PUSAT STUDI LINGKUNGAN HIDUP

UNIVERSITAS GADJAH MADA

 Harapan peserta
 Memperoleh gambaran mengenai
dampak-dampak apa yang harus
diperhatikan dalam penyusunan AMDAL
dari sektor pertambangan dan energi.
 Bagaimana kita akan mengurangi dampak
dlm sektor pertambangan, khususnya
pertambangan open pit & underground.
 Bagaimana menangani community
development dalam pengembangan
pertambangan.
Pokok Bahasan :
Dampak dari sektor pertambangan dan energi

Tujuan Pembahasan :
1. Menambah kemampuan peserta untuk
mengidentifikasi/ memprakirakan dampak dari
sektor pertambangan dan energi
2. Memberikan tambahan pengetahuan mengenai
pengelolaan lingkungan yang terkena dampak
dari sektor pertambangan dan energi
 Konsep Pembangunan Berkelanjutan

Adalah pembangunan untuk pemenuhan kebutuhan

generasi pada saat ini tanpa mengorbankan pemenuhan
kebutuhan generasi di masa mendatang (Brudlandt Co-
mission - 1987, dikutip dari Cutrier, 1993).

Pemanfaatan sumber daya alam harus tidak me-

lampaui kemampuan pembaharuan (renewability)
dari sumber daya alam tersebut.
Perlu keseimbangan antara kebutuhan dari
aspek ekonomi, sosial dan lingkungan.
 Dampak dari Sektor Pertambangan dan Energi

Sumber dampak :
Kegiatan Penambangan

Bahan galian Energi Air (cair)

(padat)

minyak gas

Cara  digali disedot disedot

menambang :  disemprot (dipompa) (dipompa)

Jadi bahan tambang : bahan alam yang diperoleh/diambil dari bumi

dengan cara digali, dipompa, disedot dan disemprot
 Dampak
Eksploitasi
Sumberdaya
Mineral
 TIPE ENDAPAN VS TEKNIK PENAMBANGAN

MASSIVE/VEIN
misal : bijih logam
TIPE ENDAPAN BERLAPIS
BIJIH misal : batubara, bijih besi, sulfida

LEPAS-LEPAS/LOOSE
misal : kerikil, pasir, emas placer
OPEN PIT
TEKNIK PENAMBANGAN (T. TERBUKA)
PERMUKAAN
BAHAN GALIAN (PADAT)
ALUVIAL

BAWAH PERMUKAAN

OPEN FILLED
STOPING STOPING
KEGIATAN PERTAMBANGAN
Siklus Tambang
SISTEM PENAMBANGAN
Sistem penambangan
Tambang terbuka Cu-Mo-Au
(Bingham, USA)
Batu Hijau Cu-Au mine, Indonesia
BATU HIJAU MINE GEOLOGY

 Geology Plan map & Slide

 BATU HIJAU MINE
(2006)

Tailing discharge
 Aereal photos of Pit
Waste Dump
Mill

 Statistic of reserves etc Water treatment

ponds

Reclamation

Stockpile

Stockpile Crusher
Batu Hijau mine (2008)
Tambang emas Bombana
Tambang bawah tanah
 Hishikari
mine

 Kushikino museum
TAMBANG EMAS BAWAH TANAH DI PONGKOR, JAWA BARAT
Adm. Office

Gd. Handak Mine

Crushing Plant

Mine Office

Plant Area
&Warehouse

Road to Ciurug
 MINING PRODUCTION CYCLE

DRILLING

BLASTING

SUPPORTING

MUCKING

BACKFILLING

TRANSPORTATION
 ORE PROCESSING
Crushing and Screening

Milling

Leaching

Carbon in Leach
Tailing Treatment &
Cyanide detoxification
Elution
Tailing Back
Dam Filling
Electrowinning

Smelting CN Destruction
Plant Stope
TEKNIK KEUNTUNGANNYA KERUGIANNYA
PENAMBANGAN THD LINGKUNGAN THD LINGKUNGAN
1. Open PIT  Resiko terhadap Limbah Bat >>>
keselamatan pekerja  Pasir sisa >>>
(Opencast mining)
lebih rendah  Debu >>>, Bising >>
 Mine/Acid Drainage
2. Aluvial mining  Kerusakan lingkungan  Potensi tercemarnya
lebih mudah dikontrol air sungai >>>
 Gangguan pada
permukaan
 Limbah batuan lebih  Potensi Subsidence >>
3. Open Stoping
kecil daripada dengan  Terjadi oksidasi pada
teknik open PIT material yg terekspose

