ANATOMY OF THE EYE

ORBITAL ANATOMY
• Volume < 30 cm3 (adult)
• Pear shaped, optic nerve representing the
stem
• Orbital entrance: height ± 35 mm, width : ±
45 mm
• Depth: 40-45mm
Bony Orbit

1. Frontal
2. Zygomatic
3. Maxilla
4. Ethmoid
5. Sphenoid
6. Lacrimal
7. Palatine
 Orbital Margin
Forms quadrilateral spiral:
• Superior margin: frontal bone
• Medial margin: frontal bone (above), posterior
lacrimal crest of the lacrimal bone and
anterior lacrimal crest of the maxillary bone
(below)
• Inferior: maxillary and zygomatic bones
• lateral: zygomatic and frontal bones
• Orbital Roof: formed from orbital plate of the
frontal bone and the lesser wing of the sphenoid
bone

• Medial Orbital Wall : formed from 4 bones:

1. Frontal process of the maxilla
2. Lacrimal bone
3. Orbital plate of the ethmoid
4. Lesser wing of sphenoid
• Orbital Floor : composed of 3 bones:
1. Maxilla
2. Palatine
3. Orbital plate of the zygomatic
• Lateral Orbital Wall: formed from zygomatic
and the greater wing of sphenoid
Attachment for the following:
Check ligament of the lateral rectus muscle
Suspensory ligament of the eyeball (Lockwood
suspensory ligament)
Lateral palpebral ligament
Aponeurosis of the levator muscle
Whitnall ligament
 EXTRAOCULAR MUSCLES

1. Medial rectus
2. Lateral rectus
3. Superior rectus
4. Inferior rectus
5. Superior oblique
6. Inferior oblique
7. Levator palpebra superioris
Muscle Origin Insertion Blood Supply
Medial Annulus of Zinn Medially, in horizontal meridian Inferior muscular
rectus 5.5 mm from limbus branch of ophtalmic
artery
Inferior Annulus of Zinn at Inferiorly, in vertical meridian Inferior muscular
rectus orbita apex 6.5mm from limbus branch of ophtalmic
artery and infraorbital
artery
Lateral Annulus of Zinn Laterally, in horizontal meridian Lacrimal artery
rectus Spanning the superior 6.9mm from limbus
orbital fissure
Superior Annulus of Zinn at Superiorly, in vertical meridian Superior muscular
rectus orbita apex 7.7mm from limbus branch of ophtalmic
artery
Superior Medial to optic To trochlea, through pulley, at Superior muscular
oblique foramen, between orbital rim, then hooking back branch of ophtalmic
annulus of Zinn and under superior rectus, inserting artery
periorbita posterior to center of rotation
Inferior From a depression on Posterior inferior temporal Inferior branch of
oblique orbital floor near orbital quadrant at level of macula; ophtalmic artery and
rim (maxilla) posterior to center of rotation infraorbital artery
Innervation of the extraocular muscles
• Lateral rectus : CN VI (abducens)
• Superior oblique : CN IV ( trochlear)
• Medial rectus : CN III (oculomotor)
• Inferior rectus : CN III (oculomotor)
• Inferior oblique : CN III (oculomotor)
• Superior rectus : CN III (oculomotor)
• Levator palpebrae superioris : CN III
(oculomotor)
 ACTIONS OF EXTRAOCULAR MUSCLES
Muscle Primary Action Secondary Action Tertiary Action
Superior Elevation ( transverse Medial rotation or Intorsion or
rectus axis) adduction incycloduction
Inferior Depression (transverse Medial rotation or Extorsion or
rectus axis) adduction (vertical axis) excycloduction
Lateral Lateral rotation or - -
rectus abduction
Medial Medial rotation or - -
rectus adduction (vertical
axis)
Superior Depression (transverse Lateral rotation or Intorsion or
oblique axis) abduction (vertical axis) incycloduction
Inferior Elevation (transverse Lateral rotation or Extorsion or
oblique axis) abduction (vertical axis) excycloduction
(sagittal axis)
 Summary diagram showing the
actions of the extraocular muscles
Lacrimal Drainage System
& Tenon CapsuLe
Dissection of the Left Orbit, Orbital
Fat Removed
1. Lamellae of levator
Palpebra Sup
2. LACRIMAL GLAND
3. Inferior Oblique
4. Medial Rectus
5. Lateral Rectus
6. Inferior Rectus
7. Superior Oblique
8. Cornea
9. TENON’s CAPSULE
10. Supraorbital Nerve &
Vessels
11. Supratrochlear Nerve &
Vessels

