OleH:

Tri Widjaja
Teknik Kimia FTI-ITS
 Mencegah kehilangan energi
 Menjaga kestabilan konsumsi bahan
bakar boiler
 Mencegah kerusakan boiler
 Menjaga kemurnian steam
 Mendapatkan heat transfer optimum
 Menghemat biaya pemeliharaan boiler
 Bebas dari zat-zat penyebab kerak.
Terutama kesadahannya dan silika
serta suhu tinggi.
 Bebas dari zat-zat penyebab korosi.
Terutama air umpan yang
mengandung asam dan gas-gas
terlarut.
 Bebas dari zat penyebab busa dan
zat padat ikutan. Selain itu juga
bebas dari minyak dan lemak.
• Timbulnya endapan zat-zat
yang terlarut dalam air

• Disebabkan oleh calcium

phosphate, calcium
carbonate (in low-pressure
boilers), magnesium
hydroxide, magnesium,
silicate, various forms of
iron oxide, silica, dan
alumina
Thickness of scale Increases in fuel consumption due to
this scale

1/2 mm 2%
1 mm 4%
2 mm 6%
4 mm (1/8 ") 10 %
8 mm (1/4") 20 %
16 mm (1/2 ") 40 %
30 mm (1") 80 %
Sumber : www.hacschem.com
• Efisiensi boiler
menurun

• Kenaikan
konsumsi bahan
bakar

• Terjadi failure
tube
• Disebabkan oleh gas-gas terlarut dalam
air, terutama gas O2

• Reaksi :
Anode :
Fe Fe2+ + 2e–
Katode :
H2O + 1/2O2 + 2e– 2OH–
Dalam air :
Fe2+ + 2OH - Fe(OH)2
4Fe(OH)2 + O2 + 2H2O 4Fe(OH)3
• Oksigen terlarut menyebabkan
timbulnya hematite (red rust)

• Chloride stress corrosion dan

Transgraular cracking akan
terjadi pada bahan stainless steel

• Jika dalam air terdapat deposit

yang dapat menghasilkan ion
hidroksil, dapat menyebabkan
caustic stress corrosion

• Apabila air mengandung ion

hidrogen berlebih, dapat
menghasilkan gas methane yang
dapat merusak tube
• Disebabkan oleh rancangan yang buruk,
kerusakan, atau pemasangan drum
moisture separator yang salah

• Pengendalian level air dalam drum yang

jelek, perubahan tekanan (atau beban)
yang sangat cepat
Drum Pressure Boiler Water
(psig) Total Silica Specific Conductances
(ppm SiO2) Alkalinity (ppm (micromhos/cm
CaCO3) )
0 - 300 150 700 7000
301 - 450 90 600 6000
451 - 600 40 500 5000
601 - 750 30 400 4000
750 - 900 20 300 3000
901 - 1000 8 200 2000
1001 - 1500 2 0 150
1501 - 2000 1 0 100
 Boiler Total Alkalinity Silica (ppm) Suspended
Pressure Dissolved (ppm) Solid (ppm)
(Psig) Solid (TDS)
0 – 300 3500 700 125 300
301 – 450 3000 600 90 250
451 – 600 2500 500 50 150
601 – 750 2000 400 35 100
751 – 900 1500 300 20 60
901 – 1000 1250 250 8 40
1001 – 1500 1000 200 2.5 20
1501 – 2000 750 150 1.0 10
Di atas 2000 500 100 0.5 5

Sumber : www.hacschem.com
• Digunakan sebelum
proses filtrasi

• Prinsipnya menambahkan
koagulan untuk
mengendapkan partikel
• Menghilangkan
suspended solid seperti
pasir halus, tanah liat
dan beberapa bahan
organik
• Untuk menghilangkan
kesadahan pada air

• Prinsipnya menukar
ion magnesium dan
calcium yg terkandung
pada air dengan ion
natrium pada resin
• Air yang mengandung
garam terlarut akan
diberi tekanan dan
melewati membran

• Garam-garam akan
tertahan pada
membran
Digunakan untuk menguapkan gas-gas terlarut
dalam air
Studi Kasus
Kandungan Air laut
Chemical ion Concentration Part of salinity (%)
(ppm)
Chloride 19345 55.03
Sodium 10752 30.59
Sulfate 2071 7.68
Magnesium 1295 3.68
Calcium 416 1.18
Potassium 390 1.11
Bicarbonate 145 0.41
Bromide 66 0.19
Borate 27 0.08
Strontium 13 0.04
Flouride 1 0.003
 Gas terlarut Kandungan (ppm)
Nitrogen 12.5
Oxygen 7
Karbondioksida 90
Argon 0.4

