SISTEM BILANGAN

(eng. numeral system)

Dedy Wirawan Soedibyo
 Sistem Bilangan Numerik
adalah sebuah simbol atau kumpulan dari simbol yang
merepresentasikan sebuah bilangan

SISTEM Numerik berbeda dengan angka

BILANGAN 20 dan XX numerik berbeda
20 dan XX sama-sama angka duapuluh
NUMERIK
Dua Sistem Numerik
penambahan (english: addition)
posisi (eng. position).
 Sistem Numerik Unary
Tally mark
Kekurangan: butuh tempat besar

Angka Romawi (digunakan Eropa sd abad 15)

Angka Romawi dituliskan dengan simbol dari angka yang tersedia
kemudian ditambahkan atau dikurangkan
1PENAMBAHAN I 1 Contoh: 1970 disimbolkan MCMLXX.
V 5 Simbol M: 1000, Simbol CM: 900,
X 10 Peraturan penulisan angka romawi: tidak boleh
L 50 pengulangan satu simbol lebih dari tiga x.
C 100 Jadi 900 = DCCCC (salah)
D 500 Simbol C disebelah kiri atau sebelum M
merupakan angka pengurang dari angka
M 1000
sesudahnya, jadi CM = 1000-100 = 900.
LXX = angka 70
Kekurangan: Tidak ada angka 0
 Tally mark

PENAMBAHAN Simbol Numerik yang Beraneka

 Elementary algebra number 0
The number 0 is the smallest non-negative integer. The natural number following 0 is 1 and no
natural number precedes 0.
The number 0 is neither positive nor negative and appears in the middle of a number line. It is
neither a prime number nor a composite number. It cannot be prime because it has an infinite
number of factors and cannot be composite because it cannot be expressed by multiplying prime
numbers (0 must always be one of the factors). Zero is, however, even (see parity of zero).

Basic (elementary) rules for dealing with the number 0. These rules apply for any real or complex
number x, unless otherwise stated.

Addition: x + 0 = 0 + x = x. That is, 0 is an identity element (or neutral element) with respect to
ANGKA 0 addition.
Subtraction: x 0 = x and 0 x = x.
(ZERO) Multiplication: x 0 = 0 x = 0.
Division: 0x = 0, for nonzero x. But x0 is undefined, because 0 has no multiplicative inverse (no real
number multiplied by 0 produces 1), a consequence of the previous rule; see division by zero.
Exponentiation: x0 = x/x = 1, except that the case x = 0 may be left undefined in some contexts; see
Zero to the zero power. For all positive real x, 0x = 0.
The expression 00, which may be obtained in an attempt to determine the limit of an expression of
the form f(x)g(x) as a result of applying the lim operator independently to both operands of the
fraction, is a so-called "indeterminate form". That does not simply mean that the limit sought is
necessarily undefined; rather, it means that the limit of f(x)g(x), if it exists, must be found by
another method, such as l'Hpital's rule.

The sum of 0 numbers is 0, and the product of 0 numbers is 1. The factorial 0! evaluates to 1.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/0_(number)
 Sistem Numerik Berdasarkan Posisi
Tergantung pada: 1Posisi dan 2Basis
Contoh: sistem desimal: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,
8, 9
2POSISI Contoh: 123
3 x 100
2 x 101
1 x 102

1 2 1 0 =
=0
 Sistem Numerik Basis Eksponen
Sistem biner, berbasis 2,
Sistem oktal, berbasis 8,
2POSISI Sistem heksadesimal, berbasis 16,
Sistem seksagesimal, berbasis 60,
dan sistem numerik berbasis lainnya.
 Intentionally blank
TYPES OF
NUMBERS

Venn diagram that shows the relationships between different types of

numbers
 Complex numbers with both a real and imaginary part

Imaginary
numbers; that Real numbers; that is, complex numbers with no
is, complex
COMPLEX numbers with
no real part
imaginary part
NUMBERS
Irrational
Rational numbers
numbers

Whole Natural
Integers
numbers numbers
 This group of numbers starts
at 1. It includes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and Natural numbers
so on. Zero is not in this group.
Natural Numbers This group has no negative could be seen as:
numbers. There are no
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ....
NATURAL numbers with decimals in this
group.

