ANATOMI BATANG

Rafiatul Hasanah, M.Pd

Tadris IPA - FTIK
IAIN Jember
2020
EXTERNAL ANATOMY
EXTERNAL ANATOMY
INTERNAL STEM ANATOMY
 Ciri Umum
• Sbg sumbu/poros utama tumbuhan
• Tempat melekatnya daun di bagian ujung/pucuk
membentuk pucuk vegetatif ataupun
generatif/reproduktif.
• Terdapat nodus/buku sbg tempat melekat daun dan
jarak antara dua helai daun terdapat
internodus/ruas.
• Terdapat tunas lateral/ketiak, tunas interkalar/apikal,
tunas bunga dan tunas vegettaif (tunas cabang)
 The Plant Body: Stems
FUNCTION OF STEMS
• Stems support leaves and branches.
• Stems transport water and solutes
between roots and leaves.
• Stems in some plants are
photosynthetic.
• Stems may store materials
necessary for life (e.g., water,
starch, sugar).
• In some plants, stems have become
adapted for specialized functions.
 Stems support a display of
leaves.

Stems orient the leaves

toward the light with
minimal overlap among the
leaves.

Asclepias - milkweed
The stem supports a display of flowers
Cercis canadensis - redbud
The stem does photosynthesis…and stores water.
Opuntia-prickly pear
 This stem does
photosynthesis, stores
water, but also produces a
defense chemical:
mescaline…a hallucinogen.

Lophophora williamsii - peyote

Berdasarkan tahap perkembangannya

Struktur tahap
perkembangan
primer

Struktur tahap
perkembangan
sekunder
PRIMARY & SECONDARY GROWTH
Jaringan Penyusun Struktur Batang
Sistem dermal

Sistem jaringan
dasar

Sistem
jar.pembuluh
 Struktur Tahap Perkembangan Primer

• Pd tumbuhan conifer dan dikotil berkas

pembuluh di daerah internodusnya berupa
silinder yg melingkar, bag.tengah dan luar
silinder tsb diisi oleh jaringan dasar (empulur
dan korteks).
• Jaringan yang bisa ditemukan pada tahap ini
adalah: Epidermis, korteks, jar.pembuluh
primer, seludang pati dan empulur.
Typical Stem Cross Section (Dicot Stem)
Helianthus annuus-
sun flower annual
Epidermis

Cortex

A ring of vascular bundles

Pith
Epidermis
- window, reduce water loss
Cortex Collenchyma
- extensible support
Cortex Parenchyma
- photosynthesis, etc.
Fibers- rigid support

Functional Phloem
- conduct sugars etc. away
from leaf to rest of plant
Vascular Cambium
- adds 2° xylem and 2° phloem
Xylem
- conduct water and minerals
up from soil
Pith
- water storage, defense?
 Epidermis
• Tersusun atas sel hiudp yang meristematis
dan mengalami pemanjangan secara
tangensial dan pembelahan secara radial.
• Sering juga ditemukan kutikula.
• Pd batang yang non kayu/basah dapat
berfotosintesis dan dijumpai adanya lentisel
• Ada trikoma baik glandular dan non glandular.
• Ada jaringan hipodermis, lapisan tepat
dibawah epidermis.
 Korteks
• Tersusun a/ jaringan dasar yg berasal dr
meristem dasar/parenkim.
• Ditemukan adanya kolenkim pd bagin tepi
korteks sehingga membentuk rusuk/beralur.
• Dapat ditemukan parenkim yg mengandung
kloroplas  klorenkim
• Terdapat juga sklerenkim yg juga ada di
bag.tepi khususnya pada batang monokotil.
• Ditemukan hasil metabolit sekunder di dalam
korteks.
 Empulur
• Di tengah jar.pembuluh tdp jaringan dasar yi:
empulur
• Tersusun berderet scr longitudinal.
• Dapat membentuk empulur diafragma
• Ada beberapa tumbuhan yg pd bag.ini mengandung
tepung  leukoplast.
• jar. Ini jarang mengalami lignifikasi dn tdk
mengalami noktah.
• Pd batang monokotil tdk ada pemisahan yg jelas
antara korteks dg empulur shg diebut sbg jaringan
dasar.
 Jaringan Pembuluh
• Sbg sebab munculnya variasi struktur batang.
• Pd dikotil berkas pembuluh membentuk
silinder dan tersusun scr kolateral. Sdgkn pd
monokotil juga kolateral tetapi tersebar.
Kecuali pada:
• famili solanaceae, cucurbitaceae, apocynaceae
berkas pembuluh bilakolateral.
• Pd cordilyne berkas pembuluh konsentris
amphifasal
• Pd pterydophyta berkas pembuluh konsentris
amphikribal.
 Vascular cambium
• Is a lateral meristem in the vascular
tissue of plants.

