PIO
SESI 1
INTRODUCTION TO OCCUPATIONAL
HEALTH AND SAFETY
Comfort
Identity
Suggestions:
Vary their assignments – tend to enjoy multi-
tasking
Teach new skills – worker sees it as tool for
Sering berpindah-pindah
Keluarga-keluarga yang seringkali pindah tidak
dapat terikat dengan masyarakat lokal. Hal ini dapat
meningkatkan perasaan isolasi dan menyebabkan
stress untuk semua anggota keluarga.
Menyetir
Arti transportasi ke dan dari tempat kerja muncul sebagai
variabel yang relevan, khususnya untuk individu-individu
resiko tinggi. Sebagai contoh, pengeluaran 11-
hydroxycorticosteroid dan katekolamin yang ditemukan
meningkat selama 2 jam menyetir baik pada subyek yang sehat
atau subyek dengan penyakit arteri koroner.
Kondisi ergonomi
Kurangnya kondisi fisik kantor dapat menimbulkan stress kerja.
Contoh, desain ruang kontrol pada reaktor nuklir adalah suatu
variabel penting stress pada pekerja dan desain ergonomi yang
memuaskan adalah dibutuhkan.
Kerja shift
Kerja shift adalah stressor okupasi yang umum, mempengaruhi
ritme neuro-psikologis, seperti suhu tubuh, metabolic rate, dan
kadar gula darah, mental efisiensi, dan motivasi kerja, yang
mungkin menyebabkan penyakit yang berhubungan dengan stress.
Pengontrol lalu lintas udara adalah pekerjaan dengan stress tinggi 4
kali berprevalensi terhadap hipertensi dan diabetes ringan dan
ulkus peptikum.
Pekerjaan yang overload
Pekerjaan yang overload dipandang secara kuantitatif:
terlalu banyak yang dikerjakan, atau kualitatif: terlalu
sulit. Contoh, suatu hubungan didemonstrasikan antara
kuantitatif overload dan merokok sigaret, suatu risiko
yang penting dalam penyakit jantung koroner.
Pekerjaan yang underload
Pekerjaan yang kurang bersama-sama dengan lingkungan
pekerjaan yang berulang, rutin, membosankan, atau
kurang stimulus—memiliki hubungan dengan penyakit.
Contohnya, operator reaktor nuklir harus menerima
periode-periode yang membosankan yang mungkin akan
berubah tiba-tiba karena suatu keadaan darurat;
perubahan yang tiba-tiba dari status fisik dan mental
dapat membawa efek gangguan kesehatan.
Bahaya fisik
Okupasi-okupasi tertentu telah dibuktikan sebagai
resiko tinggi dalam hal bahaya—contoh, polisi,
penambang, tentara, dan petugas pemadam kebakaran.
Tanggung jawab akan pekerja dan keselamatan mereka
berpotensi sebagai stressor okupasional.
Perkembangan karir
Cooper dan Marshall stressor lingkungan
berhubungan dengan perkembangan karir dari
pengaruh overpromosi, kurangnya promosi, status yang
tidak jelas, kurangnya keamanan kerja, ambisi yang
berlebihan.
Hubungan dalam pekerjaan
Hubungan kerja, secara alami, dan support sosial yang
diterima dari teman sejawat, supervisor, dan bawahan,
mempunyai hubungan dengan stress kerja.
Absen
Peningkatan absen karena sakit, khususnya periode
absen singkat yang sering
Kesehatan yang kurang (depresi, stress, kelelahan)
Kondisi fisik (tingginya tekanan darah, penyakit
jantung, ulkus, gangguan tidur, ruam kulit, sakit kepala,
sakit leher dan tulang belakang, resisten yang rendah
terhadap infeksi)
Penampilan kerja
Penurunan produktivitas dan hasil akhir
Peningkatan jumlah kesalahan
Peningkatan jumlah kecelakaan
Kurangnya pengambilan keputusan
Buruknya rencana dan kontrol kerja
Konsekuensi dari masalah kesehatan
di tempat kerja
Sikap dan perilaku staff
Hilangnya motivasi dan komitmen
Kelelahan
Staff bekerja lembur tetapi untuk mengurangi
pekerjaan
Kurangnya pengendalian waktu
Pergantian buruh (khususnya mahal untuk
perusahaan jika pada manajemen tertinggi)
Hubungan kerja
Tegangan dan konflik antara teman sejawat
Kurangnya hubungan dengan klien
Peningkatan masalah disiplin
Kesehatan mental dan
pengangguran
Memperkerjakan kembali adalah salah satu
dari cara yang paling efektif untuk promosi
kesehatan mental pengangguran. Mereka
yang menjadi pengangguran memiliki 2
kali resiko peningkatan gejala depresi dan
diagnosa depresi klinik daripada mereka
yang masih bekerja.
