Dampak dari Kegiatan

Penggunaan B-3 dan

Limbah B-3

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Pendahuluan
Aktivitas Manusia
(industri dll)

Limbah/produk Bahan awal B-3

Barang yang
bermanfaat Bahan/Limbah B3

Minimalisasi B3:
- Reduksi pd sumber
- substitusi bahan
- Pengaturan operasi
kegiatan
- Teknologi bersih
Pembuangan langsung
Berbahaya untuk:
- lingkungan
- Kesehatan manusia
- Mahluk hidup lain

Pengelolaan Bahan/Limbah B3 1
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 3

Why worry about chemical safety?

• Chemicals used everyday in

labs and factories can be
hazardous.
 4

Studies indicate lab chemists may have:

- Shorter life spans, more disease

Hoar, S. K. et al, J. Occup. Med,. 23, 485 (1981)

- Higher cancer incidence

Dement J.M. & Cromer J.R., Appl. Ocup. Environ. Hyg., 7,120 (1992)

- Higher suicide rate (females)

Walrath J. et al, Amer. J. Pub. Health, 35, 883 (1985)
 5

Possible chemical health problems

Chemicals Diseases
• Vinyl chloride • Liver cancer
• Asbestos • Mesothelioma
• Carbon tetrachloride • Hepatotoxin ( jaundice)
• Mercury • Neurotoxin, CNS, narcosis
• Lead • Reprotoxin, birth defects
• Thalidomide • Reprotoxin, developmental
defects
• Methanol
• Blindness, death
• CO, CS2
• Hematopoietic, hemoglobin,
cynanosis
 6

But disease depends on many factors…

• Genetics
• Specific chemical
• Protection controls used
• Dose
• Concentration
• Duration
• Life style
• Environment
 Recognition
Types of lab hazards:
chemical toxicity
fire / explosion
physical hazards
biohazards
radiation
special substances

7
 Illegal Waste Disposal
Is a criminal act, especially when hazardous chemicals are
polluting:
- Soil
- Water in the river, lakes and groundwater
- Atmosphere
Which creates negative impact
- reduction of the well-being and quality of life
- health - economic
- environmental - social impact

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 PERATURAN LIMBAH B3
PP RI No 18 Th 1999
Pengelolaan Limbah B3
PP RI No 85 Th 1999
Perubahan Atas PP RI No 18 Th 1999
Keputusan Kepala Bapedal (10 buah)
Tata cara pelaksanaan PP RI No 18 Th 1999
Kepmen LH : Kep-51/MENLH/10/1995
Baku Mutu Limbah Cair Bagi Kegiatan Industri

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 Definisi-definisi 2
• Bahan/limbah B3: bahan/limbah berbahaya dan/ atau
beracun yang karena sifat, konsentrasi dan/ atau jumlah-
nya secara lansung atau tidak langsung dapat merusak
dan/ atau mencemarkan lingkungan atau dapat
membahayakan manusia.
• Limbah: bahan sisa pada suatu kegiatan dan/ atau proses
produksi.
• Pengelolaan limbah B3: rangkaian kegiatan yang men-
cakup penyimpanan, pengumpulan, pengangkutan, peman-
faatan, pengolahan dan penimbunan limbah B3.
• Penghasil limbah B3: orang atau badan usaha yang
menghasilkan limbah B3 dan menyimpan sementara limbah
tersebut dalam lokasi kegiatannya sebelum diserahkan ke
pihak lain.

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 Karakteristik B-3
• Mudah meledak (eksplosif) (misal: bahan peledak)
• Mudah terbakar ( misal: bahan bakar):
1) Extremely flammable 2) Highly flammable
• Bersifat reaktif (misal: bahan-bahan oksidator)
• Berbahaya/harmful (misal logam berat)
• Menyebabkan infeksi
(misal limbah rumah sakit)
• Bersifat korosif (asam kuat)
• Bersifat irritatif (basa kuat)
• Beracun (uji toksikologi)
• Karsinogenik, Mutagenik dan Teratogenik (merkuri, turunan
benzena)
• Bahan Radioaktif (Uranium, plutonium,dll)

