MK (K)
E-mail: hayatikarmil@gmail.com
Interaksi dalam Penggunaan Antibiotika
Pejamu
Patogen Antibiotika
Farmakokinetik
Pasien Farmakodinamik
Epidemiologi
usia Tipe Infeksi
imunitas
riwayat antibiotika
Mikroorganisme
Resistensi lokal
Pertimbangan dalam Penggunaan
Antibiotika
Panduan mikrobiologi
Indikasi evidence based
Spektrum yang tersempit
Dosis yang tepat
Durasi seminimum mungkin
Usahakan monoterapi kecuali dalam kondisi
khusus
Klasifikasi Antibiotik
Bakterisidal Bacteriostatik
Beta-laktam Tetrasiklin
Penisilin Makrolid
Sefalosporin Lincosamid
Karbapenem Kloramfenikol
Monobaktam Nitrofurantoin
Glikopeptida Sulfametoksazol
Oksazolidinon Trimetoprim
Aminoglikosida
Fluorokuinolon
Inhibisi sintesis
Inhibisi sintesis
dinding sel
protein
FOM Penisilin
Makrolid Aminoglikosida penisilin-G
(Fosfomisin)
eritromisin kanamisin ampisilin
midecamisin, dibekacin kloksasilin,
amikasin Cefems
dll dll.
streptomicin sefalosporin
sefamisins
Kloramfenikol Tetrasiklin
Inhibisi sintesis
asam nukleat
Inhibisi
membran
Inhibisi sintesis DNA
sitoplasma
Kuinolon
Polipeptida Inhibisi sintesis RNA
polimiksin B, dll rifampisin
Foundation
Fig 20.2
Inhibition of Protein Synthesis by Antibiotics
Figure 20.4
Penicillins (PCN)
Penicilinase-resistant penicillins
Carbapenems: very broad spectrum
Monobactam: Gram negative
Extended-spectrum penicillins
Penicillins + -lactamase inhibitors
Other Inhibitors of Cell Wall Synthesis
Cephalosporins
2nd, 3rd, and 4th
generations more
effective against gram-
negatives
Figure 20.9
Cephalosporins
Fungi of genus
Cephalosporium 4
Generations of
cephalosporins
Polypeptide antibiotics
Bacitracin
Topical application
Against gram-positives
Vancomycin
Glycopeptide
Important "last line" against antibiotic resistant S. aureus
Vancomycin
Considerations
- SE = Photosensitivity - sunburn rxn
- Should not be given to children < 8 yrs or to women
in last trimester of pregnancy - Irreversibly discolors
permanent teeth
- Tetracycline during 1st trimester of pregnancy can
cause birth defects
- Take on an empty stomach - antacids & dairy
products prevent absorption of the drug
Macrolides
Macrolides - Erythromycin, Azithromycin (Zithromaz),
Clarithromycin (Biaxin) - PO/IV, Dirithromycin (Dynabac) -
PO - Broad spectrum of activity
- Low to mod dose = bacteriostatic
- high doses = bactericidal
SE = GI disturbances, Allergic rxns = Hepatotoxicity
Lincosamides
Rifampycin
Inhibits RNA synthesis
Antituberculosis
Quinolones and fluoroquinolones
Ciprofloxacin
Inhibits DNA gyrase
Urinary tract infections
Fluoroquinolones (Quinolones)
Figure 5.7
Sulfonamides
One of the oldest - broad spectrum - gram - & gram +
First group of drugs used against bacteria
Bacteriostatic - inhibits bacterial synthesis of folic
acid, essential for bacterial growth
Alt. for people allergic to PCN
Use - UTI’s, ear infections, newborn eye prophylaxis
- Not effective against viruses or fungi
PO, sol’n & ointment for ophthalmic use & cream
- Silver sulfadiazine (Silvadene) - for burns
Sulfonamides
Tulkens, P. M. ; OCS on Resistance and the Use and Misuse af Antimicrobial Therapy ; June 2000
KEGAGALAN FARMAKOLOGIK
Kurangnya jumlah obat
Kurangnya penetrasi obat ke dalam lokasi infeksi
Kurangnya pertimbangan farmakodinamik dalam menyusun jadwal
pemberian obat
Kurangnya efek bakterisidal
Antagonisme antara berbagai antibiotika yang digunakan
Kurangnya aktivitas in situ karena kondisi lokal
Tidak adanya drainase yang tepat
Tulkens, P. M. ; OCS on Resistance and the Use and Misuse af Antimicrobial Therapy ; June 2000
Patogen
Patogen yang
yangresisten
Pathogen rentan
antimikrobial
Pencegahan Pencegahan
Transmisi Infeksi
Resistensi Infeksi
bakteri
Profilaksis
Terapi empiris
Terapi definitif
Profilaksis Antimikrobial
Kemoprofilaksis efektif
Profilaksis pasca pajanan
(meningitis, viral influenza, infeksi Gonokokal,
sifilis, shigelosis, tuberkulosis, malaria)
Profilaksis operasi
Imunokompromais
Kemoprofilaksis inkonklusif
Post streptococcal glomerulonephritis
Infeksi Clostridium
Endokarditis infektif
PPOK
Fibrosis kistik
Pasca splenektomi
Kemoprofilaksis inefektif
Pencegahan pneumonia bakterial pada infeksi virus
Strategi untuk Terapi Empiris
Pasien
Eskalasi Deeskalasi
Cari superinfeksi
Pembentukan abses Tidak Perbaikan gejala klinis yang
Demam bukan akibat infeksi bermakna dalam 24-48 jam
Ya
ATAU
Monoterapi dengan antipneumococcal
fluorokuinolon
Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001;163:1730-1754.
Terapi Antimikrobial Empiris pada
Infeksi Abdominal
• Kolesistitis:
Florokuinolon, Piperasilin, Sefazolin+Ampi
• Kolangitis :
Karbapenem, Piperasilin, Sefoperazon
• Pankreatitis :
Karbapenem, Piperasilin, Ampi/sulbaktam
• Peritonitis :
Seftizoxime, Sefoxitin
Florokuinolon, Ampi/sulbaktam
Karbapenem, piperasilin/tazobaktam
+ Klindamisin/metronidazol
Cunha, 2005
TATALAKSANA PASIEN DENGAN IAI
(Intra-abdominal Infections)
IDSA SIS
Pasien risiko
IAI ringan-sedang IAI berat IAI
tinggi
Mono-terapi
IDSA SIS
Pasien risiko
IAI ringan-sedang IAI berat IAI
tinggi
Cefazolin atau 3rd/4th GC 3rd/4th GC atau 3rd/4th GC
Terapi Kombinasi
• Pielonefritis :
Florokuinolon
Sefalosporin generasi 3
Aminoglikosida
Karbapenem
Cunha, 2005
Infeksi Kaki Diabetik:
Terapi yang Disarankan
Infeksi Sedang
Amox/clav, amp/sulbactam
Cefoxitin, ceftriaxone, cefuroxime
Ticar/clav, piperacillin/tazobactam
Ertapenem, imipenem/cilastatin
TMP/SMX
Levofloxacin atau cipro + metronidazol
Vancomycin + ceftazidime (+metronidazol)
Linezolid, daptomycin