http://anatomy.uams.edu/anatomyhtml/atlas_html/eye_10.html
Lacrimal Drainage
System 1. PUNCTA
 Located at Posterior Edge of Lid
margin
 At Junction of Lash bearing Lateral
5/6 (Pars ciliaris) & medial non
ciliated 1/6 (Pars Lacrimalis)
2. CANALICULI
 Pass vertically from Lid Margin
(the ampullae) for about 2mm. (turn
medially & run horizontally 8mm to
Lacrimal Sac)
 Sup & Inf Canaliculi unite to form
Common Canaliculus
3. LACRIMAL SAC
 L = 10 mm
 Lies @ Lacrimal Fossa b/w Ant &
Post Lacrimal Crest
4. NASOLACRIMAL DUCT
 L = 12mm & the continuation of
lacrimal Sac
• The main lacrimal gland
located in a shallow
depreesion orbital part of
frontal bone
• Exocrine Gland that
produce serous secretion
contained 2 cell types :
Acinar & Mypepithelial
• Arterial supply = the
Lacrimal artery (a branch
of V1 )
• Nerves = Lacrimal nerves
that receives secretomotor
cholinergic & Symphatetic
nerve fibers
 Accesory Lacrimal Gland

• Glands of Krause & Wolfring are Located Proximal Lid Border or in the
fornices
• Cytologically identic w/ main Lacrimal gland
• Receiving similar innervation
A : Tears flow along Upper & Lower Marginal Strips & enter
Upper & Lower (70%) canaliculi
B : with Each Blink, Pretarsal orbicularis oculi compress
ampuulae – shortened the horizontal canaliculli & move
puncta medially- Negative Pressure which sucks tears from
canaliculli into sac
C : Eyes Open-Muscle relax-the sac collapses- (+)Pressure and
Gravity forced tears down into nose
 Physiology of Tears
Basic Emotional Drive (Limbic System)
(Emotional stress, anger,
suffering, physical pain, Extremly Happy

The parasympathetic branch of theautonomic nervous system controls

the lacrimal glands via the neurotransmitter acetylcholine through
both the nicotinic andmuscarinic receptors

the lacrimal gland is stimulated to produce

tears
CAPSULE OF TENON
• Also Known as FASCIA BULBI or BULBAR sheath
• Is a thin membrane which envelopes the eyeball
from Optic nerve – 3mm Posterior to the Limbus
• 2 Part :
 Anterior is fused w/ undersurface Conjunctiva &
attaches to Sclera at Limbus
 Posterior (Fibrous sheath of Rectus Muscles)
• Is en envelope of elastic connective tissue that fuse
posteriorly with Optic Nerve sheath & Anteriorly
with Intermuscular septum
• Forming a Socket in which it moves
• Composed of Collagen Fibers & a Few Fibroblast
• Sub Tenon’s block for surgery may be instilled into
space b/w TENON CAPSULE & the SCLERA
Axial view of the orbit

• 1 Wall of the orbit

2 Conjunctiva
3 Anterior Tenon’s capsule
4 Posterior Tenon’s capsule
5 The muscle
6 Intermuscular membrane
(posterior Tenon’s capsule)
7 Intraconal orbital fat
8 Extraconal orbital fat
9 Horizontal pulley
10 Episclera
1 The limbal fusion of the
conjunctiva and anterior Tenon’s
capsule

2 Potential space between

anterior Tenon’s capsule and
episclera

3 The muscle in its sheath

(posterior Tenon’s capsule)
inserting into the sclera

4 Postinsertional muscle
footplates

5 Episclera

6 Conjunctiva

7 Anterior Tenon’s capsule

Coronal Section

1 Conjunctiva
2 Anterior Tenon’s capsule
3 Muscle sheath
4 Extraocular muscle
5 Intermuscular membrane
6 Sclera substance
Arteries of Orbit
Internal Carotid A.