Treatment yang tepat :

1. Koagulasi – Flokulasi
2. Filtrasi
3. Reverse Osmosis
4. Deaerasi
 IMPURITY RESULTING IN GOT RID OF BY COMMENTS
Soluble Gasses
Water smells like rotten Found mainly in
Aeration, Filtration, and
Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S) eggs: Tastes bad, and is groundwater, and polluted
Chlorination.
corrosive to most metals. streams.
Filming, neutralizing
Corrosive, forms carbonic Deaeration, neutralization
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) amines used to prevent
acid in condensate. with alkalis.
condensate line corrosion.
Pitting of boiler tubes, and
Deaeration & chemical
Corrosion and pitting of turbine blades, failure of
Oxygen (O2) treatment with (Sodium
boiler tubes. steam lines, and fittings
Sulphite or Hydrazine)
etc.
 Tolerance of approx. 5ppm
Sediment & Turbidity Sludge and scale carryover. Clarification and filtration. max. for most applications,
10ppm for potable water.
Found mostly in surface
waters, caused by rotting
vegetation, and farm run
offs. Organics break down
to form organic acids.
Results in low of boiler
feed-water pH, which then
attacks boiler tubes.
Includes diatoms, molds,
bacterial slimes,
iron/manganese bacteria.
Suspended particles collect
on the surface of the water
Carryover, foaming, in the boiler and render
Clarification; filtration, and
Organic Matter deposits can clog piping, difficult the liberation of
chemical treatment
and cause corrosion. steam bubbles rising to that
surface.. Foaming can also
be attributed to waters
containing carbonates in
solution in which a light
flocculent precipitate will
be formed on the surface of
the water. It is usually
traced to an excess of
sodium carbonate used in
treatment for some other
difficulty where animal or
vegetable oil finds its way
into the boiler.
Dissolved Colloidal Solids
Oil & Grease Foaming, deposits in boiler Coagulation & filtration
Scale deposits in boiler,
inhibits heat transfer, and
Hardness, Calcium (Ca), thermal efficiency. In
and Magnesium (Mg) severe cases can lead to
boiler tube burn thru, and
failure.
Foaming, carbonates form
carbonic acid in steam,
Sodium, alkalinity, NaOH, causes condensate return
NaHCO3, Na2CO3 line, and steam trap
corrosion, can cause
embrittlement.
Enters boiler with
condensate
Forms are bicarbonates,
sulphates, chlorides, and
nitrates, in that order.
Some calcium salts are
Softening, plus internal
reversibly soluble.
treatment in boiler.
Magnesium reacts with
carbonates to form
compounds of low
solubility.
Deaeration of make-up
Sodium salts are found in
water and condensate
most waters. They are very
return. Ion exchange;
soluble, and cannot be
deionization, acid
removed by chemical
treatment of make-up
precipitation.
water.
 Hard scale if calcium is
Sulphates (SO4)
present
Priming, i.e. uneven
delivery of steam from the
boiler (belching), carryover
of water in steam lowering
Chlorides, (Cl) steam efficiency, can Deionization
deposit as salts on
superheaters and turbine
blades. Foaming if present
in large amounts.
Deposits in boiler, in large
Iron (Fe) and
amounts can inhibit heat
Manganese (Mn)
transfer.
Hard scale in boilers and
Silica (Si) cooling systems: turbine
blade deposits.
Tolerance limits are about
Deionization
100-300ppm as CaCO3
Priming, or the passage of
steam from a boiler in
"belches", is caused by the
concentration sodium
carbonate, sodium
sulphate, or sodium
chloride in solution. Sodium
sulphate is found in many
waters in the USA, and in
waters where calcium or
magnesium is precipitated
with soda ash.
Aeration, filtration, ion Most common form is
exchange. ferrous bicarbonate.
Silica combines with many
elements to produce
silicates. Silicates form very
tenacious deposits in boiler
Deionization; lime soda
tubing. Very difficult to
process, hot-lime-zeolite
remove, often only by
treatment.
flourodic acids. Most critical
consideration is volatile
carryover to turbine
components.