
Pajak dby dmk PPh22 115.920.000
Kas 604.800.000
28
10-28
 Ilustrasi Biaya Perolehan
Contoh
Contoh

Berikut ini biaya yang dikeluarkan PT. Kelana dalam

rangka perolehan mesin baru untuk produk barunya:
1. 5 milyar untuk pembelian mesin
2. 50 juta biaya tenaga kerja untuk merubah interior
pabrik agar sesuai dengan penggunaan mesin.
3. 100 juta untuk penyiapan lokasi pabrik
4. 80 juta untuk pengiriman mesin
Diskusikan
mana yang
5. 500 juta PPN dan 500 juta bea masuk.
merupakan
6. Biaya promosi produk baru 800 juta
biaya
7. Biaya instalasi mesin sebesar 120 juta perolehan??
8. Biaya pengetesan awal 50 juta
9. Biaya grand opening 130 juta
10. Biaya tenaga enginering yang melakukan
pengetesan dan instalasi 30 juta
11. Biaya administrasi yang dimasukkan dalam biaya
overhead 25 juta
29
10-29
 Pengukuran Awal
Example
Example

Biaya
Biaya dari
dari pembukaan
pembukaan pabrikpabrik tersebut
tersebut
sebesar
sebesar
5.000+50+100+80+500+500+120+50+30=
5.000+50+100+80+500+500+120+50+30= 6,430 6,430
milyar
milyar
Biaya
Biaya yang
yang tidak
tidak berhubungan
berhubungan langsung
langsung
dengan
dengan perolehan
perolehan dandan pemasangan
pemasangan mesin
mesin
pabrik
pabrik tersebut
tersebut tidak
tidak boleh
boleh diakui.
diakui.
Biaya
Biaya yang
yang tidak
tidak boleh
boleh dimasukkan
dimasukkan adalah:
adalah:
1.
1. Biaya
Biaya grand
grand opening
opening 130
130 juta
juta
2.
2. Biaya
Biaya promosi
promosi produk
produk baru
baru 800
800 juta
juta
3.
3. Biaya
Biaya administrasi
administrasi yang
yang dimasukkan
dimasukkan dalam
dalam biaya
biaya
overhead
overhead 25
25 juta
juta
30
10-30
 Dismantling Cost
Contoh
Contoh

Perusahaan
Perusahaan menyewa
menyewa sebuah
sebuah lahan
lahan selama
selama 55 tahun
tahun untuk
untuk
didirikan
didirikan bangunan
bangunan sementara
sementara untuk
untuk kegiatan
kegiatan operasional
operasional kantor.
kantor.
Biaya
Biaya untuk
untuk mendirikan
mendirikan bangunan
bangunan tersebut
tersebut sebesar
sebesar 1.200
1.200 juta.
juta.
Bangunan
Bangunan tersebut
tersebut menurut
menurut perjanjian
perjanjian sewa,
sewa, harus
harus dibongkar
dibongkar di
di
akhir
akhir masa
masa sewa.
sewa. Estimasi
Estimasi biaya
biaya pembongkaran
pembongkaran rumah
rumah tersebut
tersebut
200
200 juta
juta
Harga
Harga perolehan
perolehan bangunan
bangunan adalah
adalah 1.200
1.200 juta
juta ditambah
ditambah estimasi
estimasi
biaya
biaya pembongkaran.
pembongkaran. 200200 juta
juta :: (1
(1 ++ 8%)
8%)55 == 135,1167
135,1167 jt)
jt)
Biaya
Biaya partisi
partisi diakui
diakui dalam
dalam neraca
neraca dengan
dengan jurnal
jurnal
berikut:
berikut:
Dr
Dr Aset
Aset Tetap
Tetap 1.335.1167
1.335.1167 jt jt
Cr
Cr Kas
Kas 1.200
1.200 jt jt
Kewajiban
Kewajiban diestimasi
diestimasi 135,1167jt
135,1167jt