NUMBERS
WHOLE This group has all of the Whole numbers
could be seen as:
Whole Numbers Natural Numbers in it
NUMBERS plus the number 0. 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ...
INTEGERS
This group has all the Integers could be see
Whole Numbers in it and as:
Integers their opposites, or, you
might say, and their ... -5, -4, -3, -2, -1, 0,
negatives. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ...
 Often this group is defined in terms of how the
decimals act. That is, the decimals either do
This is any number that can not exist, as in 5, (which is 5/1). Or the
decimals terminate, as in 2.4, (which is 24/10).
be expressed as a ratio of
Rational Numbers two integers. Note the ratio
Or the decimals repeat with a pattern, as in
2.333..., (which is 7/3). This way of defining a
rational number, however, really misses the

RATIONAL in rational. point. The behavior of the decimals is just

fallout that you get when you divide an integer
by another integer.

NUMBERS This is any number that can not be

IRRATIONAL Irrational
express as an integer divided by an
integer, (not counting, no pun
intended, imaginary or complex Examples include pi, e, and
NUMBERS Numbers
numbers).
These numbers have decimals that
the square root of two.
never terminate and never repeat with
REAL a pattern

NUMBERS This group is made up of all

the Rational and Irrational
Numbers. The ordinary
Real Numbers number line encountered
when studying algebra holds
real numbers.
 These are all based on the imaginary
number i. This imaginary number is
Examples include i, 3i, -
Imaginary Numbers equal to the square root of negative
9.3i, and (pi)i.
one. Any real number times i is an
imaginary number.

IMAGINARY A Complex Numbers is a combination

of a real number and an imaginary
Examples include 4 + 6i,
2 + (-5)i, (often written
NUMBERS Complex Numbers number in the form a + bi. The real
part is a, and b is called the imaginary
as 2 - 5i), 3.2 + 0i, and 0
+ 2i.
COMPLEX part.

NUMBERS
Note the last two examples:

3.2 + 0i is just the real number 3.2. All real numbers are
complex numbers with zero for the imaginary part.
0 + 2i is just the imaginary number 2i. All imaginary numbers
are complex numbers with zero for the real part.
 (a + b i) + (c + d i) = (a + c) + (b + d) i (a + b i) (c + d i) = (a c) + (b d) i
(3 + 5 i) + (2 + 2 i) (4 + 2 i) (3 + 1 i)
= (3 + 2) + (5 + 2) i = (4 3) + (2 1) i
=5+7i =1+ 1i

(a + b i) * (c + d i)
i*i
Operasi => a*c + a*d i + b*c i + b*d*i*i
=> (a*c b * d) + (a*d + b*c) i (3 + i) * (2 + 3 i)
Bilangan sehingga = (3*2 1*3) + (3*3 + 1*2) i
(a + b i) * (c + d i) = (a*c b * d) + (a*d + b*c) i = 3 + 11 i
Kompleks
(a + b i) / (c + d i)
( (a + b i) * (c d i) ) / ( (c + d i)*(c-d i) )
=> ( (a + b i)*(c d i) ) / ( c^2 + d^2)
=> ( (a*c + b * d) + ( a*d + b*c) i ) / ( c^2 + d^2)
(2 + 3 i) / (1 + 2 i)
= ( (2 + 3 i) * (1 2 i) ) / ( (1 + 2 i) * (1 2 i) )
= ( (2*1 + 3*2) + ( -2*2 + 3*1) i ) / ( 1^2 + 2^2 )
=(8i)/5
 Intentionally blank
 Desimal Biner
0 0
1 1
2 10

SISTEM BINER 3
4
11
100
(dasar 2) 5 101

(basis 2) 6
7
110
111
8 1000
9 1001

Simbol untuk pencacah

 Sistem bilangan lain adalah sistem Sistem bilangan lain lagi adalah sistem
bilangan heksadesimal (dasar 16) bilangan oktal (dasar 8) dengan simbol:
dengan simbol: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 (merubah langsung
A, B, C, D, E, F bilangan biner 3 bit)

Mengapa digunakan sistem biner pada teknik digital?