 Limbah batuan lebih  Bisa terjadi oksidasi

4. Filled Stoping bahkan pembakaran
kecil daripada dengan
teknik open PIT thd material pengisi

 Resiko Subsidence <<<  Limbah (Air, Slury) dpt

mencemari aquifer
 III. Dampak Lingkungan
Kajian terhadap dampak harus mempertimbangkan :

1. Deskripsi kegiatan penambangan

(sifat bahan& kuantitasnya, teknik/
metoda & prosedur kegiatan)
2. Kondisi lingkungan : iklim, udara,
geomorfologi, batuan/struktur
geologi, tanah, hidrologi, flora, fauna,
sosek-bud-kesmas.
 Kajian terhadap dampak lingkungan
Harus secara holistik/ terpadu

Dalam mempertimbangkan apakah dampak tersebut

penting dan harus dikelola/ diminimalkan, perlu mem-
pertimbangkan salah satu atau beberapa hal berikut :

1. Jumlah manusia terkena dampak

2. Luas daerah terkena dampak
3. Intensitas dan lamanya dampak
4. Jumlah komponen lingkungan yang terkena dampak
5. Sifat kumulatif dampak
6. Berbalik/ tidak berbaliknya dampak
 5 s/d 7 km
163 m BARAT
+ 2 km LAUT
QUARRY Tidak ditambang
Indonesia
(untuk green belt)

muka
airtanah batas bawah
163 m penambangan (10 m dpl)
75 -100 m dpl
BARAT
LAUT
Keterangan
Satuan Batugamping
Satuan Batupasir
PENAMPANG MELINTANG PULAU NUSAKAMBANGAN
(TANPA SKALA)
Pemotongan bukit

Perubahan iklim Terganggunya

(curah hujan) siklus hidrologi

Terganggunya kua-
Terganggunya litas & kuantitas
flora & fauna air

Intrusi air laut

Keresahan Masyarakat/ Konflik sosial

Gambar 9. Skema potensi dampak penambangan terhadap morfologi,
iklim, sistem hidrologi dan masyarakat
Dampak pada komponen lingkungan
hidrologi
Misalnya :
1. Gangguan pada system airtanah dan pola pengaliran dapat
terjadi pada penambangan secara terbuka (open pit)
Penurunan permukaan air tanah dapat terjadi pada
lokasi penambangan dan daerah sekitarnya sampai
radius beberapa kilo meter.
Subsidence dan retakan pada permukaan tanah/batuan
dapat mengakibatkan run-off mengalir masuk ke aquifer
dan mencemari kualitas air tanah dan mempengaruhi
pola aliran airtanah.
(Gambar 8a & 8b)
2. Gangguan pada system airtanah dan pola pengaliran
dapat terjadi pada penambangan bawah permukaan.
3.
Intrusi air laut
Acid Mine Drainage Problem (AMD)
Misalnya:

Pada Pertambangan Batubara

Pyrite saat terekspose pada air dan udara teroksidasi membentuk logam-
logam besi dan asam sulfida. Ion besi akan teroksidasi dan menghasilkan
oksida besi hidrat (kuning) dan bersifat lebih asam (membentuk larutan
asam). Kondisi yang lebih asam ini menurunkan pH air dan membuat
air bersifat korosif dan membahayakan kehidupan di air.

Pyrite dihasilkan dari proses penambangan dan pencucian

(cleaning process). Satu ton batubara mengandung 1% sulfida
pyrite dan potensial menghasilkan 33 pounds oksida besi hydrat
dan lebih dari 60 pounds asam sulfida.
    
 
What is Acid
Mining Drainage

Acid drainage is a
naturally occurring
phenomenon where
sulphidic minerals in
rocks, in the
presence of oxygen
and water, oxidise to
produce sulphuric
acid.

                                                                            
The main mineral involved in the generation of AMD is pyrite.
Pyrite is unstable in the prevailing conditions present at the
Earths surface and therefore breaks down into secondary
minerals, such as iron oxides(similar to rust).
It is the chemical reactions involved in the formation of the
secondary, more stable minerals where AMD is generated.
Pyrite + Oxygen + Water = AMD
While the oxidation of
sulphidic rocks is a
naturally occuring
process, the speed of acid
drainage increases
markedly when sulphidic
rocks are exposed during
mining operations
 Kecepatan pembentukan acid drainage bervariasi..
Lahan bekas pertambangan dapat menghasilkan
acid drainage dalam waktu lebih dari 50 tahun
(Sengupta, 1993).

