TEKNIK PENULISAN

KARYA TULIS ILMIAH

Tineke Mandang

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 I. PENGERTIAN
II. JENIS KARYA ILMIAH
III. KAIDAH & ETIKA
PENULISAN
IV. CONTOH

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 Peneliti/
Penulis Pembaca

Komunikasi
Penelitian/ Proposal
Kajian/telaah

Bahasa Ilmiah
Laporan
Hasil Penelitian
Penelitian/ Laporan Magang
Karya Ilmiah
Skripsi
Karya Tulis Ilmiah Tesis

Desertasi
Artikel/Makalah
Ilmiah
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 DEFINISI (1)
Karya Tulis (Tulisan) Ilmiah :
Suatu karya tulis atau tulisan yang memuat
hasil/temuan dari suatu penelitian atau hasil
pemikiran yang mengikuti metoda ilmiah
( Diolah dari berbagai sumber)

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 DEFINISI (2)

Merupakan tulisan berisi ide kreatif yang

disusun secara komprehensif berdasarkan data
akurat (terpercaya), dianalisis secara runtut,
tajam dan diakhiri dengan kesimpulan yang
relevan
(DIKTI, 2004)

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 DEFINISI (3)
A scientific paper is a written report describing original
research results whose format has been defined ….
(Dirangkum dari berbagai sumber)

Karya tulis ilmiah mengandung unsur-unsur : judul, abstrak,

pendahuluan, tujuan, tinjauan pustaka, bahan dan metoda,
hasil dan pembahasan, simpulan dan saran.

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 JENIS TULISAN ILMIAH (1)

1. Jenis Tulisan Ilmiah : Contoh untuk Fateta (S0, S1,S2/S3)

1) Proposal Penelitian/Proposal Praktek
Lapang/Magang
2) Laporan Praktek Lapang/Laporan Magang
3) Skripsi/Tesis/Desertasi
4) Makalah Seminar

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 JENIS TULISAN ILMIAH (1)

2. Jenis Tulisan Ilmiah : Untuk keperluan publikasi atau

lainnya

1) Makalah untuk Jurnal/buletin ilmiah/seminar

2) Artikel untuk keperluan lain : lomba, dsb

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 Format umum, Konsistensi & Pengetikan

Proposal, Laporan PL, Skripsi, Laporan Magang, Makalah

Seminar

Lihat pedoman penulisan karya ilmiah Fateta

IPB
(akan segera terbit)

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SISTEMATIKA DAN FORMAT

Catatan Penting :

be noted that most publications have rules about a paper's

format: some divide papers into some sections, others do
not, and the order may be different in different publications.
So be prepared to revise your paper in to a publication's
format when you are ready to submit.

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 Reports and other scientific texts are an important
part of a study
•Scientific papers should be written in a clear and
concise style
•Good language is important

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 Anatomi atau Struktur Tulisan :
1. Pendahuluan (Latar belakang
dan tujuan)
2. Isi (Terdiri dari beberapa
bagian)
3. Penutup (Simpulan dan saran)

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 VERSI UMUM
(diolah dari berbagai sumber) :

1. Rumus IMRAD (Introduction, Material and Method,

Results and Discussion)

Dilengkapi dengan

2. TASCAR (Title, Authorships, Summary/ Abstract,

Conclusion, Acknowledgments, References)

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 Untuk karya ilmiah, hal-hal yang perlu diperhatikan (1):

Judul Singkat, menggambarkan isi; hindari kata-kata klise

(pengaruh …, mempelajari, ..dll.)
Penulis Lengkap (tentukan urutan yang seharusnya)

Ringkasan & Uraikan secara singkat mengapa penelitian

Kata kunci dilaksanakan, tujuan, metode, hasil-hasil yang
penting, simpulan utama. Tuliskan kata-kata kunci
yang tepat.
Pendahuluan (Latar belakang & tujuan). Mengapa penelitian ini
perlu, sertakan dukungan informasi (seperlunya
tapi jelas)
Tinjauan Pustaka Pustaka yang melandasi penentuan hipotesis;
gunakan pustaka terbaru dan relevan.

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 Untuk karya ilmiah, hal-hal yang perlu diperhatikan (2):
Metoda
Hasil dan Pembahasan
Simpulan & Saran
Daftar Pustaka
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Sejelas mungkin (orang lain dapat
mengulangi)
Sejelas mungkin (tampilkan hasil dan
bahas). Gunakan tabel, gambarm dll
untuk memperjelas.
Sesingkat mungkin dan menjawab tujuan
penelitian.
Saran menunujukan kelemahan/
kekurangan pada penelitian (saran
tidak harus ada)
Rujuklah sumber informasi dan tulis dengan
cermat
HIMATETA
Title A title should be the fewest possible words that accurately
describe the content of the paper. Omit all waste words such
as "A study of ...", "Investigations of ...", Observations
on ...", etc. Indexing and abstracting services depend on the
accuracy of the title, extracting from it keywords useful in
cross referencing and computer searching.