Ophtalmic A.

•Central artery of the retina*

•Lacrimal a.*
•Muscular brances
•Ciliary a.*
•Supraorbital a.
•Posterior ethmoidal a.
•Anterior ethmoidal a.
•Meningeal a.
•Medial palpebral a.
•Supratrochlear a.
•Dorsal nasal a.
Veins of Orbit
EYELID
Eyelid
 EYELID
• Palpebra superior and palpebra inferior
• Meet at the medial and lateral angles/canthi
• Palpebral fissure in adult normally 27 – 30 mm
long and 8 – 11 mm wide
• Complex in its structure and function
• Structure :
1. Skin
2. Subcutaneous tissue
3. Orbicularis oculi muscle
4. Orbital septum and tarsal plate
5. Smooth muscle
6. Conjungtiva
1. Skin

• The thinnest in the body

• Fine hairs
• Sebaceous glands
• Sweat glands
• Eyelashes/cilia
• Glands of zeiss
• Glands of moll
• Aponeurosis levator palpebrae superioris muscle
2.Subcutaneous
Subcutaneus Connective Tissue
connective tissue

• The loose connective tissue

• Rich in elastic fiber
• Contains no fat
3. Orbicularis Oculi Muscle
Orbicularis occuli muscle

• Flat, elliptical muscle that surrounds the orbital margin

• Orbital and palpebral parts
• Palpelbral part divided into : pretarsal and preseptal
• Striated muscle
• Arise from the medial palpebral ligament
• Interlace at the lateral palpebral raphe
• Innervation by the temporal and zygomatic branches of
the facial nerve (CN VII)
• Muscle of rioland – eyelid margin
4. Orbital Septum & Tarsus
Orbital Septum
• A thin sheet of connective tissue encircles the
orbit as an extension of the periosteum of the
roof and the floor of the orbit
• Attaches to the anterior surface of the levator
muscle
• Provide a barrier to anterior or posterior
extravasation of blood or the spread of
inflammation
 Tarsus
• The tarsal plate consist of dense connective
tissue, not cartilage
• Attached to the orbital margin by the medial
and lateral palpebral ligaments
• 29mm long, 1mm thickness,11mm (upper
tarsus),4mm (lower tarsus)
 The tarsal/meibomian glands
• Are modified holocrine sebaceous glands that
are oriented vertically in parallel rows through
the tarsus
• Can be observed by infrared transillumination
• A single row of 30 – 40 meibomian orifices is
present in the upper eyelid
• 20 – 30 orifices in the lower lid
• Hair bulbs of the cilia are located anterior to
the tarsus and the meibomian gland orifices
Sumber :lecture notes on ophthalmology
5. Smooth Muscle
Smooth muscle
• The superior tarsal muscle/muller muscle
• The inferior tarsal muscle
6. ConjunctivaConjungtiva

• Is a thin mucous membran that lines the

eyelids and is reflected at the superior and
inferior fornices onto the anterior surface of
the eyeball

• Divided into 3 geographic zones : palpebral,

fornical, and bulbar
 Arteries, veins,lymph drainage and
innervation of Conjunctiva

•Anterior ciliary arteries – bulbar conjungtiva

•Anterior conjungtival arteries

•Posterior conjungtival arteries – bulbar and

forniceal conjungtiva

•Palpebral vein, superior and inferior

ophthalmic vein

•lateral lymph drainage – superficial parotid

node

•Medial lymph drainage – submandibular

nod
 Innervation of Conjunctiva
• Bulbar conjungtiva – long ciliary nerves
• Superior palpebral conjungtiva and superior
fornix conjungtiva – lacrimal branches of the
ophthalmic division
• inferior palpebral conjungtiva and inferior
fornix conjungtiva – lacrimal branches of the
ophthalmic division (laterally), infraorbital
nerve from maxillary division of the trigeminal
nerve (medially)
 Levator Palpebra Superioris Muscle
• Originates from the inferior surface of the
lesser wing of the sphenoid bone above and
anterior to the optic canal
• 40mm long
• Raises the upper lid
• Innervated by the superior division of CN III
 Vascular
Vascularsupply of the
supply of theeyelids
eyelids

