Plant Breeding For Biotic

Stress Tolerance
Team Assistant Plant Breeding Technology
 Cekaman Biotik

• Cekaman merupakan factor lingkungan biotik dan abiotic yang dapat mengurangi laju proses fisiologi.
/kondisi lingkungan yang dapat memberi pengaruh buruk pada pertumbuhan, reproduksi, dan
kelangsungan hidup tanaman

ISTILAH

Pest Avirulence Non host resistance

Pathogen Infection Polygenic
Disease Resistance Monogenic
Patogenecity Immunity
Virulence Host resistance

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 Gene for gene concept
(Flor, 1950)

• For each gene conditioning resistance in the host

there is a specific gene conditioning virulence in
the pathogen

• “For each gene that confers resistance in the host,

there is a corresponding gene in the pathogen that
confers virulence to the pathogen, and vice versa.”
• (Flor, 1950)

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Disease triangle

• Segitiga penyakit merupakan konsep

pemahaman terhadap penyebab penyakit
tanaman yang dipengaruhi oleh tiga faktor,
yaitu Inang (tanaman),  Patogen
(penyakit), dan Lingkungan. Ketiga faktor
tersebut saling terkait dan berinteraksi
dalam menyebabkan suatu penyakit.

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 True Resistance
• Ketahanan penyakit secara genetik dikontrol oleh kehadiran satu, beberapa, atau banyak gen yang mengendalikan
ketahanan
• Terdapat 2 jenis ketahanan yang dimiliki tanaman:
 Ketahanan horizontal (partial, quantitative, polygenic)
 Ketahanan vertical (R gene resistance, race specific, monogenic)

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Ketahanan horizontal (partial, quantitative, polygenic)

• Bila tanaman inang sama efektifnya terhadap semua

ras penyakit maka disebut ketahanan horizoltal atau
lateral.
• Varietas tahan horizontal dikendalikan oleh
beberapa gen polygenik atau gen minor, masing-
masing dengan sumbangan yang kecil terhadap
ketahanan.

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Ketahanan vertical (R gene resistance, race specific, monogenic)

• Bila satu varietas lebih tahan terhadap beberapa ras

penyakit daripada yang lainnya, maka ketahanan itu
disebut vertikal atau tegak lurus (perpendicular).
• Ketahan vertikal umumnya berada pada tingkat
ketahanan tinggi dan dikendalikan oleh gen mayor
atau oligogen yang sedikit stabil.

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 Mechanisms of defense in plants
against pathogens and pests

• Tanaman menunjukkan berbagai mekanisme pertahanan terhadap patogen dan hama yang dapat diklasifikasikan sebagai
penghindaran(avoidance), resistensi (resistance) dan toleransi (tolerance).

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 Avoidance/Antixenosis
 Avoidance is a mechanism that reduces the probability of contact between pathogens or pests and the plant.
 mekanisme ketahanan oleh tanaman untuk menjerakan atau mereduksi kolonisasi oleh serangga. Umumnya serangga
berorientasi sendiri terhadap tanaman untuk makanan, tempat meletakkan telur, dan atau tempat berlindung.
 Avoidance may not be effective if there are no alternative hosts

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 Resistance

• Tanaman memberikan respon ketahanan terhadap serangan pathogen atau hama dengan menghasilkan atau mengembangkan
fisiologi, morfologi dan senyawa biokimia,yang mampu mengurangi tingkat serangan OPT.
• Terbagi menjadi mekanisme aktif dan pasif
 Tumbuhan yang memiliki resistensi pasif bisa terjadi karena tanaman memiliki rintangan mekanis atau kimia, tanaman tidak
cocok dengan substrat pathogen. rintangan mekanis yang termasuk mekanisme ketahanan pasif seperti lapisan lilin /
kutikula, lubang alami, struktur dalam, kanopi tanaman, dan muatan listrik
 Mekanisme resistensi aktif hanya muncul ketika inang terserang oleh penyakit. Ketahanan akan terekspresi ketika terjadi
penetrasi dari pathogen, maka inang akan bereaksi dengan mencegah perkembangan pathogen. Umumnya meknisme
resistensi aktif lebih kuat dibandingkan yang pasif. pertahanan histologi, pertahanan seluler, reaksi hipersensitif dan disease
escape

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 Toleran
• Toleran adalah sifat genetik dari tanaman yang dapat melindungi diri dari serangan populasi serangga, sehingga tidak
ada kehilangan hasil secara ekonomi atau hasil yang dicapai memberikan kualitas yang dapat diperdagangkan. Toleransi
sering keliru dengan ketahanan rendah atau ketahan sedang (moderate).
• Toleran adalah mekanisme adaptasi untuk kelangsungan hidup tanaman dan sedikit banyak bebas dari pengaruh
serangga.

