NEUROBEHAVIOUR PADA
DEWASA
HELTTY, NS.M.KEP.,SP.KEP.MB
Fungsional otak
OTAK
P A IN
AC UTE C H R O N IC
S O M A T IC V IS C E R A L D E A F F E R E N T A T IO N S Y M P A T H E T IC A L L Y
P A IN M E D IA T E D P A IN
S U P E R F IC IA L DEEP T R U E V IS C E R A L T R U E P A R IE T A L R E F E R E D V IS C E R A L R E F E R E D P A R IE T A L
1. PHYSIOLOGICAL PAIN
Pain that occur to stimulate
withdrawals reflex
Spinal Cord
Nociceptor Gottschalk A et al. Am Fam Physician. 2001;63:1979-84.
Fields HL et al. Harrisons Principles of Internal Medicine.
1998:53-8.
Stage of Nociception
1. Transductio Conversion of noxious stimuli
n (mechanical, thermal, chemical
into electrical activation
2 Transmission Communication of the nerve
impulse from the periphery to the
spinal cord, up to spinothalamic
track to the thalamus and cerebral
cortex
3 Modulation Process by which impulse travel
from the brain back down to the
spinal cord to selectiveley inhibit
(or sometimes amlpify) pain
impulse
4 Perception Net result of three events the
subjective experience of pain
Pain Perception
Pain perception much depend on
modulation ---- > 3 possibilities
1. Nociception without pain
(ada nosisepsi tanpa nyeri)
2. Nociception with pain
(ada nosisepsi dengan nyeri).
Medulla
Pai
n Samad TA et al. Nature. 2001;410:471-5.
Pendahuluan
Nyeri dibedakan atas:
Nyeri Neuropatik: Nyeri yang disebabkan oleh lesi
(kerusakan) sistem saraf.
Nyeri Nosiseptif: Nyeri yang disebabkan oleh proses
inflamasi dan kerusakan jaringan
Pendahuluan
Pd keadaan sakit, tubuh merasakan nyeri
Nyeri merupakan mekanisme pertahanan
tubuh sehingga individu memindahkan
stimulus nyeri
VR1
Heat Voltage-
Exter Ca
2+
Gated
Sodium
nal Mechanical Channels
Chemical
Action
Stimu Potentials
li
External Stimulus
VR
HEAT 1
Sensitizing StimulusEP PK
Recep
A
SNS/PN3
PG tor
E2 PKC TTX-Resistant
Sodium
Bradykinin Channel
BK
Recep
tor
Large A
fibers
Dorsal root
ganglion Dorsal Horn
A
Small
fibers
C Peripheral sensory
Nerve fibers
Physiological Pain
NOXIOUS INNOCUOU
STIMULUS S
STIMULUS
A C fiber A
DHN DHN
INNOCUOUS SENSATION
PAIN
Touch
First Pain
Tactile
Second Pain
Pressure
Jaras nyeri di MS dan batang otak
Glutamate
(-)
P
NMD
Substance P A
P
AMPA
Ca2+
(+) Dorsal Horn Neuron
(+) PKC
Bony structure
Brain & interstitial fluid 80%
Blood (CBV) 10%
CSF 10%
Intracranial Pressure
Cerebral Edema
increase in brain volume
increase in Na+ and H2O
Intracranial Pressure
Regulation and Maintenance
= 85 mmHg (Normal)
Autoregulation
The automatic alteration in
the diameter of the cerebral
blood vessels to maintain a
constant blood flow to the
brain
Metabolic Regulation of
cerebral blood flow
Causes
Mass lesion
Cerebral edema
Head injury
Brain inflammation
Metabolic insult
Increased Intracranial Pressure
Mechanisms of Increased ICP
Fig. 55-
iskemik
Ischemia Cocks the Hammer,
Reperfusion Pulls the Trigger
The Cerebral Ischemia Train Wreck
Cellular Injury During Ischemia
What is it?
http://www.pharmaceutical-int.com/suppl
iers/venous-thromboembolism-risk.html
Focal Ischemia
http://www.elements4health.com/scientists
-identify-signal-that-triggers-brain-dama
ge-during-strokes.html
Global Ischemia
http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-to http://catalog.nucleusinc.com/generateex
pics/topics/atherosclerosis/ hibit.php?ID=10084
Mechanisms of Ischemic Injury
Maturational Changes
Sleep patterns, needs, and problems change over the
course of maturation
infants and toddlers have more night-waking problems
preschoolers have more falling-asleep problems
younger school-aged children have more going-to-bed
problems
adolescents and adults have more difficulty going to or
staying asleep, or having enough time to sleep
Adolescents have increased physiological need for sleep,
however, they often get less sleep than needed and are
chronically sleep-deprived
ARAS
cerebellum
pons
Medula spinalis
ARAS
(Ascending Reticular Activating System)
Cortex cerebral
Thalamus
Kesadaran:
Kuantitatif : jumlah input susunan saraf pusat
menentukan derajat kesadaran.Pemeriksaan
dengan penilaian GCS
Kualitatif : cara pengolahan input itu sehingga
menghasilkan pola-pola output susunan saraf
pusat menentukan kualitas kesadaran, contoh:
tingkah laku, perasaan hati, orientasi, jalan
pikiran, kecerdasan, daya ingat kejadian
Tingkat kesadaran
Perubahan kesadaran
global
Koma terjadi akibat dari:
Intrakranial
1. Traumatik: epidural hemorrhage, subdural, intracranial
hemorrhage
2. Infeksi: subdural empyema, brain abscess, meningitis
bakterial dan fungal, viral encephalitis
3. Neoplasma: primer, metasstase
4. Vaskular: infark, intracerebral hemorrhage
Penyebab koma
Metabolik
1. Gangguan asam-basa dan elektrolit:
hyper/hyponatremia, hyper/hypokalemia,
hypermagnesia, hyperkalsemia
2. Penyakit endokrin: DM, hyperosmolar ninketotik,
chusings syndrome
3. Koma hepatikum
4. Koma uremikum
5. Ensefalopati anoksia: obstruksi jalan nafas, cardiac
arrest, pulmonary disfunction
6. Defisiensi vitamin: thiamine, niasin
7. Racun dan Intoksikasi: alkohol, heroin, barbiturat,
organic solvent
Diagnosis kesadaran menurun
Anamnesis
Pemeriksaan fisik umum
Pemeriksaan Neurologis
Pemeriksaan penunjang (Laboratorium, head CT
Scan, MRI)
Pemeriksaan fisik umum