Jurnal
Jurnal penyesuaian
penyesuaian kewajiban
kewajiban tahun
tahun 11
Cr
Cr Beban
Beban bunga
bunga 10,889
10,889 jt
jt 31
10-31 Kewajiban
Kewajiban diestimasi
diestimasi 10,889
10,889 jtjt
 Dismantling Cost
Example
Example

PT. ABC membangun instalasi minyak lepas pantai. Biaya yang

dikeluarkan sebesar 300 milyar. Peraturan pemerintah
mengharuskan entitas memindahkan instalasi tersebut di akhir
konsesi (20 tahun yang akan datang). Estimasi biaya untuk
melakukan pemindahan dan restorasi sebesar 80 milyar.
Tingkat bunga yang berlaku 6%. PV dari biaya restorasi
24,94.
Instalasi
Instalasi minyak
minyak diakui
diakui dalam
dalam neraca
neraca dengan
dengan jurnal
jurnal berikut:
berikut:
Dr
Dr Aset
Aset Tetap
Tetap 324,94
324,94 milyar
milyar
Cr
Cr Kas
Kas 300
300 milyar
milyar
Kewajiban
Kewajiban diestimasi
diestimasi 24,94
24,94 milyar
milyar

Jurnal
Jurnal penyesuaian
penyesuaian kewajiban
kewajiban tahun
tahun 11
Cr
Cr Beban
Beban bunga
bunga 1,497
1,497 milyar
milyar
Kewajiban
Kewajiban diestimasi
diestimasi 1,497
1,497 milyar
milyar
32
10-32
 Diskusi - Pengukuran Awal
Example
Example

Entitas
Entitas membeli
membeli peralatan
peralatan dengan
dengan harga
harga 2,4
2,4 milyar.
milyar.
Biaya
Biaya instalasi
instalasi dan
dan pemasangan
pemasangan 200 200 juta.
juta. Biaya
Biaya komisi
komisi
// perantara
perantara sebesar
sebesar 500500 juta,
juta, biaya
biaya pengadaan
pengadaan dan dan
perjalanan
perjalanan dinas
dinas terkait
terkait pengadaan
pengadaan peralatan
peralatan tersebut
tersebut
100
100 juta?
juta?
Biaya
Biaya lain-lain
lain-lain tersebut
tersebut apakah
apakah dapat
dapat dikategorikan
dikategorikan
sebagai
sebagai biaya perolehan
biayakonsep
perolehan aset
aset ??
Berdasarkan
Berdasarkan konsep perolehan semua
perolehan semua biaya
biaya yang
yang
terkait
terkait dengan
dengan pengadaan
pengadaan dapatdapat ditambahkan
ditambahkan dalam
dalam
penilaian
penilaian aset.
aset.
Namun
Namun jika jika nilai
nilai biaya
biaya ini
ini material,
material, akan
akan membuat
membuat nilai
nilai
tercatat
tercatat aset
aset tidak
tidak mencerminkan
mencerminkan manfaat
manfaat yang
yang akan
akan
diperoleh
diperoleh di di masa
masa mendatang.
mendatang.
Aset
Aset dapat
dapat dicatat
dicatat mengalami
mengalami penurunan
penurunan nilai
nilai pada
pada
periode
periode berikutnya
berikutnya
Perlu
Perlu koordinasi:
koordinasi: akuntansi,
akuntansi, pengelolaan
pengelolaan dan
dan pengguna
pengguna
33
10-33
 Diskusi - Pengukuran Awal
Example
Example

Bagaimana
Bagaimana pencatatan
pencatatan nilai
nilai aset
aset dan
dan biaya-biaya
biaya-biaya lain
lain
terkait
terkait dengan
dengan aset
aset tersebut?
tersebut?

Apakah
Apakah perlu
perlu dipisahkan
dipisahkan atau
atau dicatat
dicatat menjadi
menjadi satu?
satu?

Praktik
Praktik yang
yang sering
sering dilakukan,
dilakukan, semua
semua biaya
biaya tersebut
tersebut
dicatat
dicatat menjadi
menjadi satu
satu sebagai
sebagai nilai
nilai aset.
aset.

Dokumen
Dokumen transaksi
transaksi yang
yang menjelaskan
menjelaskan secara
secara rinci
rinci
komponen
komponen biaya
biaya perolehan.
perolehan.