•The lateral and medial

palpebral arteries

•Ophthalmic and angular

veins (medially)

•Superficial temporal vein

(laterally)
 Lymphatics
Lymphatics of theeyelids
of the eyelids

•Medial group – drains into

the submandibular lymph
node

•Lateral group – drains into

the superficial parotid lymph
nodes
 Nerveof
Innervation supply
the Eyelids

•Upper lid : infratrochlear,

suprathroclear, supraorbital,
and lacrimal nerves

•Lower lid : infratrochlear,

infraorbital nerves
Cornea
• Transparent, avascular, exposed to the
external environment (krachmer,mannis,holland 2005)
• Dome – shaped tissue covering iris & pupil
(Bedinghaus-about.com)
• Covered by tear film
• Shape : convex & aspheric
Anterior • Transversely oval as a result of
scleralization superiorly and inferiorly

• Bathed directly by the aqueous humor

Posterior
• Meassurement of adult Human cornea :
Horizontal : 11 – 12 mm
Vertical : 9 – 11 mm
Thickness : 0.5 mm (centre)
• Curvature surrface is not constant
• Refractive power : 40 – 44 D
• Optical properties of the cornea determined
by :
=> Its transparency
=> Surface smoothness
=> Contour
=> Refractive index
http://www.lasermyeye.org/encyclopedia/images/Cornea.jpg
http://www.uniteforsight.org/course/image/newcornea.jpg
Sclera and Limbus
 SCLERA
SCLERA
• The sclera :
 covers the posterior four fifths of the surface of the
globe
 an anterior opening for the cornea
 posterior opening for the optic nerve
• The tendons of the rectus muscles insert into the
superficial scleral collagen
• The Tenon capsule covers the sclera and rectus
anteriorly, and both are overlain by the bulbar
conjunctiva
• Just posterior to the junction, and lying within
the sclera : sinus venosus sclerae ( the canal of
Schlemm )
• For purposes of description :
 episclera
 scleral stroma
 lamina fusca
Blood Supply
• Relatively avascular structure
• Anterior to the insertions of the recti muscles :
the anterior cilliary arteries form a dense
episcleral plexus
• Posterior part : small branches from the long
and short posterior ciliary arteries
Nerve Supply
• Supplied by the ciliary nerves
• Many short ciliary nerves supply the posterior
portion
• Two long ciliary nerves supply the anterior
region
 LIMBUS
LIMBUS
• Area measuring about 1.5 – 2.0 mm wide
• The transition zone between the peripheral
cornea and the anterior sclera
• Included in the limbus :
 conjunctiva and limbal palisades
 Tenon capsule
 episclera
 corneoscleral stroma
 aquous outflow apparatus
• The corneoscleral junction begins centrally in
a plane connecting the end of Bowman’s layer
and the Schwalbe line, the termination of
Descemet’s membrane
• Its posterior limit is the anterior tip of the
scleral spur
• The surgical limbus :
 an anterior bluish gray zone overlying clear
cornea and extending from Bowman’s layer to
Schwalbe line
 a posterior white zone overlying the trabecular
meshwork and extending from the Schwalbe line
to the scleral spur or iris root
Anterior Chamber
• The anterior chamber is a space filled with fluid,
the aqueous humor, it is bordered anteriorly by
the cornea, posteriorly by the iris and the pupil
• The fluid drains
chiefly by the
conventional
pathway, partly by
the nontrabecular
meshwork
The anterior chamber is a space filled
with fluid, the aqueous humor, it is
bordered anteriorly by the cornea,
posteriorly by the iris and the pupil
• Deeper in aphakia, pseudophakia, and
myopia
• Shallower in hyperopia

• The anterior chamber angle consists of :