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 International Classification (UN-regulation)
• Class 1 Explosives: Fireworks, Gelignite
• Class 2 Flammable / non-flammable / Toxic gases:
Acetylene, LPG; Air, Argon; Chlorine, Ammonia
• Class 3 Flammable liquids: Petrol, Kerosene
• Class 4 Flammable solids, Combustible, Dangerous when wet
Sulfur, Nitrocellulose; Carbon Black, Carbon; Calcium
Carbide, Metal hydride
• Class 5 Oxidizing agent: Hydrogen peroxide, Calcium Hypochlorite
• Class 6 Toxic and infectious substances: NaCN, Hospital waste
• Class 7 Radioactive substances: Uranium
• Class 8 Corrosive substances: HCl, NaOH
• Class 9 Miscellaneous: Aerosol

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 Jenis B3 4

• B3 dari sumber tidak spesifik: B3 yang

berasal bukan dari proses utamanya, Tetapi
berasal dari kegiatan pemeliharaan alat,
pencucian, inhibitor korosi, pelarutan kerak,
pengemasan, dll.
• B3 dari sumber spesifik: B3 bahan awal,
produk atau sisa proses suatu industri atau
kegiatan tertentu.
• B3 dari sumber lain: bahan Kimia
kedaluwarsa, tumpahan, sisa kemasan dan
produk yang tidak memenuhi spesifikasi.

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 Bahan yang tidak termasuk jenis di
atas, diidentifikasi sebagai B3 apabila
memiliki karakteristik
(satu atau lebih) :
• Mudah meledak
• Mudah terbakar
• Bersifat reaktif
• Beracun
• Menyebabkan infeksi
• Bersifat korosif

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 Karakterisasi Bahan
1. Identifikasi jenis limbah
2. Karakterisasi bahaya
– Keadaan fisik
– Reaktivitas terhadap air
– Kelarutan dalam air
– pH dan informasi kenetralan
– Mudah tidaknya nyala
– Keberadaan oksidator
– Keberadaan sulfida atau sianida
– Keberadaan halogen
– Keberadaan bahan radioaktif
– Keberadaan bahan organisme berbahaya
– Keberadaan komponen toksik
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Hazardous industrial waste in US (1000 metric ton/year)
Jenis industri Total limbah %

Textile Mill Products 203 0.5

Lumber and Wood products 87 0.2
Furnitures and Fixtures 36 0.1
Paper and allied products 1296 3.1
Printing &publishing 153 0.4
Chemicals and allied products 25510 62.0
Petroleum and Coal products 2118 5.1
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products 248 0.6
Leather and leather products 474 1.1
Stone, Clay and Glass products 18 0.1
Primary metal industries 4061 9.8
Fabricated metal products 1997 4.8
Machinary, except electrical 323 0.8
Elactric and electronic equipment 1092 2.6
Transportation equipment 1241 3.0
Instruments and related products 90 0.2
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries 319 0.8
Nonmanufacturing industries 1971 4.8
TOTAL 41327 100

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 How Chemicals can cause injury
To cause injury, a substance must be able to enter the body in one of the
following ways:
• Inhalation: for gases and aerosol (solid or liquid)
Gases are absorbed rapidly, since the lungs are designed for gaseous
exchange.
> 5 m: upper respiratory tract; 0.5 - 5 m: bronchioles; < 0.5 m:
Alveoli
• Skin absorption (for liquid)
Uncharged (non-polar) compounds of low molecules are rapidly absorbed
through the skin into tiny blood vessels and carried around the body.
Benzene is very easy to absorbed through the skin and converted to
phenol in the liver.
• Ingestion (for solids or liquids)
Particles or drops of liquid may stick to the lips, especially if they are
moist after having been recently licked. With the next lick, we may ingest
several milligrams of hazardous chemicals.

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 Bahan-bahan kimia yang tidak kompatibel
Bahan-bahan dibawah ini tidak boleh diletakkan berdekatan
karena dapat menimbulkan reaksi yang berbahaya
• Bahan-bahan ini jika bercampur reaksinya eksotermis.
Contoh
– Asam asetat + asam kromat, asam nitrat dll
– Aseton + campuran asam nitrat pekat dan sulfat
pekat, hidrogen peroksida
• Bahan-bahan ini jika bercampur menghasilkan gas
toksik.
Contoh
– Asam nitrat + logam berat = nitrogen dioksida
– Sianida + asam = hidrogen sianida

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 Order of effectiveness of waste treatment
management options
Manufacturing operation
Potential generation of waste
Prevent waste generation (1)

(2)
Hazardous (4)
Waste generated Waste recycled
Waste in secure
Chemical landfill Sanitary,
Construction
Waste treated (3) solids Or Industrial
Landfill
aqueous

