MANAGEMENT

Presentasi PowerPoint oleh ACCOUNTING

Gail B. Wright Profesor Emeritus
Akuntansi Universitas Bryant 8th EDITION
BY
© Hak Cipta 2007 Thomson South-Western, bagian dari The
Thomson Corporation. Thomson, Logo Star, dan Barat-
Selatan adalah merek dagang yang digunakan di sini
HANSEN & MOWEN
berdasarkan lisensi.

4 BIAYA PRODUK BERBASIS

AKTIVITAS 1
TUJUAN
TUJUAN PEMBELAJARAN
PEMBELAJARAN
LEARNING GOALS

Setelah mempelajari
bab ini, Anda harus
dapat:

2
 TUJUAN
TUJUAN PEMBELAJARAN
PEMBELAJARAN

1. Diskusikan pentingnya biaya unit.

2. Jelaskan pendekatan penetapan biaya
berbasis fungsional.
3. Katakan mengapa pendekatan penetapan
biaya berbasis fungsional dapat
menghasilkan biaya yang terdistorsi.

Lanjut
3
 TUJUAN
TUJUAN PEMBELAJARAN
PEMBELAJARAN

4. Jelaskan bagaimana sistem penetapan biaya

berbasis aktivitas bekerja untuk penetapan
biaya produk.
5. Jelaskan bagaimana jumlah tingkat aktivitas
dapat dikurangi.

Click the button to skip

Questions to Think About
4
 PERTANYAAN UNTUK
DIRENUNGKAN: SpringBanc

Apa yang dimaksud biaya

produk?

5
 PERTANYAAN UNTUK
DIRENUNGKAN: SpringBanc

Apa peran yang dimainkan biaya

produk dalam penawaran?

6
 PERTANYAAN UNTUK
DIRENUNGKAN: SpringBanc

Apa yang dimaksud dengan

sistem penetapan biaya berbasis
fungsional tradisional? Mengapa
bisa menyebabkan distorsi dalam
biaya produk?

7
 PERTANYAAN UNTUK
DIRENUNGKAN: SpringBanc

Dengan asumsi masalah

SpringBanc ditemukan dalam cara
biaya ditetapkan untuk produk, apa
yang dapat dilakukan SpringBanc
untuk memecahkan masalah?

8
TUJUAN
TUJUAN PEMBELAJARAN
PEMBELAJARAN

1 Diskusikan pentingnya
biaya unit.

9
 LO 1

BIAYA
BIAYA UNIT:
UNIT: Definisi
Definisi

Biaya unit adalah total biaya yang

terkait dengan unit yang
diproduksi dibagi dengan # unit
yang diproduksi.
(Total biaya) / (# unit yang
diproduksi)

10
 LO 1

Apa yang dimaksud dengan

"total biaya"?

Total biaya mengacu pada biaya

produksi: bahan langsung, tenaga
kerja langsung, overhead pabrik.

11
 LO 1

Bagaimana kita mengukur

biaya yang ditugaskan?

Biaya produksi yang kami

tetapkan mungkin biaya aktual
atau taksiran.

12
 LO 1

Bagaimana kita menetapkan

biaya untuk suatu produk?

Biaya produksi ditetapkan oleh 1

dari 2 metode: biaya berbasis
fungsional atau berbasis
aktivitas.

13
 LO 1

Biaya Unit
Mempengaruhi
Tawaran diajukan untuk produk khusus
Pengembangan, pengenalan produk baru
Keputusan untuk
Buat atau beli produk atau layanan
Terima atau tolak pesanan khusus
Simpan atau jatuhkan produk atau layanan

14
 LO 1

INFORMASI BIAYA UNIT

 Dapat diproduksi oleh
 Bahan langsung aktual, tenaga kerja langsung, overhead
 Biaya normal
 Menggunakan biaya aktual untuk bahan langsung & tenaga
kerja langsung tetapi overhead ditetapkan dengan harga yang
telah ditentukan

Laju yang telah ditentukan =

Biaya yang dianggarkan / Perkiraan
penggunaan aktivitas
15
TUJUAN
TUJUAN PEMBELAJARAN
PEMBELAJARAN

2 Jelaskan pendekatan
penetapan biaya berbasis
fungsional.

16
 LO 2

Bagaimana biaya berbasis

fungsional ditetapkan

Direct materials & labor are

assigned by direct tracing.
Overhead is assigned by driver
tracing & allocation.

17
 LO 2

UNIT-LEVEL DRIVERS
Used to assign manufacturing overhead by
Units produced
Direct labor hours
Direct labor dollars
Machine hours
Direct material dollars

18
 LO 2

CAPACITY
CAPACITY LEVELS:
LEVELS: Definition
Definition

Expected activity capacity is output for coming year

Normal activity capacity is average activity
experienced over long term
Theoretical activity capacity is absolute maximum
that can be achieved in perfect world
Practical activity capacity is maximum that can be
achieved under efficient operation

19
 LO 2

What does the relationship of

capacity levels look like?

EXHIBIT 4-1

20
 LO 2

PLANTWIDE
PLANTWIDE RATE:
RATE:
An
An Example
Example
Budgeted overhead $360,000
Expected activity (in DLH) 100,000
Actual activity (in DLH) 100,000
Actual overhead $380,000
Predetermined rate = Budgeted cost / Estimated activity usage
= $360,000 / 100,000
= $3.60 per DLH
Applied overhead = Overhead rate x Actual activity
= $3.60 x 100,000
= $360,000 21
 LO 2

What if applied overhead

($360,000) differs from actual
overhead ($380,000)?

Underapplied (overapplied)
overhead is a variance that is
added to (subtracted from) cost
of goods sold.