Authorships Who is the best defined in advance ? How many ?

Summary/ A well-prepared abstract enables the reader to identify the
Abstract basic content of a document quickly and accurately, to
determine its relevance to their interests, and thus to decide
whether to read the document in its entirety. The abstract
concisely states the principal objectives and scope of the
investigation where these are not obvious from the title.
More important, it concisely summarizes the results and
principal conclusions.

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Keyword list The keyword list provides the opportunity to add keywords,
used by the indexing and abstracting services, in addition to
those already present in the title. Judicious use of keywords
may increase the ease with which interested parties can
locate your article

Introduction An important function of the introduction is to establish the

significance of your current work: Why was there a need to
conduct the study? Having introduced the necessary
literature and demonstrated the need for the current study,
you should state clearly the scope and objectives.

Materials and The main purpose of the 'Materials and Methods' section is
Methods to provide enough detail for a competent worker to repeat
your study and reproduce the results. The scientific method
requires that your results be reproducible, and you must
provide a basis for repetition of the study by others.

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Results In the results section you present your findings: display items
(figures and tables) are central in this section. Present the
data, digested and condensed, with important trends
extracted and described. Because the results comprise the
new knowledge that you are contributing to the world, it is
important that your findings be clearly and simply stated.

Discussion In the discussion you should discuss what principles have

been established or reinforced; hat generalizations can be
drawn; how your findings compare to the findings of others
or to expectations based on previous work; and whether
there any theoretical/practical implications of your work.

Conclusion Who needs one ?

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Acknowledgments Who should be thanked ? Who paid ? In
journals it is not a must to write
acknowledgements but it is considered
polite for the author to acknowledge the
help of them
References Whenever you draw upon information
contained in another paper, you must
acknowledge the source. All references to
the literature must be followed immediately
by an indication of the source of the
information that is referenced

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 KEBAHASAAN

Bahasa Ilmiah :
Bahasa yang digunakan untuk
menyampaikan suatu karya
ilmiah, secara lisan maupun
tertulis

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 Fungsi Umum Bahasa :

Untuk tujuan praktis : mengadakan hubungan

antar manusia/kelompok
Untuk tujuan artistik : mengolah bahasa menjadi
indah untuk pemuasan rasa estetis manusia
Sebagai kunci mempelajari ilmu/pengetahuan
Tujuan filolologis : mempelajari naskah tua,
penyelidikan sejarah (manusia, kebudayaan, adat-
istiadat, perkembangan bahasa

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 Bahasa Ilmiah :

1) Tata Bahasa
2) Pemilihan kata/istilah
3) Gaya bahasa
Ilmiah
4) Sistematika
5) Konsistensi
6) Dll.

Mengacu pada Bahasa Indonesia Baku dengan Ejaan Yang

disempurnakan (EYD)

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 Beberapa tips
1) Tata Bahasa

• Secara umum artikel ilmiah lebih banyak

menggunakan kalimat pasif
• Hindari penggunaan kata ganti orang (saya, kami,
mereka, dll) dalam artikel ilmiah
• Hindari kalimat yang sangat panjang karena akan
mengaburkan arti bahkan kehilangan makna
• Bedakan antara kata depan di dan ke dengan awalan di
dan ke.

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 2) Pemilihan kata dan istilah

• Gunakan kata atau istilah yang umum digunakan

untuk artikel ilmiah bukan kata-kata untuk bahasa
percakapan sehari-hari atau bahasa pergaulan
• Gunakan “technical term” yang asli bila belum ada
terjemahan yang baku atau yang masih belum
populer
• Hindari penggunaan kata yang sama berulang-ulang
pada kalimat dengan posisi tertentu.
• dll.

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 3) Gaya bahasa

• Artikel ilmiah menggunakan gaya bahasa sederhana

dan resmi
• Hindari gaya bahasa puitis/pantun, dll.
• Artikel ilmiah mementingkan kedekatan hubungan
antara satu bagian dengan bagian yang lain
• Artikel ilmiah lebih bersifat “to the point” artinya
tidak bertele-tele
• dll.

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 4) Sistematika, Konsistensi

• Alur artikel disesuaikan dengan tujuan

• Urut-urutan bagian artikel sesuai dengan tujuan

• Penggunaan kata, istilah, tanda baca, satuan, dll.

harus konsisten agar tidak mengaburkan arti.

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 Etika Penulisan Ilmiah

Plagiarism (Mencuri hak orang) :

Menggunakan data, ide atau hasil penelitian orang lain tanpa
menuliskan sumbernya.

