DASAR-DASAR PENELITIAN:

INTRODUKSI BAGI PERAWAT

Pelatihan IPCN , Jakarta, 15-20 April 2012

HIPPII Mariani Situmorang,SKM,MHA

 Tujuan Penyajian
2

Pe s e r t a p e l at i h a n :
Memperoleh introduksi dasar-dasar penelitian
Mengetahui peran penelitian dalam
pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan yang memberi
makna bagi peningkatan pelayanan profesional
Sebagai seorang IPCN, meningkatkan minat
terhadap penelitian (setidaknya menjadi seorang
pengguna hasil penelitian yang dimuat di jurnal-
jurnal profesi keperawatan/kesehatan, dll)
Sebagai seorang IPCN, Mampu berpartisipasi
dalam penelitian yang dilakasanakan di RS, sesuai
dengan peran, fungsi, dan tugas IPCN di RS
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 Pokok Bahasan
3

1. Latar Belakang
2. Sejarah Penelitian Keperawatan di US
3. Batasan Beberapa Terminologi
4. Pengertian Penelitian
5. Jenis Penelitian
6. Membuat Usulan Penelitian
7. Peran Perawat dalam Penelitian
8. Penutup

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 1. Latar Belakang
4

Perkembangan ilmu keperawatan dan kemajuan profesi

keperawatan saat ini bisa dicapai karena:
jasa para nursing theorists yang telah melakukan berbagai
penelitian di bidang keperawatan (nursing realm), dan
jasa para praktisi keperawatan yang mampu dan mau
berpartisipasi serta mengaplikasikan hasil penelitian-
penelitian tsb.

Penelitian keperawatan telah dilakukan sejak era Florence

Nightingale.

Hakikinya setiap perawat profesional dengan tingkat mahir

di salah satu (atau lebih) area keperawatan:
berminat melakukan penelitian di bidang keahliannya, atau
setidaknya mampu menggunakan hasil penelitian saat
melakukan pratek profesionalnya.
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Date Event Outcomes
5 Florence Nightingale records detailed
1853- She foster the idea that nursing practices should be
obsevation about the impact of nursing care
1856 based on disciplined inquiry.
during the Crimean War.

The report maintains advanced preparation is

The Goldmark Report is published , after a
essential for teachers, administrators, & PHN. Yale
comprehensive study of nursing education
University’s School of Nursing. The real pioneers:
1923 (Sponsored by Committee for the Study of
Teachers College , Columbia University &
Nursing Education & funded by Rockefeller
University of Minnesota (1910), the 1st School to
Foundation).
emphasize the higher education of nurses.

The National Accreditation Service is begun in

1948 The Brown Report is published 1950 under Dr Helen Nahm to established a sound
method of accrediting nursing education programs.
Nursing Research the 1st official journal for Nursing investigators are provided with a means
1952
reporting studies related to nursing & health for communicating the results of their research.
The Institute of Research & Service is The 1st formal structure within a University for
1953
founded at Columbia University. conducting nursing studies.
The Department of Nursing in The Walter
1957 Reed Army Institutemars/ipcn/042012
of Research is Develops a core of nurse practitioners-researchers.
eastablished.
Date Event
6 The Surgeon General’s Consultant Group on
1963
Nursing issues a report.
Lydia Hall conducts a classic study of care
1963
of the chronically ill patients.
A team of nurse researchers collaborate s
with social scientists at the University of
1966
California at San Fransisco on studies of
death and dyinig.
The Mugar Library at Boston University
1968
establishes a nursing archive.
The Commission on Research of the ANA
1976 recommends that preparation for nursing
research begin at the undergraduate level.
University of Colorado establishes Center for Nontraditional methodologies from humanities are
1986
Human Caring in the School of Nursing.
1980s- Doctoral programs for nurses in the US
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present grow in numbers and quality.
Outcomes
The report recommends a substantial increase in
federal support for research in nursing and the
training of nurse researchers.
Example of research on patient care begin to
influence the emergence of conceptual frameworks
to define the nature nursing practice.
Sociological methods and concepts begin to appear
in the repertoire of nurse researchers.
It fosters nursing reseach & brings together a
significant collection on the topic.
Courses and integrated objectives requiring some
level of research competence appear in nursing
curricula.
applied to nursing.
By 1988: > 35 Doctoral programs, and over 4,000
nurses with doctoral degrees.
 3. Pengertian Beberapa Terminologi
7