Pada sistem biner hanya digunakan
Bagi manusia lebih mudah 2 angka: 0 dan 1 (high & low) shg
BINER OKTAL menggunakan sistem desimal, hanya butuh 2 macam sinyal saja
akan tetapi bagi teknik digital untuk membedakan suatu data.
HEXADESIMAL penggunaan sistem desimal lebih Sedang dengan sistem desimal
rumit. dibutuhkan 10 sinyal untuk
membedakan suatu data.

Penggunaan sistem bilangan biner

1. Prinsip dasar teknik digital

2. Bahasa komputer (bahasa mesin, assembly, tingkat tinggi)

3. Lokasi memori, sinyal bus, dll

 Pada sistem desimal: SD SB
152 = 1*102 + 5*101 + 2*100 0 0
2369 = 2*103 + 3*102 + 6*101 + 9*100 1 1
2 10
3 11
4 100
Pada sistem binari:
KONVERSI SD 1101 = 1*23 + 1*22 + 0*21 + 1*20 5
6
101
110
KE SB Untuk merubah menjadi SD dijumlah saja:
7
8
111
1000
11012 = 8 + 4 + 0 + 1 = 1310 9 1001
10 1010
11 1011
10 bit sinyal biner
12 1100
13 1101
29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20
14 1110
512 256 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 15 1111
 1. Dengan cara sisa

sisa LSB SD SB
2) 3710 1 0 0
1 1
2) 1810 0
2 10
2) 910 1 3710 = 1001012
3 11
2) 410 0
4 100
2) 210 0
5 101
2) 110 1 MSB
PERUBAHAN 0
6
7
110
111
SD KE SB: 2. Dengan cara bobot (luar kepala) 8 1000
Untuk 8 bit data: 9 1001
10 1010
27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20
11 1011
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 12 1100
13 1101
6410 = 0100 00002 14 1110
2710 = 0 + 0 + 0 + 16 + 8 + 0 + 2 + 1 = 0001 10112 15 1111
25510 = 128 + 64 + 32 + 16 + 8 + 4 + 2 + 1 = 1111 11112
3410 = 32 + 2 = 0010 00102
 Mengapa digunakan sistem HEX pada teknik digital?
SD SB HEX
Bagi manusia merupakan bentuk yang rumit, karena akan 0 0 0
menyebabkan banyak kesalahan waktu menginput data 1 1 1
2 10 2
Bagi teknik digital merupakan bentuk yang sederhana,
3 11 3
karena bil HEX dapat secara langsung mengubah bil biner 4
4 100 4
bit. 5 101 5
6 110 6
Cara penulisan : C3 heksadesimal = (C316) ; (&HC3) ; (C3H) 7 111 7

SISTEM HEX 8
9
1000
1001
8
9
Konversi SB HEX ; HEX SB 10 1010 A
11 1011 B
C 316 0111 11112 12 1100 C
13 1101 D
1100 00112 7 F16 14 1110 E
15 1111 F
2 D B16 16 10000 10
17 10001 11

1101 10112 18 10010 12

 Konversi HEX SD
SD SB HEX
165 164 163 162 161 160 0 0 0
1048576 65536 4096 256 16 1 1 1 1
2 10 2
3 11 3
2DB16 = 2*162 + 13*161 + 11*160 = 512
+ 208 + 11 = 73110 4 100 4
10C16 = 1*162 + 0*161 + 12*160 = 256 + 0 + 12 = 26810 5 101 5
6 110 6

HEX SD Konversi SD HEX; dengan cara sisa 7

8
111
1000
7
8

SD HEX 16) 71210

sisa
8
LSB 9
10
1001
1010 A
9

71210 = 2C816 11 1011 B

16) 4410 12 12 1100 C
2 MSB 13 1101 D
14 1110 E
15 1111 F
Tugas: 16 10000 10
Konversi SD Oktal : 22 ; 8 ; 675 ; 88 17 10001 11
Konversi SB Oktal : 001 000 ; 001 111 ; 1 111 ; 10 011 18 10010 12
Konversi HEX Oktal : 2F ; 2C8 ; 268 ; CC
Konversi Oktal HEX : 77 ; 88 ; 44 ; 99
 Pernyataan: Kalimat yang bisa dinilai benar atau salah

Contoh: 1 +1 = 3 ; ibu kota jatim adalah Jember disebut

pernyataan

Pernyataan

Tunggal pernyataan mengandung 1 unsur (sda)

PERNYATAAN Majemuk pernyataan mengandung lebih 1 pernyataan tunggal

Kalimat tanya, perintah, dll tidak termasuk dalam pernyataan, karena

tidak bisa dinilai benar atau salah.