– Schwalbe line
– The Schlemm canal and trabecular
meshwork
– Scleral spur
– Anterior border of ciliary body
Trabecular Meshwork
• A circular spongework
of connective tissue
lined by trabeculocytes
• Devided into :
– Uveal portion
– Corneoscleral
meshwork
– Juxtacanalicular tissue
a. Uveal
meshwork
b. Corneoscleral
meshwork
c. Schwalbe’s
line
d. Schlemm’s
canal
e. Collector
channels
f. Ciliary body
g. Scleral spur
AQUEOUS HUMOR FORMATION
ULTRAFILTRATION
Helps to move fluid out of the
capillaries into stroma

ACTIVE TRANSPORT Sodium,

Chloride, Bicarbonate

DIFUSSION
Movement of a substance across a
membrane along its concentration gradient
• Aqueous has an excess of hydrogen and
chloride ions, an excess of ascorbate

• Deficit of bicarbonate relative to plasma

• Aqueous humor is essentially protein free

 optical clarity
• The fluid drains
chiefly by the
conventional
pathway, partly by
the nontrabecular
meshwork
 AQUEOUS HUMOR
1. Conventional Pathway
Ciliary epithelium of ciliary body  pupil
aperture  anterior chamber 
trabecular meshwork  Schlemm canal

2. Uveoscleral Pathway
Across ciliary body  supraciliary space
 SCHLEMM’S CANAL

Venous channel with a lumen,

lies deep within scleral sulcus
Characteristic of inner wall :
‘Giant Vacuoles’
Basal & apical openings of the
vacuoles = Transcellular Pores

V = Giant Vacuoles
CS = Schlemm’s Canal

Source : Lawrenson JG10

 COLLECTOR CHANNEL, AQUEOUS
VEINS & EPISCLERAL VEINS
Indirect
Channels
CC ISVP EV
CS=canal of Schlemm
S=scleral spur
T=trabecular meshwork
CM=ciliary muscle
CVP=ciliary venous plexus
I=iris
CC=collector channel
CV
ISVP=intrascleral venous plexus
EV=episcleral vein
AV=aqueous vein Source :
CV=conjunctival vessel Lawrenson
JG10
direct
Channels CC AV EV
Indentation Gonioscopy
Schematic view of Gonioscopy of the
Anterior Chamber
Shaffer Grading
 Shaffer Method of Grading
Anterior Chamber Angles
Grade IV The angle between the iris and the
surface of the TM is 450 (normal)
Grade III The angle between the iris and the
surface of the TM is greater than 200 but
less than 450 (normal)
Grade II The angle between the iris and the
surface of the TM is 200. Angle closure is
possible.
Grade I The angle between the iris and the
surface of the TM is 100. Angle closure is
possible.
Slit The angle between the iris and the
surface of the TM is less than 100. Angle
cllosure very likely.
Grade 0 The iris is against the TM. Angle closure is
present.
 AQUEOUS HUMOR
1. Conventional Pathway
Ciliary epithelium of ciliary body  pupil
aperture  anterior chamber  trabecular
meshwork  Schlemm canal