Tanggal
Tanggal pengeluaran
pengeluaran biaya
biaya seringkali
seringkali berbeda-beda,
berbeda-beda,
dapat
dapat terjadi
terjadi sebelum
sebelum atau atau sesudah
sesudah asetaset utama
utama
diperoleh.
diperoleh.

Untuk
Untuk sebelum
sebelum aset
aset utama
utama diperoleh
diperoleh jika
jika dapat
dapat diidentifikasi
diidentifikasi
berhubungan
berhubungan langsung
langsung dengan
dengan asetaset dapat
dapat diakui
diakui sebagai
sebagai beban
beban
tangguhan
tangguhansebelum
sebelumdicatat
dicatatsebagai
sebagaiaset.
aset.

Untuk
Untuk beban
beban setelah
setelah aset
aset utama
utama diakui
diakui sebagai
sebagai penambah
penambah nilai
nilai
aset tetap ditentukan titik pengakuan saat
aset tetap ditentukan titik pengakuan saat aset mulai aset mulai
digunakan.
digunakan.
34
10-34
 Diskusi - Pengukuran Awal
Example
Example

Apakah pencatatan aset dilakukan secara global sebagai

satu kesatuan atau pencatatan harus dilakukan untuk
masing-masing komponen.
Pertimbangan pencatatan sebagai aset terpisah
Manfaat dan biaya dari pencatatan aset secara terpisah
Aset dapat diidentifikasi secara terpisah
Entitas dapat secara ekonomis memisahkan biaya aset per
komponen.
Masing-masing komponen aset memiliki masa manfaat yang
berbeda contoh rangka pesawat dan asesoris dalam
pesawat; bangunan dan lift; tanah dan bangunan.
Perolehan aset dilakukan secara terpisah sehingga dapat
diidentifikasi dengan mudah.

35
10-35
 Acquisition and Disposition
10 of Property, Plant, and
Equipment

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After studying this chapter, you should be able to:
1. Describe property, plant, and 5. Understand accounting issues related
equipment. to acquiring and valuing plant assets.
2. Identify the costs to include in initial 6. Describe the accounting treatment for
valuation of property, plant, and costs subsequent to acquisition.
equipment. 7. Describe the accounting treatment for
3. Describe the accounting problems the disposal of property, plant, and
associated with self-constructed assets. equipment.

4. Describe the accounting

problems associated with
interest capitalization.
10-36
 ACQUISITION OF PP&E

Interest Costs During Construction

Three approaches have been suggested to account for the
interest incurred in financing the construction.

$0
Increase to Cost of Asset $?

Capitalize no Capitalize
interest during Capitalize actual
Capitalize actual all costs of
construction costs incurred
costs incurred during
during funds
construction
construction

ILLUSTRATION 10-1
Capitalization of Interest
Costs IFRS

10-37 LO 4
 ACQUISITION OF PP&E

Interest Costs During Construction

IFRS requires capitalizing actual interest (with
modification).
Consistent with historical cost.
Capitalization considers three items:

1. Qualifying assets.

2. Capitalization period.

3. Amount to capitalize.

10-38 LO 4
 Interest Costs During Construction

Qualifying Assets
Require a substantial period of time to get them ready for
their intended use or sale.
Two types of assets:
Assets under construction for a companys own use.
Assets intended for sale or lease that are constructed or
produced as discrete projects.

10-39 LO 4
 Interest Costs During Construction

Capitalization Period
Begins when:
1. Expenditures for the assets are being incurred.

2. Activities for readying the asset for use or sale

are in progress .

3. Interest costs are being incurred.

Ends when:
The asset is substantially complete and ready for use.

10-40 LO 4
 Interest Costs During Construction

Amount to Capitalize
Capitalize the lesser of:
1. Actual interest cost incurred.
2. Avoidable interest - the amount of interest cost during
the period that a company could theoretically avoid if it
had not made expenditures for the asset.