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• asda

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Statistical for measurement
Plant Disease

Disease Incident

Disease Severity

Area Under Disease

Progress Curve

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Disease Incident
• Disease Incident is proportion (0 -1) or percentage (0 – 100) of
disease entities within a sampling unit.
• Measurement by observation entire plant in population.

•DI  x 100

Example
No Genotip No of plant infected Total Plant Disease
e Observation Incident
1 Dije 16 50 ?
2 Rifat 21 50 ?
3 Bima 19 50 ?
4 Iqbal 14 50 ?
5 Danny 23 50 ?
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Disease Incident •DI  x 100

DI
  x 100 = 16 % No Genotyp No of plant infected Total Plant Disease
e Observation Incident
1 Dije 16 100 16%
DI
  x 100 = 10% 2 Rifat 10 100 10%
3 Bima 17 100 17%
4 Iqbal 14 100 14%
DI
  x 100 = 17%
5 Danny 19 100 19%

DI
  x 100 = 14%
• But wait!!
• Disease incident only show the proportion
DI
  x 100 =19% plant infected in population.
• How about intensity of disease in
population?
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Disease Severity
• Disease Severity is quantity or Intensity of disease affecting entities
within a sampling unit.
• Measurement by observation each individu of plant invected in
population.
•DS  x 100

Score Rating :
0 = 0 % part of leaf infected
1 = 1 – 25 % part of leaf infected
2 = 25 – 50 % part of leaf infected
3 = 50 – 75% part of leaf infected
4 = 75 – 100% part of leaf infected (Necrosis)

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Disease Severity DS
  x 100

No Genotyp No of plant infected Disease Disease

e Incident Severity
1 Dije 16 16% ?
2 Rifat 10 10% ?
3 Bima 17 17% ?
4 Iqbal 14 14% ? Sum square DS (Dije) = (19+ 15+ …… )/ 16
5 Danny 19 19% ? = 18 %

DS
  sampel 1 x 100 = 19%

DS
  sampel 2 x 100 = 15%

DS
  sampel 16 x 100 = …..%
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Disease Severity
No Genotyp No of plant infected Disease Disease
e Incident Severity
1 Dije 16 16% 18%
2 Rifat 10 10% 9%
3 Bima 17 17% 15%
4 Iqbal 14 14% 16%
5 Danny 19 19% 21%

Is that enough to assume that Genotipe

Danny more Succeptible to other??

“’Let see next statistic procedure”

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Area Under Desease Progress Curve (AUDPC)
• Area under Disease Progress Curve is a usefull quantitative summary
of disease intensity over time (hours, days, week, months, or year), for
comparison across season, years, location or menegement tactic.
• AUDPC value was calculated according to the formula used by
Shaner and Finney (1997).
• Using Disease Severity data less than 7 day interval every observation.
• Procedure measurement should Inoculation the pathogen to plant
population.

AUDPC
 

Xi` = Disease Severity value previous observation

Xi+1 = Disease Severity value its day observation
ti = Time (DAP) previous observation
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Area Under Desease Progress Curve (AUDPC)
Advantages
• Simple to assess because it uses
multiple evaluation and does not
need data transformation.
• Very useful to carry out
comparative analysis among
varieties, genotype or treatment
in the same experiment.
Disadvantages
• Not suitable for wilt disease
simptom for example Fusarium
wilt.
• Preparation the inoculant in
labolatory maybe take more time
and expensive
• Using Spreader row need to
identify succeptibe genotype
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 Area Under Desease Progress Curve (AUDPC)
N Genotip DS (32 DS (39 DS (46 DS (53 DS (60 DS (67 AUDPC
o
e DAP) DAP) DAP) DAP) DAP) DAP)

1 Dije 18 22 34 41 59 70 ?
2 Rifat 9 18 30 40 54 69 ?
3 Bima 15 24 37 46 61 71 ?
4 Iqbal 16 25 39 51 66 85 ?
5 Danny 21 32 39 47 61 76 ?