Acid Rock Drainage (ARD)

Aliran asam yang dihasilkan dari lokasi dimana batuan-batuan
sulfida terekspose pada air dan udara akibat kegiatan pertam-
bangan. Sumber-sumber ARD pada kegiatan pertambangan
meliputi :
1. Drainase dari pekerjaan bawah tanah
2. Run-off dari open-pit
3. Timbunan waste
4. Mill tailings
5. Ore stockpiles
 What are the Enviromental consequences?
The chemical process has two enviromental consequences:

The acid can lower the pH of receiving waterways.

The acid can leach metals from the rock, leading to
toxic concentrations in receiving waterways.
Natural creeks, rivers & other waterbodies
generally have a water pH of between 6 and
9, but AMD affected waterways can have a
pH as low as 2
                 

Reff : Wowan Dululu Landcare Group

Website
 Sources of Arsenic
Roaster off-gases constitute the major source of arsenic
emissions from mining operations which roast sulphide
concentrates containing arsenopyrite. Other contaminants
such as antimony and sulphur dioxide may also be
present in the air emissions. Other mines may produce
tailing with high residual arsenic concentrations due to
the presence of arsenopyrite in the ore, overburden and
soil.

Reff: DBA Website

 IV. Upaya Pengelolaan Lingkungan
1. Teknis Eco- Sistem approach
2. Hukum

Secara teknis a. pencegahan

b. penanggulangan
Pencegahan :
Prinsip dasar meniadakan/ mengurangi
dampak
Misal :
a. pengaturan kemiringan & ketinggian tebing galian
b. pembatasan kedalaman galian hingga tidak
memotong muka air tanah
c. re-use, re-cycle limbah minimalisasi limbah
Rehabilitasi

Usaha/ kegiatan untuk memulihkan fungsi lahan

setelah dimanfaatkan untuk suatu kegiatan yang
mengakibatkan penurunan kualitas lahan
tersebut.
Usaha pemulihan atau peningkatan kualitas
dan fungsi lahan

Dasar pertimbangan :
Safe, stable & productive condition

Rehabilitasi : Merupakan kegiatan yang berlangsung

bersamaan dengan kegiatan penambangan (on-going
activity)
 KOMPONEN LINGKUNGAN : IKLIM/UDARA

SUMBER JENIS PARAMETER

PENGELOLAAN
DAMPAK DAMPAK DAMPAK
 Partikulat CEGAH TANGGUL
1. Land clearing tersedimentasi
2. Pengupasan Debu  Partikulat Penyiraman
tanah penutup tersuspensi Menutup
3. Ripping muatan
 Emisi: CO, CO2,
4. Blasting Erosi NO, SO, Pb

5. Pemuatan  Menanam bahan

Kebisingan Noise Level peledak lebih dalam
6. Pengangkutan
7. Crushing  Mengurangi jumlah
bahan peledak
BANDINGKAN DENGAN BAKU  Menambah delay
MUTU LINGKUNGAN (KEP. MEN time
LH KEP 02/MENKLH/1998)
Dampak pada komponen lingkungan udara

Debu
Gas
Kebisingan

Dampak pada komponen lingkungan udara

Perubahan :
Temperatur, kelembaban,kecepatan
angin, dsb.
 KOMPONEN LINGKUNGAN : GEOMORFOLOGI

SUMBER JENIS PARAMETER PENGELOLAAN

DAMPAK DAMPAK DAMPAK
 Menambang scr
1. Land clearing  Perubahan tK bertahap/perquary
erosi &  Kecepatan erosi
 Menambang dng
2. Pengupasan sedimentasi dan sedimetasi
tanah penutup cara bangku &
 Perubahan  Tinggi relief & maengikuti pola
3. Ripping bentuk lahan besar sudut kontur
 Terganggu- kemiringan
4. Blasting nya stabilitas  Memberlakukan
5. Pemuatan lereng sempadan sungai
 Tergangguny  Perubahan  Membuat kolam
6. Pengangkutan a bentang geometri & pengendap sedimen
alam sungai
7. Crushing kapasitas sungai bertingkat dan
 Terjadinya saluran drainase
banjir/genan  Luas daerah
gan air genangan,  Reklamasi
vol/debit air /revegetasi
 Dampak
Eksploitasi
MIGAS