10-41 LO 4
 Interest Costs During Construction
Illustration: Assume a company borrowed $200,000 at 12% interest
from State Bank on Jan. 1, 2015, for specific purposes of constructing
special-purpose equipment to be used in its operations. Construction on
the equipment began on Jan. 1, 2015, and the following expenditures
were made prior to the projects completion on Dec. 31, 2015:

Other general debt existing on

Jan. 1, 2015:

$500,000, 14%, 10-year

bonds payable

$300,000, 10%, 5-year

note payable

10-42 LO 4
 Interest Costs During Construction

Step 1 - Determine which assets qualify for capitalization of

interest.
Special purpose equipment qualifies because it requires a period of
time to get ready and it will be used in the companys operations.

Step 2 - Determine the capitalization period.

The capitalization period is from Jan. 1, 2015 through Dec. 31, 2015,
because expenditures are being made and interest costs are being
incurred during this period while construction is taking place.

10-43 LO 4
 Interest Costs During Construction

Step 3 - Compute weighted-average accumulated

expenditures.

A company weights the construction expenditures by the amount of time

(fraction of a year or accounting period) that it can incur interest cost on the
expenditure.
10-44 LO 4
 Interest Costs During Construction

Step 4 - Compute the Actual and Avoidable Interest.

Selecting Appropriate Interest Rate:

1. For the portion of weighted-average accumulated expenditures
that is less than or equal to any amounts borrowed specifically to
finance construction of the assets, use the interest rate incurred
on the specific borrowings.

2. For the portion of weighted-average accumulated expenditures

that is greater than any debt incurred specifically to finance
construction of the assets, use a weighted average of interest
rates incurred on all other outstanding debt during the
period.

10-45 LO 4
 Interest Costs During Construction
Step 4 - Compute the Actual and Avoidable Interest.

Actual Interest

Weighted-average
interest rate on
general debt
$100,000
= 12.5%
$800,000

Avoidable Interest

10-46 LO 4
 Interest Costs During Construction

Step 5 Capitalize the lesser of Avoidable interest or Actual

interest.

Journal entry to Capitalize Interest:

Equipment 30,250
Interest Expense 30,250

10-47 LO 4
 Interest Costs During Construction

Comprehensive Illustration: On November 1, 2014, Shalla

Company contracted Pfeifer Construction Co. to construct a building
for $1,400,000 on land costing $100,000 (purchased from the
contractor and included in the first payment). Shalla made the
following payments to the construction company during 2015.

10-48 LO 4
 Interest Costs During Construction

Pfeifer Construction completed the building, ready for occupancy, on

December 31, 2015. Shalla had the following debt outstanding at
December 31, 2015.

Specific Construction Debt

1. 15%, 3-year note to finance purchase of land and
construction of the building, dated December 31, 2014, with
interest payable annually on December 31 $750,000
Other Debt
2. 10%, 5-year note payable, dated December 31, 2011, with
interest payable annually on December 31 $550,000
3. 12%, 10-year bonds issued December 31, 2010, with
interest payable annually on December 31 $600,000

Compute weighted-average accumulated expenditures for 2015.

10-49 LO 4
 Interest Costs During Construction

Compute weighted-average accumulated expenditures for 2015.

ILLUSTRATION 10-4
Computation of Weighted-Average
Accumulated Expenditures

10-50 LO 4
 Interest Costs During Construction
ILLUSTRATION 10-5
Compute the avoidable interest. Computation of
Avoidable Interest

10-51 LO 4
 Interest Costs During Construction

Compute the actual interest cost, which represents the maximum

amount of interest that it may capitalize during 2015.

ILLUSTRATION 10-6
Computation of Actual The interest cost that Shalla capitalizes is the
Interest Cost
lesser of $120,228 (avoidable interest) and
$239,500 (actual interest), or $120,228.

10-52 LO 4
 Interest Costs During Construction

Shalla records the following journal entries during 2015:

January 1 Land 100,000

Buildings (or CIP) 110,000
Cash 210,000
March 1 Buildings 300,000
Cash 300,000
May 1 Buildings 540,000
Cash 540,000
December 31 Buildings 450,000
Cash 450,000
Buildings (Capitalized Interest) 120,228
Interest Expense 119,272
Cash 239,500

10-53 LO 4
 Interest Costs During Construction

At December 31, 2015, Shalla discloses the amount of interest

capitalized either as part of the income statement or in the notes
accompanying the financial statements.