2. Uveoscleral Pathway
Across ciliary body  supraciliary space
Trabecular Meshwork
• A circular spongework
of connective tissue
lined by trabeculocytes
• Devided into :
– Uveal portion
– Corneoscleral
meshwork
– Juxtacanalicular tissue
a. Uveal
meshwork
b. Corneoscleral
meshwork
c. Schwalbe’s line
d. Schlemm’s
canal
e. Collector
channels
f. Ciliary body
g. Scleral spur
CHOROID
Choroid
• Consists of 3 layers of vessels :
– Choriocapillaris, the innermost layer
– Layer of medium blood vessels
– The outermost layer of large vessels
• Fusion of the basal lamina of the RPE and the
choriocapillaris of the choroid  Bruch’s
membrane
• Between sclera and choroid  perichoroidal
space
• The thin and pigmented sheets of connective
tissue  suprachroidal lamina
• Become continuous with the piamater and
arachnoid at the optic nerve
Blood
Blood Supply
Supply
• Perfusion comes from both A. Ciliaris posterior
breves et longus and from the A. Ciliaris
anterior perforata
• Venous blood drains  the vortex system 
ophtalmic vein
• High blood flow compared to other tissues
Nerve
Nerve Supply
• Innervated by N. Ciliaris longus et breves
• N. Trigeminus ophtalmic division  N.
Nasociliaris  N. Ciliaris longus  carry
sensory nerve and sympthetic fibers
• The Ciliary ganglion  N. Ciliaris breves 
carry parasympathetic and sympathetic fibers
Function
Function
• Nourishes the outer layer of retina
• The tight junction between RPE cells barrier
of choroidal fluid into retina
• Pigment cells in choroid absorb excess light
that penetrates the retina  preventing
reflection
Bruch’s
Bruch’s Membrane
Membrane
• Fusion of the basal lamina of RPE and the
choriocapillaris
• Extend from the margin of optic disc to the orra
serrata
• Has 5 elements structurally :
– Basal lamina of RPE
– Inner colagenous zone
– Thicker, porous band of elastic fibers
– Outer collagenous zone
– Basal lamina of choriocapillaris
Iris & Cilliary Body
 iris
Introduction:
1. Thin,heavily
pigmented, contractil,
circular disk analog to
diaphgram of a camera
2. Suspended in aquous
humour between
cornea and lens
3. Separate anterior and
posterior chambers
4. Diameter : 12 mm
5. Regulates amount of
light entering the eye

Forrester,Johny, The Eye Basic science in practice, third edition.

Snell,Richad, Clinical Anatomy of the eye, second edition.
 Introduction:
Consist of two surface:
• Anterior surface:
1. Peripheral Cilliary zone P
2. Central pupilary zone C
3. Collarette

Snell,Richad, Clinical Anatomy of the eye, second edition

• Posterior surface:
Radial contraction
fold prominent
in pupillary region

Snell,Richad, Clinical Anatomy of the eye, second edition

 Structure
• Consist of four layer:
1. Anterior border layer
2. Stroma: consist of loose
connective tissue containing
fibroblast, melanocytes,
collagen fiber type I and III,
nerve fiber, smooth muscle of
spincter pupillae. Also contain
mast cells and macrophage.
3. Dilator puplliae mucle
4. Posterior pigmented
epitelium

Forrester,Johny, The Eye Basic science in practice, third edition.

 Muscle
• Dilator:
1. Thin layer of myoepithelium
2. contract in respons to
sympathetic α1-adrenergic
and inhibitory role by
cholinergic
parasympathetic.
• Spincter :
1. Circular band of smooth
muscle
2. At pupillary zone of iris
3. Primary innervation from
parasympatetic nerve fiber
from CN III

Snell,Richad, Clinical Anatomy of the eye, second edition

American Academy of Opthalmology, Fundamentals and Principal of Opthalmology,
2011
Blood supply
• Iris has a rich blood
supply and extensive
anastomoses.
• 7 Anterior cillary
arteries & 2 long
posterior cilliary
arteries  major
arterial circle  Radial
vessel at collarete
minor arterial circle

Snell,Richad, Clinical Anatomy of the eye, second edition

• Vein: Large vein in anterior
stroma, smaller vein in deeper
layers drain
posteriorly/centrifugallycillia
ry bodyvortex vein

Snell,Richad, Clinical Anatomy of the eye, second edition

 Cilliary body
• 5-6 mm wide ring of tissue that extands from
sclera spur anteriorly ora serrata posteriorly
• At temporal: 5.6-6.3 mm. at nasal: 4.6-5.2 mm
• Triangular in cross-section; its base face
anterior chamber and the apex blends
posteriorly with vascular coroid.

Forrester,Johny, The Eye Basic science in practice, third edition.

• Divided into two zones:
anterior pars plana and
posterior pars plikata

• Pars plicata : ridged,

plicated, 2 mm wide and
consist of 70 radialy
arranged fold (cilliary
processes), each of which
0.5-0.8 mm high and 0.5
mm wide, richly vascular.

• Pars plana: smooth and

flat, 4 mm wide zone
stretching from posterior
limit cilliary process to ora
serata. Avascular.