• It is a cylinder of unspecialized
meristematic cells that divide to give rise to
cells that further divide, differentiate and
specialize to form the secondary vascular
tissues.

• The vascular cambium is the source of both

the secondary xylem (inwards, towards
the pith) And the secondary phloem 
– (outwards),

• And is located between these tissues in the

stem and root.
 Vascular cambium
• Made from, procambium that remains
undifferentiated between the primary xylem
and primary phloem.

• Upon maturity, this region is known as the

fascicular cambium, and the area of cells
between the vascular bundles (fascicles)
called pith rays becomes what is called the
interfascicular cambium.

• The fascicular and inter-fascicular

cambiums, therefore, represent a
continuous ring which bisects the primary
xylem and primary phloem.

• The vascular cambium then produces

secondary xylem on the inside of the ring,
and secondary phloem on the outside,
pushing the primary xylem and phloem
apart.
 Vascular cambium
• The vascular cambium usually consists of
two types of cells:
– Fusiform initials (tall cells, axially orientated.
– Ray initials (almost isodiametric cells - smaller and round
to angular in shape).

• Remember:
• The vascular cambium is a type
of meristem - tissue consisting of embryonic
(incompletely differentiated) cells from
which other (more differentiated) plant
tissues originate.

• Primary meristems are the apical

meristems on root tips and shoot tips.
Vascular Cambium: Plant Growth primary
xylem
Secondary growth
new
secondary
secondary phloem xylem dividing
primary phloem vascular
cambium
primary xylem
secondary xylem new
secondary primary
vascular cambium phloem phloem

pith
cortex

Vascular cambium Growth

Vascular
X X C P P
cambium
Secondary Secondary
X X C P phloem
xylem
X C P

C X C

C
After one year After two years
C of growth of growth
Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
 If you have ever been to Washington
DC you will see how the early
architects and artists for
governmental buildings were
impressed with Greco-Roman
architecture and symbols.
 On each side of the seat occupied by
the presiding officer of the Senate are
two Fasces. The Romans had many
symbols of Power.
 One of them was a bundle of sticks
lashed together in a cylinder with a long
axe in the center. This is a Fasces! Early
Botanists noted that the vascular tissue
in stems appeared in discrete bundles
which they called Fascicles!!!
 Fasces => Fascicles (bundle). 
 An area of Ground Tissue between the
Fascicles was called Interfascicular!
Remnants of the procambium between
the primary phloem and xylem was
called Intrafascicular.
The vascular cambium makes 2° tissues: Vitis vinifera - grape

2°
p
2° hloem
xyl
em
 Perkembangan Berkas Pembuluh
Ikat. pemb.primer Ikat.pemb.sekunder

Dibentuk oleh kambium pembuluh/

Dibentuk oleh prokambium
aktivitas kambium

Membentuk floem dan xilem primer Membentuk xilem sekunder

Menghasilkan protoxilem dan metaxilem Membentuk floem sekunder

Production of Secondary Xylem and Phloem
– The accumulation of this tissue over the years
accounts for most of the increase in diameter of a
woody plant.
– Secondary xylem forms to the interior and secondary
phloem to the exterior of the vascular cambium.

C=cambium cell
X=2o xylem
P=2o phloem
D=derivative
 Xilem
• Xilem primer membentuk dua arah yaitu
akropetal dari pangkal daun ke arah ujung daun;
dan arah basipetal dari pangkal batang ke batang.
• Adanya daun muda yg banyak mengandung
auksin menyebabkan terjadinya diferensiasi xilem.
• Xilem dikenal sbg trakea mrpkan hasil diferensiasi
dr sel parenkim prokambium yg ditandai dg
mendewasanya elemen trakea.
Struktur Berkas Pembuluh Filotaksis Daun