Publicly owned treatment

Work (POTW) for water
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 Waste Monitoring
• The identification
(kualitatif: Jenis/kategori)
and quantification
(Kuantitatif: Jumlah/
konsentrasi) of hazardous
waste is the basis for every
waste-management activity

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 Pre-condition for an Effective
Waste Management
• Identification and quantification of hazardous waste
(master plan)
• Waste minimizing (e.g. Cleaner production,
recycling, reuse, recovery)
• Allocation of disposal facilities
• Enforcement of the relevant laws and regulations for
the industry / private sector
• securing of the economical basis of the disposal of
hazardous waste

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 Waste Management Plan
Priority list of a Waste Management Plan
• Monitoring waste quantities and qualities
• Waste avoidance / prevention
• Waste minimization
segregation and collection of waste according to different categories

• Recycling
Reuse waste material and by-products back in the companies process

• Use of high caloric waste

(e.g. organic solvents, oil in cement plants)
• Disposal (of waste that can not be reused or recycled)
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 Requirements for an Environmentally Sound
Waste Management
• Regularly waste management infrastructure
• Adequate standard of technology
• Pollution control department is working
• Regularly monitoring of the waste disposal
operators
• Adequate environmental law and (technical)
guidelines enforced
• Capable and adequately trained person on the site
of Hazardous waste company as well as on
government site.
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 Pengelolaan limbah B3
A) Penyimpanan D) Pemanfaatan
B) Pengumpulan E) Pengolahan
C) Pengankutan F) Penimbunan

Penyimpanan dan Pengumpulan

Untuk mencegah terlepasnya limbah B3 ke lingkungan
sehingga potensi bahaya terhadap likungan dapat
dihindarkan.
Hal-hal yang perlu diperhatikan: bentuk kemasan (tong
atau tanki, tata cara pengemasan, bangunan dan tata ruang
tempat penyimpanan serta lokasi penyimpanan.

Pemanfaatan Limbah B3
kegiatan daur ulang (recycling), perolehan kembali
(recovery) dan penggunaan kembali (reuse).
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 Pengolahan
Limbah B3
• Pengolahan limbah B3 secara Fisika dan
Kimia: mengurangi daya racun limbah B3 dan
atau menghi-langkan sifat/ karakteristik limbah
B3 dari berbahaya menjadi tidak berhabahaya.
• Pengolahan stabilisasi/solidifikasi:
mengubah watak fisik dan kimiawi limbah B3
dengan cara penambahan senyawa pengikat
B3 agar pergerakannya terhambat atau
terbatasi dan membentuk massa monolit
dengan struktur yang kekar.
• Pengolahan secara insinerasi:
menghancurkan senyawa B3 yang terkandung
dalam limbah B3 menjadi menjadi senyawa
yang tidak mengandung B3.
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 Skema Pengolahan Limbah B3

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 Approved Disposal Methods
• Thermal methods - High Temperature incineration
- Incineration in cement plants
- Electrochemical oxidation
- Gas-phase Chemical reduction
- Plasma Arc Process
- Thermal Desorption

• Physico-chemical methods - Engineered Landfills

- Long-term controlled storage
- Chemical Treatment
- Hydrolysis
- Neutralization
- Solidification/Stabilization
• Biological methods - Biodegradation & bioregulation
Bio-detoksifikasi

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 Unsuitable Disposal Methods
• Open burning
• burying or landfill disposal
• discharge to sewer
• solar evaporation
• deep well injection
• land farming
• surface/superficial application
• open sea incineration

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 Incineration-
the preferred disposal option
High temperature
incineration is the accepted
and preferred method for
the safe disposal of the most
obsolete and unwanted
pesticides that cannot be re-
used or recycled.
(The method is accepted from
FAO/UNEP/WHO)

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 Penimbunan Limbah B3
• Walaupun telah dilakukan pengolahan
sebelumnya, limbah B3 masih
berpotensi mencemari lingkungan:
perlu dilakukan penimbunan limbah B3
pada lokasi yang memenuhi persyaratan
(landfill).

• Tujuan penimbunan: untuk menampung

dan mengisolasi limbah B3 yang sudah
tidak dimanfaatkan lagi dan menjamin
perlindungan terhadap kesehatan manusia
dan lingkungan dalam jangka panjang
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 Summary
Disposal of hazardous waste
• is based on case-by-case decision
• is only acceptable with approved disposal methods
• must be environmentally sound
• should only be the last option to get rid of waste
• must be controlled by an independent government body
• must be regulated through the environmental laws and
relevant technical guidelines
• is cost effective

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