Dwikorita Karnawati - UGM - 2010

 Impact to environment
 When we do or conducted an exploration
and exploitation to the geologic resources,
it will give a positive and negative impact
to the environment and also to the socio-
economic to the surrounding area.
 We need a strategic plan to minimize the
negative impact and maximize the positive
impact to the environment during
exploration and exploitation of this
resources.
 Forinstance, there are some cases
happened around the world during the
exploitation of oil and natural gas such as
 Salty brine – a by product of most oil wells
that can pollute surface water.
 Pipelines carrying oil can be broken by
faulting, landslides, acts of war and this can
causing an oil spill.
 Tanker spillage from collisions or
grounding(such as the exxon valdez off Alaska
in 1989) can create oil slicks at sea. Oil slicks
can drift to a shore and fouling the beaches.
Case Study in Malaysia

Oil and Gas Exploration and Exploitation in Malaysia by Petronas and Shell
 Project
Area..Miri,Sarawak
• Location: is situated in northern
Sarawak, close to the Sarawak-
Brunei
border on the legendary island
of Borneo
• Area: 977 sq. kilometers
• Coordinate: situated at 4° 23’
North latitude and 113°55’ East
longitude
• Population: about 300,000
consisting of Chinese, Dayak,
Malay, Melanau, Indian, Kayan,
 Identification of Potential
Activity + Stage Impact
Pre-Construction

Environment
Component Surveying Site Contract
/Parameter Clearing Preparatio
n
Climate Not Change Hotter
Land Damage the
ecology
Water little Polluted
Landuse
Flora and Fauna Affected

Socio-economical - Job Offering

Transportation -
 Identification of Potential Impact
Activity + Stage Construction

Environment Foundatio Finishes

Component n/ Structure and Waste
/Parameter excavation manageme
nt

Climate Changing Changing Changing

Water Polluted Polluted Polluted
Landuse
Flora and Fauna Affected Affected Affected

Socio-economical Change change Change

Transportation Traffic Traffic Traffic

Generation Generation Generation
 Identification of Potential Impact
Activity + Stage Operation

Environment
Component Oil Transfer Process
/Parameter Extraction
Climate Not change Not change Hotter
Land
Water polluted Polluted
Landuse
Flora and Fauna Affected

Socio-economical Job, Bussiness

Transportation Traffic Traffic Traffic

Generation Generation Generatio
n
 Identification of Potential Impact
Activity + Post Operation
Stage
Env.
Component Usages Reclaiminati Treatment
/Parameter on
Climate Change Change
Land Bio-
remediatio
n
Water Partially Treat Treat Treated
Landuse
Flora and Affected Affected Preserve
Fauna
Socio- Living Standard Awareness Healthy life
economical
What the most severe problem
that the oil company facing
during the production
activities?
Oil Spill,Water and Air
Pollution
 Case Study in Kertih,Malaysia

Study Area

Oil and Gas Exploration and Exploitation in Malaysia by Petronas at Kertih, Terengganu
 Lithology Map N

W E

S
Kertih
#

Geologi.shp
#
Acid intrusives (undifferentiated)
Clay, silt, sand and gravel - undifferentiated
Cross-bedded sandstone with subordinate
conglomerate and shale/mudstone.
Interbedded sandstone, siltstone and shale;
Phyllite, slate, shale and sandstone
Sand (mainly marine)
Schist, phyllite, slate and limestone.
Shale, sandstone, conglomerate and minor coal seams.

5 0 5 10 Miles
 Oil Rig: Oil Spill
(i)Polluted the sea water
(ii)Damage the ecosystem

Dock: Oil Spill

(i)Polluted the surface water
and groundwater.
(ii)Damage the ecosystem.
Processing Area:
Oil Spill, Inject gas and
water back, burning
The gas 
(i) Polluted the
groundwater.
Residence Area:
(ii) Increased the
(i)Polluted groundwater because of
temperature and
leakage of sewage system.
polluted the
(ii) Air Pollution/Heat
surrounding air.
 During
Transfer/Transportation
Problem Solving

At the docks, possibility the

oil spill happen is high due
to leakage of pipeline
connection. Because of that
some precaution step
should be implement:

-Need to install the oil trap

to avoid the oil slick
happened at sea.
-Need to monitor the
pipeline condition.
-Train the worker
-Law enforcement
Activities at the Oil Plant
Problem Solving
1. Separator
2.Water treatment
This areawater
3. Waste need
some monitoring
4. Re-injected water
5. Re-injected
activities, gas
because
6. Conveyance of
thisnatural
area the
gasmost
by
important area:
gas pipeline.
7. Gas burned to
produce energy
-Need to monitor
8. Liquefied
thepetroleum
level of gas
pollution.
(LPG)
9. Pumping
-Do crude
the refinement
10. Crude oil tanks
activities moreof
11. Shipment
frequent.
crude by oil
-Dopipeline
the inspection
12. Loading facility
on the equipment
Offshore/Oil rig and Oil
Platform Problem Solving
At the Oil Platform,
possibility the oil spill
happen is high due to
leakage of pipeline, drilling
hole, destroy the habitat of
biota and also caused an air
pollution . Because of that
some precaution step
should be implement:

-Need to install the oil trap

to avoid the oil slick
happened at sea.
-Need to monitor the
pipeline condition.
-Reduce the combustion.
- Rehabilitation of
underwater habitat
 Strategy for Geo-Energy
Management
 It can be done in 2 ways:
 Technical Approach
 Conduct appropriate study
 Application of appropriate technology

 Monitoring Program.

 Bio-remediation

 Non-Technical Approach
 Law enforcement and regulations.
 Social

 Education and awareness of public

 Culture
 Monitoring program
Sources of Impact Monitored Schedule
Site Activities Types of parameter frequency
Impact
Oil Plant Water Soil Pollution -Phenol Once per
Injection content(ppm) week.
Burning Gas -Pb Once per
Water -PCBs month.
Treatment -BTEX
Oil Spills
Air Pollution Air quality
-CO2
-S

Water Water quality

Pollution -Phenol
content(ppm)
-COD
-BOD
-PH
 Monitoring program
Sources of Impact Monitored Schedule
Site Activities Types of parameter frequency
Impact
Oil Rig -Oil and gas Water Water quality Once per
extraction. pollution -Phenol week.
-Burning gas. content(ppm) Once per
-Transfer the -COD month.
oil to the ship -BOD
-PH

Air quality
Air pollution -CO2
-S

Animal and
Sea biota plant
-Fish
-mangrove
-Coral reef
 Monitoring program
Sources of Impact Monitored Schedule
Site Activities Types of parameter frequency
Impact
At the dock -Oil Water Water Once per
/ transfer. pollution quality week.
port/harbo -Phenol Once per
ur content(pp month.
m)
-COD
-BOD
-PH

Sea biota
Animal and
plant
-Fish
-mangrove
Monitoring program
Method of Responsible Evaluator
Monitoring Institute
Chemical Government or Board of
analysis private sector. environmental
Biological protection from
analysis government
institution.
 Management Table
Management Method Responsible Evaluator
of Impacts institution
Provide the Need Oil company Board of
additional appropriate environmental
pumps or holes study before protection from
for injecting can government
the water back recommended institution.
to ground. the proper
design.
Bio-remediation -By plant the Oil company. Board of
special plant Private sector. environmental
that can protection from
remediate or government
purify the oil institution.
spill.
- Some
technology by
 Management Problem.
 Bad data base management is the most step
that need to be consider.
 Usually the human resources capacity from
the evaluator side not capable/inadequate to
make evaluation and/or make inspection.
 If there have any plan changing due to
increasing of production, the previous plan
still be used. Need to make some
enhancement on the previous plan in order
to fit/applicable with the new plan.
 Lack of budget.

 No participant from public.

 Conclusion
 Every exploration and exploitation will caused the side effect
whether to the environment or human health.
 We need a strategies to solve or tackle this problem.
 Common problem such as:
 Water Pollution, Air Pollution, Noise Pollution, Soil
Erosion/Accretion, Social impacts on the local, Biological
Resources, Traffic and Road System in the vicinity of project site.
 Appropriate monitoring system should be execute in order to
minimize the negative impact.
 Make sure the planned program run in proper way and the
evaluator should be firm and sincere during evaluating and
submitting the report.
 It can be done either technical approach, non-technical
approach or both.
 2. Initial Environmental
base
 Water
 Air condition
 Ecosystem
3. Impacts
A. Exploitation impacts

- Drilling: drilling-mud, garbage…

- Exploitation: oil leak, emission, explosion,…

B. Transportation impacts

- Pile-lines

- Tankers
Note – pipeline & slick discharge
from port side mid ship
4. Oil spill clean-up
1. Natural dispersion

http://www.epa.gov/oilspill
Oil spill clean-
up
2. Mechanical method
Booms Booms
Skimmers Skimmers
Sorbents
Sorbents
 Oil spill clean-
up
3. Chemical method - Dispersant