ILLUSTRATION 10-7
Capitalized Interest
Reported in the Income
Statement

ILLUSTRATION 10-8
Capitalized Interest
Disclosed in a Note

10-54 LO 4
 Interest Costs During Construction

Special Issues Related to Interest Capitalization

1. Expenditures for Land
If land is purchased as a site for a structure, interest
costs capitalized during the period of construction are
part of the cost of the plant, not the land.
Conversely, if the company develops land for lot sales,
it includes any capitalized interest cost as part of the
acquisition cost of the developed land.

2. Interest Revenue
In general, companies should not offset interest revenue
against interest cost unless earned on specific borrowings.
10-55 LO 4
 WHATS YOUR
WHAT S IN YOUR PRINCIPLE
INTEREST?

How do statement users determine the impact of interest capitalization

on a companys bottom line? They examine the notes to the financial
statements. Companies with material interest capitalization must
disclose the amounts of capitalized interest relative to total interest
costs. For example, Royal Dutch Shell (GBR and NLD) capitalized
nearly 42 percent of its total interest costs in a recent year and
provided the following footnote related to capitalized interest.

10-56 LO 4
 Acquisition and Disposition
10 of Property, Plant, and
Equipment

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After studying this chapter, you should be able to:
1. Describe property, plant, and
equipment.
2. Identify the costs to include in initial
valuation of property, plant, and
equipment.
3. Describe the accounting problems
associated with self-constructed assets.
4. Describe the accounting problems
associated with interest capitalization.
5. Understand accounting issues
related to acquiring and valuing
plant assets.
6. Describe the accounting treatment for
costs subsequent to acquisition.
7. Describe the accounting treatment for
the disposal of property, plant, and
equipment.

10-57
 VALUATION OF PROPERTY, PLANT &
EQUIPMENT

Companies should record property, plant, and equipment:

at the fair value of what they give up or
at the fair value of the asset received,

whichever is more clearly evident.

10-58 LO 5
 VALUATION OF PP&E

Cash Discounts Discounts for prompt payment.

Deferred-Payment Contracts Assets purchased on
long-term credit contracts are valued at the present value of the
consideration exchanged.

Lump-Sum Purchases Allocate the total cost among

the various assets on the basis of their relative fair market
values.

Issuance of Shares The market price of the shares

issued is a fair indication of the cost of the property acquired.

10-59 LO 5
 VALUATION OF PP&E

Exchanges of Non-Monetary Assets

Ordinarily accounted for on the basis of:
the fair value of the asset given up or
the fair value of the asset received,

whichever is clearly more evident.

Companies should recognize immediately any gains or losses on

the exchange when the transaction has commercial substance.

10-60 LO 5
 Exchanges of Non-Monetary Assets

Meaning of Commercial Substance

Exchange has commercial substance if the future cash flows
change as a result of the transaction. That is, if the two parties
economic positions change, the transaction has commercial
substance.

ILLUSTRATION 10-10
Accounting for Exchanges

10-61 LO 5
 Exchanges of Non-Monetary Assets

ExchangesLoss Situation
Companies recognize a loss immediately whether the exchange
has commercial substance or not.
Rationale: Companies should not value assets at more than their
cash equivalent price; if the loss were deferred, assets would be
overstated.

10-62 LO 5
 Exchanges of Non-Monetary Assets

Illustration: Information Processing, Inc. trades its used machine for a

new model at Jerrod Business Solutions Inc. The exchange has
commercial substance. The used machine has a book value of 8,000
(original cost 12,000 less 4,000 accumulated depreciation) and a fair
value of 6,000. The new model lists for 16,000. Jerrod gives
Information Processing a trade-in allowance of 9,000 for the used
machine. Information Processing computes the cost of the new asset
as follows.