• Pd tiap nodus tdp satu / lebih berkas pembuluh

yg keluar dr percabangan silinder berkas
pembuluh menuju daun yg melekat pd nodus.
Berkas pembuluh ini disebut runutan daun.
• Runutan daun dan berkas pengangkut memiliki
struktur yg berbeda.
• Daerah nodus yg tdpt runutan daun, pd sayatan
melintang tdp daerah interfasikuler disebut
celah daun.
 Struktur Tahap Perkembangan Sekunder
• Pertumbuhan sekunder terjadi pd batang utama dan
cabangnya, ttp tdk tjd pada daun. Tjd pada gynospermae
dan dikotil berkayu dan herba dan tdk pada monokotil,
hanya pd spesies tertentu
• Berdasarkan 2 posisi asal kambium pembentuk
pertumbuhan sekunder maka dikenal dg kambium fasikuler
dan interfasikuler. Keduanya bergabung membentuk
silinder.
• Dampak pertumbuhan sekunder: diameter batang
bertambah besar, terbentuk periderm, terbentuk xilem yg
berlapis-lapis dan pemutusan jalan daun di nodus.
 Plant Growth
Two lateral meristems: vascular cambium and cork cambium
Primary growth in stems

Epidermis
Cortex
Shoot tip (shoot Primary phloem
apical meristem
and young leaves) Primary xylem
Pith
Lateral meristems:
Vascular cambium Secondary growth in stems
Cork cambium
Axillary bud Periderm
meristem Cork
cambium

Cortex

Pith Primary
phloem
Primary
Root apical xylem Secondary
meristems Secondary phloem
xylem
Vascular cambium

Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 Periderm
• Jaringan pelindung yg mengganti epidermis
yg hilang/rusak akibat pertumbuhan
sekunder.
• Dibentuk oleh meristem lateral yg dikenal dg
felpgen/kambium gabus. Ke arah luar
membentuk felem/gabus dan ke arah dalam
membentuk felogen/ korteks sekunder.
• Kumpulan jaringan felogen dan floem
sekunder yang mati disebut ritidom/ kulit
kayu.
A cork cambium differentiates and produces a periderm.
Epidermis
cutin

suberin

Cork Cells

Cork Cambium
Phelloderm
Over time, the epidermis dies.
The cork cells build up to for
a thick layer for the bark of a
tree. We use this to make
stoppers for wine bottles and
so on.

When suberin is fully

developed, the cortex cells
will eventually be in the
dark. So these chloroplasts
will lose their function!
Bark =
epidermis +
periderm +
cortex +
phloem +
vascular
cambium

Wood =
secondary
xylem only!

Pith =
a small
percentage of
tree diameter
at maturity
 Stele
• Disebut jg silinder pusat/ silinder
pembuluh.
• Pilar di tengah tubuh tumbuhan yg
dikelilingi oleh korteks.
• Mudah dilihat pada akar dn batang
muda.
 Stele

Tipe: Protostele  xilem padat, tanpa

empulur dan dikelilingi oleh floem

Sifonostele  berongga di
bag.tengah dan diisi oleh empulur.

Aktatostele  sulit membedakan

stele dg korteks.
Modified & Specialized Stems
 Food Storage Stems
Prickly Pear
Cactus

Bamboo Shoots Kohlrabi

Food Storage Stems - Sugarcane
Food Storage Stems - Asparagus
 Rhizomes
• Rhizomes - horizontal
stems that grow below
the ground with
adventitious roots
• Examples of plants that
can produce rhizomes
are irises, ferns, and
grasses.
 Stolons
• Stolons or runners -
horizontal stem that
grows above the ground
with long internodes
• Examples of plants that
can produce stolons are
strawberry and airplane
plants
 Tuber
• Tubers - accumulation
of food at the tips of
underground stolons
• The "eyes" of a potato
are the nodes of a
starch-ladened stem
 Rosette
• Rosette - stem with short internodes and leaves
attached at nodes
 Bulb
• Bulbs - large buds with
a small stem at the
lower end surrounded
by numerous fleshy
leaves, adventitious
roots at base
• Examples include onion,
tulip, and lily
Soft Skill...
Sebuah pohon kokoh atau tidak, bisa dilihat dari
kuat tidaknya batang...

Hal yang sama dengan negara kita,,, negara kita

akan menjadi kokoh, maka diperlukan ideologi
negara yang kuat.
 The Verse of Holy Quran about STEMS
ُّ ُ‫ْجب‬
‫الزرَّا َع‬ ِ ‫ظ فَا ْستَ َوى َعلَى سُوقِ ِه يُع‬ ْ ‫ع أَ ْخ َر َج َش‬
َ َ‫طأَهُ فَآ َز َرهُ فَا ْستَ ْغل‬ ٍ ْ‫َك َزر‬
Yaitu seperti tanaman yang mengeluarkan tunasnya"
maka tunas itu menjadikan tanaman itu kuat lalu
menjadi besarlah dia dan tegak lurus di atas pokoknya;
tanaman itu menyenangkan hati penanam-
penanamnya..." (QS: 048: 29)