AUDPC
  (Dije) + ++
+ = 1435

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Area Under Desease Progress Curve (AUDPC)
AUDPC
  (Rifat) + ++
+ = 1302

AUDPC
  (Bima) + ++
+ = 1447

AUDPC
  (Iqbal) + ++
+ = 1617

AUDPC
  (Danni) + ++
+ = 1592.5
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Area Under Desease Progress Curve (AUDPC)
N Genotip DS (32 DS (39 DS (46 DS (53 DS (60 DS (67 AUDPC rAUDPC
o
e DAP) DAP) DAP) DAP) DAP) DAP)

1 Dije 18 22 34 41 59 70 1435 0.410

2 Rifat 9 18 30 40 54 69 1302 0.372
3 Bima 15 24 37 46 61 71 1447 0.413
4 Iqbal 16 25 39 51 66 85 1617 0.462
5 Danny 21 32 39 47 61 76 1592.5 0.455

Relative
  AUDPC

rAUDPC
  (Dije) = 0.410

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Interpretasi AUDPC
• Value AUDPC expressed as % - days, that is, the sum of non
transformed daily percentage values of infection
• Highest value (AUDPC and rAUDPC) will correspond to more
susceptible varieties and lowest values will correspond to more
resistant varieties

N Genotyp DS (32 DS (39 DS (46 DAP) DS (53 DAP) DS (60 DAP) DS (67 DAP) AUDPC rAUDPC
o
e DAP) DAP)
1 Dije 18 22 34 41 59 70 1435 0.410
2 Rifat 9 18 30 40 54 69 1302 0.372
3 Bima 15 24 37 46 61 71 1447 0.413
4 Iqbal 16 25 39 51 66 85 1617 0.462
5 Danny 21 32 39 47 61 76 1592.5 0.455

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AUDPC ANOVA DATA
• Ulangan I
N Genotyp DS (32 DS (39 DS (46 DAP) DS (53 DAP) DS (60 DAP) DS (67 DAP) AUDPC rAUDPC
o
e DAP) DAP)
1 Dije 18 22 34 41 59 70 1435 0.410
2 Rifat 9 18 30 40 54 69 1302 0.372
3 Bima 15 24 37 46 61 71 1447 0.413
4 Iqbal 16 25 39 51 66 85 1617 0.462
5 Danny 21 32 39 47 61 76 1592.5 0.455

• Ulangan 2
N Genotyp DS (32 DS (39 DS (46 DAP) DS (53 DAP) DS (60 DAP) DS (67 DAP) AUDPC rAUDPC
o
e DAP) DAP)
1 Dije 12 23 31 44 54 69 1347.5 0.385
2 Rifat 11 15 32 41 56 67 1281 0.246
3 Bima 14 21 33 47 59 66 1400 0.233
4 Iqbal 18 24 32 48 57 68 1428 0.255
5 Danny 16 27 34 46 53 73 1431.5 0.207
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AUDPC ANOVA DATA
• Ulangan 3
N Genotyp DS (32 DS (39 DS (46 DAP) DS (53 DAP) DS (60 DAP) DS (67 DAP) AUDPC rAUDPC
o
e DAP) DAP)
1 Dije 20 25 30 46 55 64 1386 0.396
2 Rifat 13 21 28 42 51 67 1274 0.245
3 Bima 21 23 26 39 54 63 1288 0.215
4 Iqbal 19 21 29 41 50 68 1291.5 0.231
5 Danny 20 26 33 42 53 63 1368.5 0.198

• Ulangan 4
N Genotyp DS (32 DS (39 DS (46 DS (53 DS (60 DS (67 DS (74 AUDPC rAUDPC
o e DAP) DAP) DAP) DAP) DAP) DAP) DAP)

1 Dije 21 21 31 39 49 61 ? ?
2 Rifat 16 20 32 38 46 67 ? ?
3 Bima 16 23 36 40 48 65 ? ?
4 Iqbal 17 21 34 39 43 63 ? ?
5 Danny 19 26 31 43 51 80 Your ?
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ANOVA AUDPC
No Genotipe Ulangan 1 Ulangan 2 Ulangan 3 Ulangan 4 Rata Rata Genotipe
1 Dije 1435 1347.5 1386 1267 5435.5 1358.875
2 Rifat 1302 1281 1274 1242.5 5099.5 1274.875
3 Bima 1447 1400 1288 1312.5 5447.5 1361.875
4 Iqbal 1617 1428 1291.5 1239 5575.5 1393.875
5 Danny 1592.5 1431.5 1368.5 1403.5 5796 1449
Rata 7393.5 6888 6608 6464.5 27354

SR Db JK KT F Hitung F Tabel
BNJ = 4.202
Ulangan 3 100.696
Perlakuan 4 64.062 16.023 4.032 3.259167 Rifat 1274.875 a
Galat 12 47.687 3.473 Dije 1358.875 b
Total 19 212.467 Bima 1361.875 c
Iqbal 1393.875 d
Danny 1449 e

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Conclusion

Disease Incident Disease Severity Area Under Disease Progress

Curve

• ????? • ????? • ?????

Ready For Post test???? Your Logo or Name Here 29

Thank You