ILLUSTRATION 10-11
Computation of Cost of
New Machine

10-63 LO 5
 Exchanges of Non-Monetary Assets

Illustration: Information Processing records this transaction as

follows:

Equipment 13,000
Accumulated DepreciationEquipment 4,000
Loss on Disposal of Equipment 2,000
Equipment 12,000
Cash 7,000

ILLUSTRATION 10-12
Loss on Computation of Loss
on Disposal of Used
Disposal Machine

10-64 LO 5
 Exchanges of Non-Monetary Assets

ExchangesGain Situation
Has Commercial Substance. Company usually records the
cost of a non-monetary asset acquired in exchange for
another non-monetary asset at the fair value of the asset
given up, and immediately recognizes a gain.

10-65 LO 5
 Exchanges of Non-Monetary Assets

Illustration: Interstate Transportation Company exchanged a

number of used trucks plus cash for a semi-truck. The used trucks
have a combined book value of $42,000 (cost $64,000 less $22,000
accumulated depreciation). Interstates purchasing agent,
experienced in the secondhand market, indicates that the used
trucks have a fair market value of $49,000. In addition to the trucks,
Interstate must pay $11,000 cash for the semi-truck. Interstate
computes the cost of the semi-truck as follows.

Illustration 10-13
Computation of
Semi-Truck Cost

10-66 LO 5
 Exchanges of Non-Monetary Assets

Illustration: Interstate records the exchange transaction as follows:

Truck (semi) 60,000

Accumulated DepreciationTrucks 22,000
Trucks (used) 64,000
Gain on Disposal of Trucks 7,000
Cash 11,000

ILLUSTRATION 10-14
Computation of Gain
Gain on on Disposal of Used
Trucks
Disposal

10-67 LO 5
 Exchanges of Non-Monetary Assets

ExchangesGain Situation
Lacks Commercial Substance. Now assume that
Interstate Transportation Company exchange lacks
commercial substance.

Interstate defers the gain of $7,000 and reduces the basis of

the semi-truck.

10-68 LO 5
 Exchanges of Non-Monetary Assets

Illustration: Interstate records the exchange transaction as

follows:

Trucks (semi) 53,000

Accumulated DepreciationTrucks 22,000
Trucks (used) 64,000
Cash 11,000

ILLUSTRATION 10-15
Basis of Semi-Truck
Fair Value vs. Book Value

10-69 LO 5
 Exchanges of Non-Monetary Assets

Summary of Gain and Loss Recognition

on Exchanges of Non-Monetary Assets
ILLUSTRATION 10-16

Disclosure include
nature of the transaction(s),
method of accounting for the assets exchanged, and
gains or losses recognized on the exchanges.

10-70 LO 5
 VALUATION OF PP&E

Government Grants
Government Grants are assistance received from a
government in the form of transfers of resources to a
company in return for past or future compliance with certain
conditions relating to the operating activities of the
company.

IFRS requires grants to be recognized in income (income

approach) on a systematic basis that matches them with
the related costs that they are intended to compensate.

10-71 LO 5
 Government Grants

Example 1: Grant for Lab Equipment. AG Company received a

500,000 subsidy from the government to purchase lab
equipment on January 2, 2015. The lab equipment cost is
2,000,000, has a useful life of five years, and is depreciated on
the straight-line basis.

IFRS allows AG to record this grant in one of two ways:

1. Credit Deferred Grant Revenue for the subsidy and amortize

the deferred grant revenue over the five-year period.

2. Credit the lab equipment for the subsidy and depreciate this
amount over the five-year period.

10-72 LO 5
 Government Grants

Example 1: Grant for Lab Equipment. If AG chooses to record

deferred revenue of 500,000, it amortizes this amount over the
five-year period to income (100,000 per year). The effects on the
financial statements at December 31, 2015, are:

ILLUSTRATION 10-17
Government Grant
Recorded as Deferred
Revenue

10-73 LO 5
 Government Grants

Example 1: Grant for Lab Equipment. If AG chooses to reduce

the cost of the lab equipment, AG reports the equipment at
1,500,000 (2,000,000 - 500,000) and depreciates this amount
over the five-year period. The effects on the financial statements
at December 31, 2015, are:
ILLUSTRATION 10-18
Government Grant Adjusted to Asset