Karakteristik stress kerja
Karakteristik kerja Kondisi yang bisa
menimbulkan bahaya
Konteks
Fungsi organisasi dan Kurangnya lingkungan
kebudayaan tugas dan definisi dari
tujuan
Kurangnya lingkungan
pemecahan masalah
Kurangnya lingkungan
perkembangan
Kurangnya komunikasi
Kebudayaan non
supportive
Karakteristik kerja Kondisi yang bisa
menimbulkan bahaya
Konteks
Peran dalam organisasi Kebimbangan peran
Konflik peran
Tingginya tanggung
jawab seseorang
Perkembangan karir Ketidakpastian karir
Stagnasi karir
Status kurang
Kurangnya pembayaran
Ketidakamanan kerja dan
pemecatan
Rendahnya nilai sosial di tempat
kerja
Karakteristik kerja Kondisi yang bisa
menimbulkan bahaya
Konteks
Kontrol keputusan Kurangnya partisipasi dalam
pengambilan keputusan
Kurangnya kontrol kerja
Sedikitnya pengambilan
keputusan dalam pekerjaan
STRESSOR.
3. TRAINING SEBAGAI MEDIATING EFFECT. KEBIASAN2 YANG
MAKING=KEGAGALAN DALAMMENGINTERPRETASI
INFORMASI
RULE BASED MISTAKES ADA KEYAKINAN TENTANG SITUASI
MENDAPAT PERHATIAN
LAPSES
Individualism/
Collectivism
Power/
Distance Long-term/
Short-term
orientation
Forms of Conflict
in Organizations
Peer
Supplier Focal Colleague role
Role
senders
Aggressive Mechanisms
Fixation – an individual keeps up a dysfunctional
behavior that obviously will not solve the conflict
Displacement – an individual directs his or her
anger toward someone who is not the source of the
conflict
Negativism – a person responds with pessimism to
any attempt at solving a problem
Defense Mechanisms
Compromise Mechanisms
Compensation - an individual attempts to make up
for a negative situation by devoting himself/herself
to another pursuit with increased vigor
Identification - an individual patterns his or her
behavior after another’s
Rationalization - a compromise mechanism
characterized by trying to justify one’s behavior by
constructing bogus reasons for it
Defense Mechanisms
Withdrawal Mechanisms
Flight/Withdrawal - entails physically escaping a
conflict (flight) or psychologically escaping
(withdrawal)
Conversion - emotional conflicts are expressed in
physical symptoms
Fantasy - provides an escape from a conflict through
daydreaming
Win-Lose versus Win-Win
Strategies
Nonaction
Character Secrecy
Assassination
Conflict
Due process
Administrative
Nonaction
Orbiting
Effective Techniques for
Dealing with Conflict
Subordinate Goals
Confronting Expanding
& Resources
Negotiating Conflict
Changing Changing
Structure Personnel
Approaches to Negotiation
Distributive Bargaining –
the goals of the parties are
in conflict, and each party
seeks to maximize its
resources
Approaches to Negotiation
Integrative Negotiation –
focuses on the merits of the
issues and seeks a win-win
solution
Conflict Management Styles
Assertiveness
(Desire to satisfy
Compromising
one’s own concerns)
Value diversity
and confront
differences
Empower employees
to feel confident
and skillful
3 Organization Views of Conflict
Competitive
conflict Belittle
differences
Seek
Suspect win-lose
situation
Blame
SOURCE: The Conflict-Positive Organization by Tjsovold, © 1991. Reprinted by permission of Prentice-Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, N.J.
3 Organization Views of Conflict
Avoidance of
conflict
Evade
differences
Reduce
Despair risks
Withdraw
SOURCE: The Conflict-Positive Organization by Tjsovold, © 1991. Reprinted by permission of Prentice-Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, N.J.
STRESS AND JOB
SAATISFACTION
Warm Up
Would you work in a job that paid lots of money and was very
stressful, or work in a less stressful job but with less money?
