KECEPATAN RAMBAT

GELOMBANG
 r -2 r -2 r -0.5
+
Rayleigh wave
+ Vertical Horizontal
componentcomponent

Shea Relative
- + r + - amplitude
wave
r -1

+
+
r
Shear r -1 Wave Type Percentage of
window
Total Energy
Rayleigh 67
Waves Shear 26
Compression 7
Fundamentals-Modeling-Properties-Performance
 Kecepatan Rambat Gelombang

• Gelombang Pertama yang merambat pada

kecepatan tertinggi dinamakan gelombang
tekan atau (P-Wave, gel. Tarik). Kecepatan
rambat gelombang ini dinyatakan:

  2G
vp 

 Kecepatan Rambat Gelombang

Dimana :
G = Modulus geser tanah,
 = densiti tanah,
 2G 
 = Lame konstant   
 1  2 
 = Poisson ratio
 Kecepatan Rambat Gelombang

Kecepatan rambat gelombang tekan dinyatakan

dengan rumusan :
E
Vp 


• dimana E = modulus elastisitas bahan yang

dilalui gelombang dan  = rapat massa
bahan.
 Kecepatan Rambat Gelombang

• Gelombang kedua yang terjadi adalah

Gelombang Geser (S-Wave, distorsional
Wave). Kecepatan rambatnya dinyatakan :

G
Vs 

 Kecepatan Rambat Gelombang

• Kecepatan rambat gelombang Geser dinyatakan

dengan rumusan :
G
Vs 


• dimana G = modulus Geser bahan yang dilalui

gelombang dan  = rapat massa bahan.
 Seismic Wave Speeds
The bulk modulus (K) of a substance
essentially measures the substance's
resistance to uniform compression.

It is defined as the pressure increase

needed to effect a given relative
decrease in volume.

Shear modulus, μ, sometimes referred

to as the modulus of rigidity, is the ratio
of shear stress to the shear strain.

= shear modulus  = density

K = modulus of compressibility (bulk modulus)

 Elastic Materials
Rand quartzite L

F
stress

DL

F = E * DL/L (Hooke’s Law)

E = Young’s modulus

Young's modulus (E) is a measure of the

strain stiffness of a given material.

E predicts the amount a wire will extend

under tension, or to predict the load at
which a thin column will buckle under
compression
 Seismic Wave Speeds
Material P wave Velocity (m/s) S wave Velocity (m/s)

Air 332

Water 1400-1500

Petroleum 1300-1400

Steel 6100 3500

Concrete 3600 2000

Granite 5500-5900 2800-3000

Basalt 6400 3200

Sandstone 1400-4300 700-2800

Limestone 5900-6100 2800-3000

Sand (Unsaturated) 200-1000 80-400

Sand (Saturated) 800-2200 320-880

Clay 1000-2500 400-1000

Glacial Till (Saturated) 1500-2500 600-1000

= modulus of rigidity  = density

K = modulus of compressibility (bulk modulus)

 Seismic
Velocities
Seismic Wave Speeds
Figure on
page 359

P-waves can pass through parts of the core

Figure on
page 359

S-waves do not pass through the outer core

 Kecepatan Rambat Gelombang

• Gelombang ketiga yang terjadi hanya pada

lapisan permukaan tanah adalah Rayleigh
Wave.
• Kecepatan rambat gelombang ini sedikit lebih
kecil dibandingkan dengan kecepatan
gelombang geser dan nilainya sangat
tergantung kepada Poisson ratio
 Kecepatan Rambat Gelombang

• Kecepatan rambat gelombang permukaan (R-

waves) hampir sama dengan gelombang geser
atau Vlr=0,92 Vs
• Semakin besar poisson ratio, suatu bahan,
maka Vp akan semakin besar dan saat poisson
ratio= 0,50, besarnya menjadi tidak terhingga
• Semakin besar poisson ratio, besar Vs
mengalami perbesaran yang kecil
Kecepatan Rambat Gelombang
HK. SNELLIUS
 Period Wavelength

Body waves 0.01 to 50 sec 50 m to 500 km

（P・S）

Surface waves 10 to 350 sec 30 to 1000 km

Free Oscillations 350 to 3600 sec 1000 to 10000 km

(6 min to 1 hour)

Static
Displacements
 -
 Wave Period and Wavelength

Velocity 6 km/s
Space
x

wavelength 300 km
wavelength

Time
t
period 50 s
frequency = 1/period= 0.02 hz
period

Velocity = Wavelength / Period

• Snellius Law
 Wave Refraction
The direction in which a seismic wave is traveling can be changed if the wave
travels from one material into another. The change in direction is often described
as a change in “angles” at the boundary between the different rocks or materials