10-74 LO 5
 Acquisition and Disposition
10 of Property, Plant, and
Equipment

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After studying this chapter, you should be able to:
1. Describe property, plant, and 5. Understand accounting issues related
equipment. to acquiring and valuing plant assets.
2. Identify the costs to include in initial 6. Describe the accounting treatment
valuation of property, plant, and for costs subsequent to acquisition.
equipment.
7. Describe the accounting treatment for
3. Describe the accounting problems the disposal of property, plant, and
associated with self-constructed assets. equipment.
4. Describe the accounting problems
associated with interest capitalization.

10-75
 COSTS SUBSEQUENT TO ACQUISITION

Recognize costs subsequent to acquisition as an asset

when the costs can be measured reliably and it is probable that
the company will obtain future economic benefits.
Evidence of future economic benefit would include increases in
1. useful life,

2. quantity of product produced, and

3. quality of product produced.

10-76 LO 6
 COSTS SUBSEQUENT TO ACQUISITION

10-77 ILLUSTRATION 10-21 Summary of Costs Subsequent to Acquisition LO 6

 Acquisition and Disposition
10 of Property, Plant, and
Equipment

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After studying this chapter, you should be able to:
1. Describe property, plant, and 5. Understand accounting issues related
equipment. to acquiring and valuing plant assets.
2. Identify the costs to include in initial 6. Describe the accounting treatment for
valuation of property, plant, and costs subsequent to acquisition.
equipment.
7. Describe the accounting treatment
3. Describe the accounting problems for the disposal of property, plant,
associated with self-constructed assets. and equipment.
4. Describe the accounting problems
associated with interest capitalization.

10-78
 DISPOSITION OF PROPERTY, PLANT,
AND EQUIPMENT

A company may retire plant assets voluntarily or dispose of

them by
Sale,
Exchange,
Involuntary conversion, or
Abandonment.

Depreciation must be taken up to the date of disposition.

10-79 LO 7
 DISPOSITION OF PP&E

Sale of Plant Assets

Illustration: Barret Company recorded depreciation on a machine
costing 18,000 for nine years at the rate of 1,200 per year. If it
sells the machine in the middle of the tenth year for 7,000, Barret
records depreciation to the date of sale as:

Depreciation Expense (1,200 x ) 600

Accumulated DepreciationMachinery 600

10-80 LO 7
 DISPOSITION OF PP&E

Illustration: Barret Company recorded depreciation on a machine

costing $18,000 for 9 years at the rate of $1,200 per year. If it sells
the machine in the middle of the tenth year for $7,000, Barret
records depreciation to the date of sale. Record the entry to record
the sale of the asset:

Cash 7,000
Accumulated DepreciationMachinery 11,400
Machinery 18,000
Gain on Disposal of Machinery 400

10-81 LO 7
 DISPOSITION OF PP&E

Involuntary Conversion
Sometimes an assets service is terminated through some type of
involuntary conversion such as fire, flood, theft, or
condemnation.

Companies report the difference between the amount recovered

(e.g., from a condemnation award or insurance recovery), if any,
and the assets book value as a gain or loss.

They treat these gains or losses like any other type of disposition.

10-82 LO 7
 DISPOSITION OF PP&E
Illustration: Camel Transport Corp. had to sell a plant located on
company property that stood directly in the path of an interstate
highway. Camel received $500,000, which substantially exceeded the
book value of the land of $150,000 and the book value of the building
of $100,000 (cost of $300,000 less accumulated depreciation of
$200,000). Camel made the following entry.

Cash 500,000
Accumulated DepreciationBuildings 200,000
Buildings 300,000
Land 150,000
Gain on Disposal of Plant Assets 250,000

10-83 LO 7
 COPYRIGHT
Copyright 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted in
Section 117 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the
express written permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
Request for further information should be addressed to the
Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. The purchaser
may make back-up copies for his/her own use only and not for
distribution or resale. The Publisher assumes no responsibility for
errors, omissions, or damages, caused by the use of these
programs or from the use of the information contained herein.

10-84