Disengaja ??

Akibat dari lemahnya

Tidak disengaja pengetahuan tentang
penulisan ilmiah

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 Some final words
•Be honest with your work and
thoughts

•Be opened to criticism – not

everyone may be happy with your
work, however accurate and
objective you have tried to be.

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 Karya tulis ilmiah hendaknya memuat suatu
karya pemikiran dan atau penelitian yang
mengandung keaslian.

Terapkan prinsip kejujuran

dalam setiap karya kita

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 Lampiran-1 :
Kesalahan umum dalam penulisan karya tulis ilmiah

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 Common Mistakes in an Abstract
For such a short section, the Abstract is easy to get wrong.
Here are some of themajor ones to watch out for in your own writing:

1. No Abstract. Every paper needs an abstract. Your is no exception!

2. Abstract Really an Introduction. An Abstract is not an Introduction - it is a
summary of the whole paper. Often, authors will write an Abstract that is ten
sentences of background information, with no reference to the results or
conclusions of the study. Don’t panic about including enough background –
if a reader wants details, she goes to your introduction.
3. Missing Information. Authors frequently forget to include information like:
What was the purpose of this study? What were the methods used? What
were the major results? What do these results mean? Be sure than your
Abstract answers all those questions.
4. Too Much Information. Some authors include way too much information
onthe background, the problem, the methods, or the implications of a study.
Usually, 1- 2 sentences for each of the major sections (Introduction -
Methods - Results -Conclusions) is enough. The Abstract should be short,
snappy, and succinct. When readers want details, they’ll read the actual
paper.

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 Common Mistakes in an Introduction

1. Too Much Information. Authors sometimes include far too much

information in their Introductions. Only information related to the
subject should be included.
2. Not Enough Information. Another common mistake authors make
is to assume that their audience knows more than they do. Authors
often do not explain concepts, do not provide enough background
information, or do not discuss enough previous studies.
3. Unclear What Study Is. Often, authors will build a thorough
Introduction, but it is unclear what the rest of their paper will cover.
The author needs to bluntly state what this paper will cover, how,
and why. Phrases like “This study examines…”or “In this study…”
are valuable.

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4. Lists. A common temptation in Introductions is to list material, either in
paragraph or bullet format. Sometimes this is unavoidable. Usually it is not. Try to
avoid lists and describe your study in prose instead.
5. Confusing Structure. Authors often throw all sorts of information into an
Introduction without thinking thru the organization. The result is a confusing read.
Remember to follow the structure outlined above: Big problem – my portion of that
big problem – hypothesis (logic underlying my study) – description of my study –
why the reader should care about this study.
6. First-Person Anecdotes. Undergraduates sometimes confuse a scientific
manuscript with My Wild Adventures in the Lab. They might try to open an
Introduction with an amusing story to “draw the reader in”, thinking that this is an
essay for an English class. First-person reporting does not belong in a research
manuscript. The author shouldn’t even say “I found…” but “It was found…”. It’s a
passive voice, but a standard one for reporting research.

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 Common Mistakes in a Results Section
1. Raw Data. Occasionally an author will for some reason include all his/her raw data. This
is not just unnecessary - it’s mind-numbing. The author should present only the key
results, meaning those results that bear on the question or problem being addressed.
Generally this means presenting means, percentages, standard deviations, etc.

2. Redundancy. Authors will often present their results in a table, then re-state everything
in the text. This is redundant. Text should be used to clarify figures and tables - not
rehash them.
3. Discussion and Interpretation. Authors frequently combine the Results and iscussion
sections or include interpretation in the Results section. Some journals (a very, very few)
permit this. JYI does not. Author cannot include interpretation or discussion in the results
section. This includes discussion of possible sources or causes of error.
4. No Figures or Tables. Every Results section should have at least one table. No matter
what discipline the author is writing in, he/she should have data to present. A notable
exception is some mathematics or computer science papers.

5. Methods/Materials Reported. Often, an author will write something like this is the
Results section: “We found that sample A contained pyroxene, so we ground sample B
to a powder and ran the experiment again. With sample B, we found pyroxene again.”
The information “so we ground sample B to a powder and ran the experiment again” is
M&M material and does not belong in the Results section. The author must report only
results in the Results section – no new methods or materials at all.