A Coast Guard C-130 fitted with a modular dispersant system sprays water in a
May 1997 exercise in Oregon Photo: Scott Lundgren, USCG
 Oil spill clean-
up
4. Physical method - Burning
Oil spill clean-
up
5. Biological method - Bioremediation
5. Environmental
monitoring and
control
Sources of exploitation Impact parameter Monitoring Schedule
Site Activities Env Component frequency

Oil - Oil and gas extraction. Air Air quality

boring -CO2 - Once per
Rig - Gas Burning. -SO2 week or
-H2S
- Transfer the oil to the -Noise -Once per
ship Sea Water Water quality month.
-Phenol content(ppm)
- Waste water -COD
-BOD
- Garbage -PH
-water turbidity
- Drilling mud -chemical water component

- Machine activity Sea ecosystem Animal and plant

-Fish
- Detonating combustion -Coral reef
-Ocean biological
- checking machine
Human health
Sources of transportation Impact Monitoring Schedule
system
frequency
Site Activities Types of Impact

-Vung Tau coastal -Oil transfer - Water pollution -Remote Everytime

sensing if can be

-- Gianh Rai gulf - Oil transportation - Sea ecosystem

- checking
- Pile-line transportation - Tourism frequently
-- Mangrove forest
of Can Gio
- Air pollution

Dwikorita Karnawati - UGM - 2010

 Remote sensing:
- determine oil spill exact location rapidly
- countermeasure about contain and recovery dispersion + timely
- Oil spill control / large area surveillance in emergency
- Enhance strategic and tactical decision / rapid oil recovery and ultimately
minimizing impact
- Provide information multi-temporal image and input to drift prediction
modeling

The table below gives some guidance. Most difficult to assess are water-in-oil
emulsions and viscous oils like heavy crude and fuel oil, which can vary in
thickness from millimeters to several centimeters.

Oil Type Appearance Approximate Thickness Approximate Volume (m³/km²)

Oil Sheen Silver >0.0001 mm 0.1

Oil Sheen Iridescent (rainbow) >0.0003 mm 0.3

Crude and Fuel Oil Brown to Black >0.1 mm 100

Water-in-oil Emulsions Brown/Orange >1 mm 1000

Dwikorita Karnawati - UGM - 2010

 Dampak
ekploitasi
sumber daya air
 Potential impacts
identification
IMPACTS

Ecosystem Sedimentatio Damages

Fish
changed n & Erosion of dam
River
Death & other
becomes
risks
lake
Water
submerges dry
land

Low-lying Chemical
Wildlif reac- tion of
flood Forest
e stone
plains
Global
Fish Go to page
warming 12
 Impacts identification on
fish:
 Disoxygen: decreasing of Oxygen content in
water
Temp. (°C)
→0 fish
1 2
barely
3 4 5
lives
6 7 8
in9 water.
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
Dissolved 14.6 14.2 13.8 13.5 13.1 12.8 12.5 12.2 11.9 11.6 11.3 11.1 10.8 10.6 10.4 10.2 10.0 9.7 9.5 9.4 9.2 9.0 8.8 8.7 8.5 8.4
oxyg.(mg/l)

 Fishway does not exist → passage to

spawning grounds is lost → Fish is depleted

 Fish get stressed, injured, disoriented, or die

because of contact with turbines or the walls
of the dam
Potential Impacts

Fish

Agricultural
plants
 Impacts mitigation
 Installing "ladders" or other devices to allow
fish to migrate over dams

 Screens can also be installed to keep fish

away from turbine blades

 Maintaining minimum river-flow rates

 Oxygenation of the water by auto-venting

turbines

Dwikorita Karnawati - UGM - 2010

 Plan for env. control
 Alert system has to be installed to
control the water level

 Temperature and oxygen content of

the water have to be check regularly
 References
 http://www.idsnet.org/Resources/Dams/Develop
ment/impact-enviro.html
 http://ki-media.blogspot.com/2007/08/mekong-
river-water-level-rises-at-all.html
 http://www.ucsusa.org/clean_energy/renewable
_energy_basics/how-hydroelectric-energy-
works.html
 http://www.umass.edu/tei/mwwp/lakeDO.html
 http://www.bio.uu.nl/intecol/programme/cnt_ab
stract.php?frm=T5_sy20_4.pdf