22
 LO 2

PLANTWIDE RATE:
2 Products
Similar
Similarproducts
productsuseuse
different
differentamounts
amountsof of
labor,
labor,so
sothat
that
$360,000
$360,000overhead
overheadisis
allocated
allocateddifferently.
differently.

EXHIBIT 4-3
23
 LO 2

DEPARTMENTAL RATE MODEL

Products
Productsproduced
produced
inindifferent
different
departments
departmentsuse use
different
differentdrivers
driverstoto
assign
assignoverhead
overhead
costs.
costs.

EXHIBIT 4-4
24
 LO 2

DEPARTMENTAL RATE:
2 Products
When
Whendifferent
differentdrivers
drivers
are
areused
usedinin22or
ormore
more
departments,
departments,driver
driver
tracing
tracingassigns
assigns
$360,000
$360,000overhead
overhead
differently.
differently.

EXHIBIT 4.5
25
LEARNING
LEARNING OBJECTIVE
OBJECTIVE

3
Tell why functional-
based costing approaches
may produce distorted
costs.

26
 LO 3

How does a company know if

its functional-based costing is
producing distorted costs?

There are many symptoms of

distorted costs, such as profit
margins that are difficult to
explain.

27
 LO 3

CREATING DISTORTIONS

When
When aa unit-level
unit-level approach
approach is
is used
used to
to
assign
assign non-unit-level
non-unit-level costs
costs
(overhead),
(overhead), cost
cost information
information can
can be
be
distorted.
distorted.

28
 LO 3

NON-UNIT-LEVEL
NON-UNIT-LEVEL ACTIVITY
ACTIVITY
DRIVER:
DRIVER: Definition
Definition

Factors that measure consumption

of non-unit-level activities by
product & can distort product
costs.

29
 LO 3

PRODUCT
PRODUCT DIVERSITY:
DIVERSITY: Definition
Definition

Products consume overhead

activities in systematically
different proportions.

30
 LO 3

COST DISTORTIONS:
Plantwide Cost Assignment
Proportional
Proportional
application
applicationassigns
assigns99
times
timesasasmuch
much
overhead
overheadtotoRegular
Regular
phones.
phones.

Should we assume that

regular phones will use
}
9 times more overhead
costs than cordless
phones?

EXHIBIT 4-8 31
 LO 3

COMPARING UNIT COSTS

Activity-based
Activity-basedcosting
costing
isismore
morerealistic
realisticthan
than
functional-based
functional-based
costing.
costing.

EXHIBIT 4-11
32
LEARNING
LEARNING OBJECTIVE
OBJECTIVE

4
Explain how an activity-
based costing system
works for product
costing.

33
 LO 4

How do you identify activities

& their attributes?

Use a key set of interview

questions and record the
answers.

34
 LO 4

KEY QUESTIONS
 How many employees are in your department?
 What do they do?
 Do customers outside your department use any
equipment?
 What resources are used by each activity?
 What are the outputs of each activity?
 Who or what uses the activity output?
 How much time do workers spend on each activity?
By equipment?
35
 LO 4

RESOURCE
RESOURCE DRIVER:
DRIVER: Definition
Definition

Factors that measure the

consumption of resources by
activities.

36
 LO 4

ASSIGNING
ASSIGNING COSTS
COSTS TO TO
ACTIVITIES:
ACTIVITIES: Step
Step 11

% of Time on Each Activity

Activity Supervisor Clerks
Supervising employees 100% 0%
Processing transactions 0 40
Preparing statements 0 30
Answering questions 0 30

37
 LO 4

ASSIGNING
ASSIGNING COSTS
COSTS TO TO
ACTIVITIES:
ACTIVITIES: Step
Step 22

If the supervisor’s salary is $50,000 and each

of 5 clerks earn $30,000, costs would be:
Activity Supervisor Clerks
Supervising employees $50,000 ---
Processing transactions --- $60,000
Preparing statements --- $45,000
Answering questions --- $45,000

38
 LO 4

How do you assign activity

costs?

Activity costs are assigned to

products on the basis of usage.

39
 LO 4

ASSIGNING COSTS TO
PRODUCTS: Identify Costs
Activity Costs

Activity Credit Card

Supervising employees $ 75,000
EXHIBIT 4-14

Processing transactions 100,000

Preparing statements 79,500
Answering questions 69,900
Providing automatic tellers 250,000

40
 LO 4

ASSIGNING
ASSIGNING COSTS
COSTS TO TO
PRODUCTS:
PRODUCTS: Assign
Assign Costs
Costs
Classic
Activity Gold Gold Platinum Total
# Cards 5,000 3,000 2,000 10,000
Transactions 600,000 300,000 100,000 1,000,000
processed
# Statements 60,000 36,000 24,000 120,000
# Calls 10,000 12,000 8,000 30,000
# Teller transactions 15,000 3,000 2,000 20,000

41
 LO 4

CLASSIFICATION OF ACTIVITIES

Product
Product costs
costs cancan bebe assigned
assigned atat a)
a)
unit
unit level,
level, 2)2) batch
batch level,
level, 3)
3) product
product
level
level ((as
as in
in this example)) or
this example or 4)
4) facility
facility
level.
level.

42
LEARNING
LEARNING OBJECTIVE
OBJECTIVE

5
Explain how the number
of activity rates can be
reduced.

43
 LO 5

ACTIVITY BASED COST SYSTEM

Reduce size, complexity by reducing rates

Using consumption ratios
By approximating ABC

44
 LO 5

COMPARING SYSTEMS
Functional-based system
Overhead uses only unit-based activity drivers or
Splits overhead into fixed and variable and
allocates overhead based on the appropriate unit-
level rate
Activity-based system
Improves product costing by
Looking at cause & effect
Recognizing that some fixed overhead varies in
proportion to changes other than production volume
45
CHAPTER 4

THE
THE END
END

46