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 Common Mistakes in a Discussion Section

1. Combined with Results. It’s amazing how often authors combine the Results and
Discussion sections, even though we specifically tell them not to. The Results and
Discussion sections cannot be combined. They have two very different purposes. The
Results section is for fact. The Discussion section is for interpretation.
2. New Results. Sometimes an author will include a new result in the Discussion section
– one he/she did not report in the Results section. All results must be reported in the
Results section. They can be restated in the Discussion section, but they must appear
in the Results.
3. Broad Statements. Sometimes an author will draw sweeping conclusions based on
his/her one tiny study. These are only appropriate even for major, ground-breaking
papers – the kinds of papers that undergraduates rarely write. For example, it’s
unlikely that a paper examining valley networks in one small region of Mars is going
to shed light on the evolution of the Martian climate through time or the fate of the
liquid water that once ran on its surface. The study might provide new clues, but no
sweeping, broad statements can be made.

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 4. The “Inconclusive” Cop-Out. Months of research and pages of words, all
leading up to a: “The results are inconclusive.” What a waste! Don’t waste your
reader’s time with a statement of “it’s inconclusive”. The author needs to draw what
conclusions he/she can, then suggest how the experiment should be changed to
properly test the hypothesis.

5. Ambiguous Data Sources. Often, an author will get so wound up in his/her

Discussion, that it’s hard to tell when he/she is talking about the results of this study
and when he/she is talking about the results of other studies. Don’t let authors get
away with that kind of ambiguity – whose study is being discussed is vital
information.

6. Missing Information. Authors often leave out critical information from the
Discussion section. For example, they might forget to re-state their hypothesis and
motivation, might not tie their work into the larger field of research, might not
compare their work to other’s, might not discuss sources of error . . . in short, they
might not answer all the questions outlined in the “What is a Discussion Section”
above. Be sure to discuss everything.

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VERSI : LOMBA KARYA TULIS MAHASISWA (DIKTI, 2004)

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 KARYA TULIS ILMIAH :

1. Bagian Awal
2. Bagian Inti
3. Bagian Akhir

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 Bagian Awal

•Halaman Judul,
•Lembar Pengesahan,
•Kata Pengantar,
•Daftar Isi dan Daftar lain,
•Ringkasan Karya Tulis

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 Bagian Inti

• Pendahuluan
• Telaah Pustaka
• Metoda Penulisan
• Pembahasan

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 Bagian Akhir

• Daftar Pustaka
• Daftar Riwayat Hidup
• Lampiran (Jika
diperlukan)

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 SISTEMATIKA PENULISAN
Bagian Awal (halaman judul, lembar
pengesahan, kata pengantar, daftar isi,
ringkasan)
Bagian Inti
Bagian Akhir

PENGETIKAN
Tata letak
Pengetikan kalimat
Penomoran halaman

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 Indikator Bobot Skor

1). Format

2). Kreativitas
3). Topik

4). Data dan Sumber informasi

5). Pembahasan, simpulan, dan

transfer gagasan

(Versi LKTM)

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 CONTOH PENILAIAN

Bobot Kriteria
5 Format : tata tulis, pengungkapan (sistematika, ketepatan/kejelasan
ungkapan, bahasa)
15 Kreativitas gagasan : komprehensif dan keunikan; struktur gagasan
(didukung oleh argumentasi ilmiah)
5 Topik yang dikemukakan : sifat topik (aktual, menangkap perhatian),
rumusan judul dan kesesuaian dengan bahasan, aktualitas, kejelasan
uraian permasalahan, relevansi topik dengan tema
15 Data dan sumber informasi : relevansi data dan informasi yang diacu
(primer/sekunder), keakuratan dan integritas data/informasi,
kemampuan menghubungkan berbagai data/informasi
20 Pembahasan, simpulan dan transfer gagasan : kemampuan
menganalisis dan mengsistesis serta merumuskan simpulan;
kemungkinan/prediksi transfer gagasan dan proses adopsi

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 RINGKASAN KAIDAH PENULISAN...
Untuk karya ilmiah, hal-hal yang perlu diperhatikan (1):

1. Judul : Singkat
2. Penulis : Lengkap dengan alamat
3. Ringkasan : Ringkaslah permasalahan dan pemecahannya
4. Pendahuluan : (Latar belakang & tujuan) seperlunya tapi jelas
5. Metoda : Sejelas mungkin (orang lain dapat mengulangi)
6. Hasil dan : Sejelas mungkin (tampilkan hasil dan bahas)
Pembahasan
7. Kesimpulan : Sesingkat mungkin tapi jelas
8. Pustaka : Rujuklah sumber informasi dan tulis dengan cermat

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 RINGKASAN KAIDAH PENULISAN...

Untuk karya ilmiah, hal-hal yang perlu diperhatikan (2):

a) Penulisan angka, lambang, istilah dan tata nama

ilmiah
b) Penyajian ilustrasi :
- Tabel
- Gambar
- Grafik
- Diagram alir
c) Penulisan kepustakaan
d) Pelengkap (Pengantar, Ucapan terima kasih, dll.)

Selalu lihat panduan !!!

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