hubungan lateral :
pelamparan lapisan batuan yang mencerminkan
pola perubahan yang dipengaruhi keadaan
cekungan aspek ruang
hubungan vertikal :
hubungan yg mencerminkan kedudukan satu
perlapisan terhadap perlapisan di atas/di
bawahnya aspek waktu
SUPERPOSISI (Steno, 1669).
modified statement :
Modified statement :
Modified statement :
Law of Original continuity : The original continuity
of water-laid sedimentary strata is terminated only
by pinching out against the basin of deposition, at
the time of their deposition (Anthony, 1955)
Pada dasarnya hasil suatu pengendapan yakni
bidang perlapisan, akan menerus walaupun tidak
kasat mata.
Pemancungan : - ketidakselarasan
- erosi
- morfologi
Berhentinya perlapisan akibat erosi/morfologi
FAUNAL SUCCESSION
urutan fauna (Abbe, 1777)
Amid all the revolutions of the globe the economy of Nature has
been uniform, and her laws are the only thing that have resisted
the general movement. The rivers and the rock, the seas, and the
continents have been changed in all their parts; but the laws which
describe those changes, and the rules to which they are subject,
have remained invariably the same
The present is the key to he past
No vestiges of the beginning, no vestiges of the end
Everything changes, only the law of changes does not change
Perubahan terjadi sangat lambat perubahan besar
Proses di bumi terjadi secara berulang ulang siklus
Bermacam jenis batuan
FACIES ( Greesly, 1836)
The term facies designate the differences, whatever
they may be between formations of the same age; the
differences may be either in petrography composition,
resulting the nature of the substances deposited, or
paleontology differences, resulting from the living
condition of the animal and plant fossils.
Facies are then definitely the different kinds of deposits,
sedimentary or other, which can be produced
simultaneously, at a given geological moment, just as is
the case at the present time. One the speaks of the
various facies of the formation as one would speak of
the different deposits of modern time.
Greesly mulai melihat fosil sebagai bagian dari batuan,
tidak berdiri sendiri sebagaimana peneliti sebelumnya.
WALTHER LAW HUKUM WALTHER
( Walther, 1894 )
In other words facies that occur in a conformable vertical core
sequences were formed in laterally adjacent depositional
environment.
It is especially important to note as Middletown ( 1973 ) pointed out,
that Walthers Law applies only to succession without major erosion
or non depositional breaks. Therefore it is extremely important to
recognize such erosion or non depositional breaks in vertical
sequences.
Fasies yang pada dasarnya berarti perbedaan ciri paleontologi dan
batuan pada umur yang sama, dalam prektek pengenalannya di
lapangan sulit dikerjakan pada daerah tropis. Hal ini karena
terbatasnya bentabg singkapan. Oleh karena itu pemakaian hukum
Walther ini menolong kita dalam menafsirkan perubahan fasies yang
bersifat lateral dan perubahan ciri paleontologi dan batuan dalam
susunan vertikal. Tetapi pengertian bahwa perubahan ertikal adalah
sama dengan perubahan fasies adalah pengertian yang salah, karena
susunan vertikal menunjukkan urtan waktu yang berbeda
(superposisi), yang tidak sesuai dengan pengertian fasies menurut
Greesly.
LHITOSTRATIGRAPHIC UNIT
SATUAN LHITOSTRATIGRAFI ( Powell, 1888 )