• The reverse of this situation

(with upward traveling waves)
is more relevant for engineering
seismology).
 Snell’s Law (very important)
i1
sin(i1) sin(i2)
=
velocity1 velocity2
velocity1

velocity2
i2

For horizontal interfaces,

any combination of wave types
(velocity2 > velocity1)
Ray Paths in a Layered Medium

a1 a1 Faster
q1 Ｓlower q1

q2 Faster q2
Slower
a２ a２

a1 < a2 a1 > a2
Back to Snell’s Law
Any change in wave speed due to composition change with height
will cause refraction of rays….

SLOW Lap.1 FAST

Lap.1

Lap.2 FAST Lap.2 SLOW

This one applies to the crust

 Snell’s Law
Ray Fermat’s Principle
s

q1
Air

Water
q2 sin q1 / sin q2 = n21
First, recall that wave paths are curved within the Earth due to refraction.
 Refraction in Earth
• Refraction plays a big role in body wave wave
propagation because the velocity changes with depth in
Earth.
 Wave Reflection
• Reflections are like echoes. When a wave hits a
boundary between two materials, part is refracted
and part is reflected.

The reflected
angle is equal to
the incident
angle.
 Wave Reflection (Echoes)
i1 = angle of incidence
i1
i2 = angle of refraction
i3
i3 = angle of reflection

velocity1
i1 always equals i3
velocity2

i2
Seismic-wave velocities are faster in the upper mantle

Velocity increases w depth, waves bend back to surface.

Waves that travel via mantle arrive sooner at far destinations

Wave Velocities

Crust slow
Mohorovičić discontinuity
Upper Mantle Fast

Asthenosphere
Slow

Lower Mantle Fast

Mineralogy of Earth’s Layers

http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/interior/
Why are seismic waves important?

Some things seismic waves are good for include

· Mapping the Interior of the Earth
· Monitoring the Compliance of the Comprehensive Test Ban
Treaty
· Detection of Contaminated Aquifers
· Finding Prospective Oil and Natural Gas Locations
 Reflection and refraction: P and SH waves

An incident P wave generates:

- reflected and refracted P waves

- reflected and refracted SV waves

An incident SH wave generates:

- reflected and refracted SH waves

Waves
Soil behaviour
38
 Body wave propagation in layered media

Typically: velocity increases with depth

n, VPn, VSn

...

i, VPi, VSi

...

1, VP1, VS1

Shallow source Deep source

Waves (artificially generated waves) (incoming seismic waves)
Soil behaviour
39
 Travel Time
• Travel time, T, is defined as
T = distance / velocity

• Example: the travel times of P- and S-waves are

Tp = distance / P-velocity
Ts = distance / S-velocity

• Since P-waves travel faster than S-wave, the time

separation between the two is larger at greater
distances.
Terima kasih
IRIS Earth’s Interior Structure Poster –
Seismic waves through the Earth
Earth’s interior
structure and
seismic
raypaths that
are used to
determine the
Earth
structure.
 The P-Wave Shadow Zone
P-waves through the liquid
outer core bend, leaving a
low intensity shadow zone
103 to 143 degrees away
from the source, here
shown as the north pole

HOWEVER, P-waves
traveling straight through
the center continue, and
because speeds in the
solid inner core are faster,
they arrive sooner than
expected if the core was
all liquid.

Inge Lehmann

Behavior of waves through center reveal Earth’s Interior

The S-Wave Shadow Zone

Since Shear (S) waves

cannot travel through
liquids, the liquid outer
core casts a larger
shadow for S waves
covering everything
past 103 degrees away
from the source.
 Gelombang Gempa
• Semakin besar energi yang dikandung oleh
gelombang gempa, maka amplitudonya akan
semakin besar
• Gelombang yang berada pada bagian atas,
akan mengakibatkan massa tanah yang
dilaluinya memikul gaya tekan.
• Gelombang yang berada pada bagian bawah,
akan mengakibatkan massa tanah yang
dilaluinya memikul gaya tarik.
 Gelombang-Gelombang Seismic
• Pengaruh kombinasi gelombang-gelombang
ini akan menghasilkan peak ground
acceleration, amax.
• Nilai peak ground acceleration ini akan
kebanyakan dipengaruhi oleh S-waves.
• Tetapi untuk beberapa kasus dimana jaraknya
lebih besar dari 2 kali ketebalan kerak bumi,
gelombang permukaan akan menghasilkan
puncak getaran di tanah