Operator logika atau disebut juga dengan operasi pernyataan

merupakan cara menyatakan satu pernyataan atau gabungannya
menjadi pernyataan lain.
 AND
Gerbang Semua atau tidak Operator Perkalian Logika

A Y A
Y

B keluaran
B

masukan
Rangkaian and dengan saklar Simbol logika gerbang AND

GERBANG SAKLAR

LOGIKA masukan A
Y

BINER B
keluaran

Rangkaian gerbang AND praktis

Pernyaan Boolean A AND B = Y
Masukan Keluaran Pernyaan Boolean A.B=Y
B A Y A
Simbol Y
saklar biner saklar biner nyala biner B
rendah 0 rendah 0 tidak 0 Tabel kebenaran B A Y
rendah 0 tinggi 1 tidak 0 0 0 0
0 1 0
tinggi 1 rendah 0 tidak 0 1 0 0
tinggi 1 tinggi 1 ya 1 1 1 1
 OR
Gerbang Setiap atau semua Operator Penjumlahan LogikA

masukan
A A
Y
B Y
keluaran B
GERBANG
LOGIKA Rangkaian OR dengan saklar Simbol logika gerbang OR

BINER Pernyaan Boolean A OR B = Y

Masukan Keluaran Pernyaan Boolean A+B=Y

B A Y A
Simbol Y
saklar biner saklar biner nyala biner B

rendah 0 rendah 0 tidak 0 Tabel kebenaran B A Y

rendah 0 tinggi 1 ya 1 0 0 0
0 1 1
tinggi 1 rendah 0 ya 1 1 0 1
tinggi 1 tinggi 1 ya 1 1 1 1
 NOT
Gerbang pembalik/tidak Operator Pertentangan Logika / Inverter

A Y Y=A

Simbol logika gerbang NOT Ekspresi logika NOT

GERBANG Fungsi NOT mengkomplemenkan/membalik masukan

Kasus:
LOGIKA A
A
A A= A
BINER
A A Buffer/penyangga
 NAND
NOT AND AND yang dibalik

GERBANG
LOGIKA
BINER
Masukan Keluaran
A B AND NAND
Keluaran NAND =
0 0 0 1
keluaran AND yang
0 1 0 1
dibalik
1 0 0 1
1 1 1 0
 NOR
NOT OR OR yang dibalik

A Pernyaan Boolean A NOR B = Y

Y
B
Pernyaan Boolean A+B=Y
Simbol logika gerbang NOR A
Simbol Y
B

GERBANG Tabel kebenaran B

0
A
0
Y
1
A+B
LOGIKA A
B
A+B
0
1
1
0
0
0

BINER
1 1 0
Masukan Keluaran

Masukan Keluaran
A B OR NOR
0 0 0 1 Keluaran NOR =
0 1 1 0
keluaran OR yang dibalik
1 0 1 0
1 1 1 0
 XOR
OR EKSKLUSIF setiap tapi tidak semua

A Pernyaan Boolean A XOR B = Y

Y
B Pernyaan Boolean A+B=Y

Simbol logika gerbang XOR A

Simbol Y
B
GERBANG Tabel kebenaran B A Y
A
LOGIKA B
A+B
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
1

BINER Masukan Keluaran

1 1 0

Masukan Keluaran
A B OR XOR Jika ada setiap pada masukan ,
0 0 0 0 keluaran = 1
0 1 1 1
Jika semua (sama) pada
1 0 1 1
masukan, keluaran = 0
1 1 1 0
 XNOR
NOR EKSKLUSIF XOR yang dibalik

A Pernyaan Boolean A XNOR B = Y

Y
B Pernyaan Boolean A+B=Y

Simbol logika gerbang XNOR A

Simbol Y
B
GERBANG Tabel kebenaran B A Y
A
LOGIKA B
A+B
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
0

BINER Masukan Keluaran

1 1 1

Masukan Keluaran
A B XOR XNOR
0 0 0 1
0 1 1 0
1 0 1 0
1 1 0 1