Etiologi
Ronald Ross
transmission of malaria by mosquitos
Nobel Prize in 1902
Siklus Hidup Malaria
Komponen Siklus Hidup Malaria
Sporogonic cycle
Infective Period
Mosquito bites
uninfected
person Mosquito Vector
Incubation Period
Clinical Illness
Gejala Klinis
• Symptoms intensify
• Irregular high fever
• Anxiety, delirium and other mental problems
• Sweating, increased pulse rate, severe exhaustion
• Worsening GI symptoms
• Enlarged spleen and liver
Karakteristik infeksi berdasarkan spesies Plasmodium
P.v. P.o. P.m. P.f.
Paraitemia per μl
Average 20,000 9,000 6,000 20,000-50,000
Maximum 50,000 30,000 20,000 2,000,000
Primary attack* Mild-severe Mild Mild Severe in non-immunes
Febrile paroxysms 8-12 8-12 8-10 16-36 or longer
(hours)
Invasion Duffy –ve ? ? ?
requirements blood group
Relapses ++ ++ - -
Recrude-scences + + - -
Period of Variable Variable Very short
recurrence ** long
*The severity of infection & the degree of parasitemia are greatly influenced by the immune
response. Chemoprophylaxis may suppress an initial attack for weeks or months.
** Patterns of infection and of relapses vary greatly in different strains.
Siklus Demam Malaria
• Malaria quartana:
72h between fevers
(P. malariae)
• Malaria tropica:
irregular high fever (P.
falciparum)
Terapi
• Artesunate + amodiaquine ( AS + AQ )
• Dihydroartemisinin – Piperaquine ( DHA-PPQ )
• Artemether-lumefantrine ( AL )
• Artesunate + mefloquine ( AS + MQ )
• Artesunate + sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine ( AS + S-P )
Pengobatan Lini I, P. Falsiparum / VIVAX
menurut umur dan Berat Badan
Jumlah tablet perhari menurut berat badan
Hari Jenis obat
<5 kg 6-10 11-17 18-30 31-40 41-49 50-59 >60 kg
kg kg kg kg kg kg
Amodiakuin ¼ ½ 1 1½ 2 3 4 4
F-1 Primakuin - - ¾ 1½ 2 2 2 3
V
Primakuin - - ¼ ½ ¾ 1 1 1
1-14
F
Primakuin - - ¾ 1½ 2 2 3
1
V
Primakuin - - ¼ ½ ¾ 1 1
1-14
A-L 8 jam 1 2 3 4
2 A-L 24 jam 1 2 3 4
A-L 36 jam 1 2 3 4
3 A-L 48 jam 1 2 3 4
A-L 60 jam 1 2 3 4
Monitoring terapi
KLASIFIKASI RESPON PENGOBATAN ( WHO 2003 )
Kegagalan Pengobatan Dini - Berkembangnya menjadi malaria berat pada hari H1,
( ETF = Early Treatment Failure) H2, H3 disertai parasitemia
- Parasitemia pada H3 dengan temperatur aksiler>37.5C
- Parasitemia H2 > H0
- Parasitemia H3 >= 25% H0
Kegagalan Pengobatan Kasep - Berkembangnya tanda bahaya malaria berat setelah
( LCF = Late Clinical [& H3 dan parasitemia ( jenis parasit = H0)
Parasitological] Failure ) - Parasitemia dan temp. aksiler >37.5C pada H4 - H28
( LPF = Late Parasitological - Parasitemia H7, H14, H21, dan H28 ( Parasit = H0)
Failure )
Respon Klinis & Parasitologis - Tidak ada parasitemia sampai D28 dengan abaikan
Adekuat ( ACPR = Adequate temp. aksiler, tidak sesuai dengan kriteria ETF/
Clinical and Parasitological LCF/LPF.
Response)
-Klinis memburuk - Klinis
-- Parasit > 25 % - memburuk
-- Parasit +, Temp > 37.5 - Klinis -- Parasit +
- memburuk
-- Parasit +
Klinis
Hasil Memburuk -Klinis memburuk
Mal + -- Parasit +,
-Temp > 37.5
Datang Mulai
RS/Dr Obat
- Klinis
- memburuk
-Klinis memburuk -- Parasit + - Klinis
-Klinis memburuk
-- Parasit > banyak -- Parasit +, Temp > 37.5 - memburuk
-- Parasit +
Dosis Clindamycin
Hari Jenis obat Jumlah tablet perhari menurut berat badan
• SPECIFIC TREATMENT
– ANTI MALARIAL DRUGS
• ORGAN FAILURE TREATMENT
• SUPPORTIVE TREATMENT
• ANCILLARY TREATMENT
ANTI MALARIAL THERAPY FOR S.M
Artesunate/ ARTS ( i.v./ i.m / supp )
Artemether / ARTM (i.m.)
Arte-ether (i.m )
Artemisinin ( supp )
Dihydro-artemisinin ( supp )
Artelinate ( i.v)
• QUININE
• QUINIDINE