Forrester,Johny, The Eye Basic science in practice, third edition.

 Blood supply
• Oftalmic artery long
posterior cilliary artery
sclera  travel forward in
choroid in medial and
lateral horizontal plane
divide in cilliary body
anastomosing with
anterior cilliary banch
forming major circle of the
iris.

Snell,Richad, Clinical Anatomy of the eye, second edition

 Microscope
1. Cilliary
epithelium
Two layer of
cuboidal
pigmented and
non pigmented
layer

Snell,Richad, Clinical Anatomy of the eye, second edition

2. Cilliary stroma
• Bundles of loose
connective tissue
• Rich blood vessel
• melanocytes

Snell,Richad, Clinical Anatomy of the eye, second edition

3. Cilliary muscle
(Smooth muscle)
• Longitudinal
(eksternal)
• Oblique or radial
fiber
• Circular fiber

Cilliary muscle 
derived from CN
III

Snell,Richad, Clinical Anatomy of the eye, second edition

 Sekresi Aquous humour

Hydrostatic
pressure
• Secreted by cilliary
epithelium  2-3µ L/Min
• Aquous humour
formation and secretion
into posterior chamber Non Pigmented
result from : active epitelium
secretion, untrafiltration,
simple difusion

Pigmented
epitelium

osmotic
pressure
American Academy of Opthalmology, Glaucoma , 2011
Lensa
 Anatomy
• Transparent, biconvex, lacks innervation,
avascular structure
• Situated behind the iris and pupil, and in front of
the vitreous body
• Concavity in the anterior face of vitreus 
Patellar Fossa
• Anterior covexity > posterior surface
• The center points on its surfaces  Poles
• A line joining the poles  Axis
• The marginal circumference  Equator
Anatomy
 Anatomy
• Equatorial diameter is 6.5 mm at birth  9-10
mm in late life
• Axis (anteroposterior) diameter 3 mm at birth
 6 mm at age 80 years
• The equator of the lens is encircled by the
ciliary processes of the ciliary body and lies
0.5 mm from them
• Suspended from the cilliary processes by
Zonules
 Layers (from without inwards) :
• Lens capsule
• Epithelium
• Cortex
• Epinuclear Cortex
• Nucleus
Layers of the Lens
 Lens Capsule
• Elastic basement membranes that envelopes
the entire lens
• Product of the lens epithelium
• Consist of fine filaments arranged in lamellae,
parallel to the surface
• Thinnest at posterior pole (absent of laminin)
• Thickness in adult : 15.5 µm (anterior pole)
and 2.8 µm (posterior pole)
Lens Capsule
 Epithelium
• Lies beneath the anterior and equatorial capsule,
but absent under the posterior capsule
• Regional differences :
– Central zone : stable population of cells, slowly decline
with age
– Intermediate zone : smaller cells, occasional mitoses
– Germinative zone : mitotic divisons, elongated
anteriorly and posteriorly, form the differentiated
fiber cells of the lens
 Fibers
• Contain of outer cortex and inner nucleus
• Nucleus  fiber mass that is formed at birth
• Cortex  new fibers added postnatally
• Hexagonal in cross section, spindle-shaped,
numerous interlocking fingerlike projections
• The Lens Sutures  formed by the
interdigitation of the anterior and posterior
tips of the spindle-shape fibers
 Nucleus (from without inwards) :
• Adults
• Adolescent
• Infantile
• Fetal (contains anterior Y-sutures & posterior
inverted Y-sutures)
• Embryonic
Nucleus
 Zonules
(Suspensory Ligaments)

• Held the lens in place

• Originated from the basal laminae of the
nonpigmented epithelium of the pars plana
and pars plicata of the ciliary body
• Attach to the lens capsule anterior and
posterior to the equator
 Zonules
(Suspensory Ligaments)
Retina
 The Retina (Overview)

• Retina consist of 10 layers

•Macula is the sensitive
part of the retina.

• 5 region :
1. Macula
2. Parafovea
3. Perifovea
4. Fovea
5. Foveola

Fibers of the nerve

fibers layer pass into
the optiv nerve
Blood Supply
Ora Serrata