Personal Factors
Interpersonal Factors
Organizational Factors
Personal Factors
Demographic Attributes:
Income –
Men vs. Women –
Minorities and Women -
Interpersonal Factors
Role Overload –
Sleep issues
Reactions To Stress
Exercise –
Feel fatigued?….more prone to frustration.
Social Support –
You can always count on me!
Job Redesign –
Opportunities to participate in decision making, improve
communication..
Relaxation Techniques –
Yoga, deep breathing exercises, sabbaticals, vacation…
Time Management –
a) Time Log
b) Structuring Time
c) Just Say No
d) Make a List
Employee Job Satisfaction
Job Level
Length of service
Organizational size
Intrinsic sources (independence, work at one’s own pace)
Extrinsic sources (job security, benefits)
Personal expectations and attitudes (before I start a new
job…fired up, ready to rock)
Is there hope? Are you satisfied with your
job?
Tardiness –
Chronic in nature or because people just don’t care.
Turnover –
They are more likely to quit. May be higher with X-ers and Y.
Union Activity –
Dissatisfaction opens the door for unions.
What do you think is the #1 reason that creates
union activity?
Hostile Actions –
Sabotaging machinery, employee theft, vandalizing
company property, physical violence.
PENGENDALAN TERHADAP
PEKERJAAN, TERMASUK TURUT
SERTA DALAM PERENCANAAN DAN
PENGAMBILAN KEPUTUSAN
Berdasarkan Ergoweb® JET (1999), terdapat
tiga tipe solusi untuk mengurangi besarnya
faktor risiko kerja, yaitu:
EFFECTS OF JOB
CONTROL ON
HEALTH AND WELL-
BEING
Individualism/
Collectivism
Power/
Distance Long-term/
Short-term
orientation
Forms of Conflict
in Organizations
Peer
Supplier Focal Colleague role
Role
senders
Aggressive Mechanisms
Fixation – an individual keeps up a dysfunctional
behavior that obviously will not solve the conflict
Displacement – an individual directs his or her
anger toward someone who is not the source of the
conflict
Negativism – a person responds with pessimism to
any attempt at solving a problem
Defense Mechanisms
Compromise Mechanisms
Compensation - an individual attempts to make up
for a negative situation by devoting himself/herself
to another pursuit with increased vigor
Identification - an individual patterns his or her
behavior after another’s
Rationalization - a compromise mechanism
characterized by trying to justify one’s behavior by
constructing bogus reasons for it
Defense Mechanisms
Withdrawal Mechanisms
Flight/Withdrawal - entails physically escaping a
conflict (flight) or psychologically escaping
(withdrawal)
Conversion - emotional conflicts are expressed in
physical symptoms
Fantasy - provides an escape from a conflict through
daydreaming
Win-Lose versus Win-Win
Strategies
Nonaction
Character Secrecy
Assassination
Conflict
Due process
Administrative
Nonaction
Orbiting
Effective Techniques for
Dealing with Conflict
Subordinate Goals
Confronting Expanding
& Resources
Negotiating Conflict
Changing Changing
Structure Personnel
Approaches to Negotiation
Distributive Bargaining –
the goals of the parties are
in conflict, and each party
seeks to maximize its
resources
Approaches to Negotiation
Integrative Negotiation –
focuses on the merits of the
issues and seeks a win-win
solution
Conflict Management Styles
Assertiveness
(Desire to satisfy
Compromising
one’s own concerns)
Value diversity
and confront
differences
Empower employees
to feel confident
and skillful
3 Organization Views of Conflict
Competitive
conflict Belittle
differences
Seek
Suspect win-lose
situation
Blame
SOURCE: The Conflict-Positive Organization by Tjsovold, © 1991. Reprinted by permission of Prentice-Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, N.J.
3 Organization Views of Conflict
Avoidance of
conflict
Evade
differences
Reduce
Despair risks
Withdraw
SOURCE: The Conflict-Positive Organization by Tjsovold, © 1991. Reprinted by permission of Prentice-Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, N.J.
KUIS
1, BILA SEORANG TENAGA KERJA SAKIT TERDAPAT EFEK TERHADAP
INDIVIDU SERTA ORGANISASI. SEBUTKAN PERBEDAAN DAN PERSAMAAN
DARI EFEK TERSEBUT.