1. A theory is a set of concepts, definitions, and proposititions

that project a systematic view of phenomena by designing
specific interrelationships among concepts for purposes of
describing, explaining, predicting, and or controlling
phenomena. Theories differ in complexity and scope from
micro theories to grand theories.
2. A concept is a complex mental formulation of an object ,
property, or event that is derived from individual perceptual
experience. It is an idea: a mental image; a generalization
formed and developed in the mind. Concepts label
phenomena.
3. Phenomenon is “any occurance or fact that is directly
perceptible by the senses”. It is reality on “what exists in
the real world”. mars/ipcn/042012
 3. Pengertian Beberapa Terminologi
8

4. Science is “the observation, identification, description,

experimental explanation of natural phenomena. It is a body
of knowledge.
5. Knowledge is an awareness or perception of reality
acquired through learning or investigation.
6. Induction is a form of reasoning that moves from the
specific to general. In inductive research, particular events
are observed and analized as a basis for formulating
general theoretical statements, often called grounded
theory. This is a r e s e a r c h t o t h e o r y a p p r o a c h .
7. Deduction is a form of logical reasoning that progresses
from general to specific. Abstract theoretical relationships
are used to derive specific emphirical hypotheses. This i s
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p p ro a ch .
 4. Pengertian Penelitian
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1. Penelitian adalah suatu proses pendekatan dengan

pembuktian ilmiah untuk mengembangkan/
memperdalam atau mendapatkan tambahan ilmu/
pengetahuan di bidang tertentu. Ilmu pengetahuan
adalah kumpulan pengalaman-pengalaman dan
pengetahuan-pengetahuan sejumlah orang yang
dipadukan secara harmonik dalam bangunan yang
teratur.
2. Research is a rigorous application of the method of
science to obtain reliable and valid knowledge about
reality. Research may generate theory with an
inductive approach or test it by a deductive approach.
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 5a. Jenis Penelitian
10

Berbagai cara menentukan jenis penelitian:

Menurut tujuannya:
Exploratory R. : bersifat menjelajah
Descriptive R. :bersifat deskriptif
Explanatory R. : bersifat menerangkan
Menurut pemakaian:
Penelitian murni (pure research)
Penelitian terapan (applied research)
Menurut metodologi analisisnya
P. Deskriptif
P. Inferensial
Menurut tempat nya
P. Laboratorium, P. Kepustakaan, dll

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 5b. Jenis Penelitian
11

Berbagai cara menentukan jenis penelitian:

Menurut pendekatan (approach)
P. Longitudinal
P. Cross Sectional
Menurut sifat dasar penelitian
P. Eksperimen
P. Ex Post Facto
P. Survey
Menurut pola datanya
P. Primer
P. Sekunder
Melihat gambaran hubungan sebab-akibat
Prospective
Retrospective

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 6a. Membuat Usulan Penelitian
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Manfaat/tujuan Usulan Penelitian, antara lain:

1. Sebagai pedoman melaksanakan penelitian

2. Sebagai tool untuk menerangkan dan/atau

meyakinkan pentingnya pelaksanaan peneliatian
yang diusulkan kepada pihak-pihak yang
berkepentingan atau pihak-pihak yang membantu
(support) keterlaksaan penelitian, misalnya
sponsor/donatur, dll

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 6b. Membuat Usulan Penelitian
13

Bentuk dan Isi Usulan Penelitian

1. J u d ul Pe n elitian
2. U ra ian Pe n gant ar
3. M a s alah Pe n elitian
Hanya sebuah
4 . Tu j u a n Pe n e l i t i a n
contoh, jumlah
5 . K e r a n g k a Te o r i t i s komponen (11) bisa
6 . Ke rangka Ko ns eps ional  dikurangi dengan
7. Hipotesa menggabungkan
8. Metodologi nomor-nomor
tertentu.
9 . D a f t a r Ke p u s t a ka a n
10. Pe rs onalia Pe n elit ian
11.Anggaran

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 7. Peran Perawat Dalam Penelitian:
(Bahan sharing /diskusi)
14

Menurut Saudara,
Apakah IPCN mempunyai peran yang signifikan dalam
penelitian – penelitian program PPI/penelitian yang
berkaitan dengan program PPI Di Rumah Sakit?

Apakah
jawabmu?

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 8. Penutup
15

Telah disampaikan secara cepat ringkasan

materi dasar-dasar penelitian yang didahului
dengan sedikit historical landmarks nursing
research di US.
Semoga informasi yang disampaikan
bermanfaat dan Saudara-saudara (generasi
muda perawat) menaruh minat di penelitian
yang terkait dengan tugas profesional IPCN.
 Thank you, I wish you all
success.
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