TEORI PERMINTAAN Dan Penawaran
TEORI PERMINTAAN Dan Penawaran
Price of
Ice-Cream Cone
$3.00
2.50
1. A decrease
2.00
in price ...
1.50
1.00
0.50
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Quantity of
Ice-Cream Cones
2. ... increases quantity
of cones demanded.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
Kasus perkecualian:
1. Kasus Barang Giffen
Semakin tinggi tingkat harga, menyebabkan permintaan meningkat
2.Kasus pengaruh Harapan dinamis (dynamexpectation )
3.Perubahan jumlah yang diminta dipengaruhi oleh perubahan harga yang terkait dengan harapan konsumen
4. Kasus Barang prestise
Terdapat unsure “kepuasan konsumen” dalam membeli suatu barang
III. Bagaimana jika asumsi Cateris Paribus
dilanggar? Maka hokum permintaan menjadi tidak
berlaku
IV. Permintaan Pasar (market demand)
Merupakan penjumlahan dari semua permintaan
individu di pasar.
V. Perubahan Jumlah yang diminta
- perubahan di sepanjang kurva permintaan
- Disebabkan karena adanya perubahan harga
Changes in Quantity Demanded
Price of Ice-
Cream A tax that raises the
Cones
price of ice-cream
B cones results in a
$2.00
movement along the
demand curve.
1.00 A
D
0
4 8 Quantity of Ice-Cream Cones
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
Figure 3 Shifts in the Demand Curve
Price of
Ice-Cream
Cone
Increase
in demand
Decrease
in demand
Demand
curve, D2
Demand
curve, D1
Demand curve, D3
0 Quantity of
Ice-Cream Cones
Copyright©2003 Southwestern/Thomson Learning
Consumer Income
Normal Good
Price of Ice-
Cream Cone
$3.00 An increase
2.50 in income...
Increase
2.00 in demand
1.50
1.00
0.50
D2
D1 Quantity of
Ice-Cream
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Cones
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
Consumer Income
Inferior Good
Price of Ice-
Cream Cone
$3.00
2.50 An increase
2.00
in income...
Decrease
1.50 in demand
1.00
0.50
D2 D1 Quantity of
Ice-Cream
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Cones
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
Variabel yang Perubahan dalam
mempengaruhi variable ini akan…….
kuantitas yang diminta
Harga Bergeser sepanjang kurva
Pendapatan Menggeser seluruh kurva
Harga barang lain Menggeser seluruh kurva
Selera Menggeser seluruh kurva
Ekspektasi Menggeser seluruh kurva
Jumlah pembeli (penduduk) Menggeser seluruh kurva
Contoh:
TEORI PENAWARAN
B
en’sSu
pplySc
hed
ule
C
opy
ri
g h
t©2
004S
out
h -
W e
ster
n
Fungsi penawaran
QSx = f (Px, C, T, u)
Keterangan:
QSx = jumlah barang yang ditawarkan
Px = harga barang
C = biaya produksi
T = teknologi
U = faktor lain
Figure 5 Ben’s Supply Schedule and Supply Curve
Price of
Ice-Cream
Cone
$3.00
2.50
1. An
increase
in price ... 2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Quantity of
Ice-Cream Cones
2. ... increases quantity of cones supplied.
Copyright©2003 Southwestern/Thomson Learning
Kurva Penawaran: memperlihatkan bagaimana
perubahan kuantitas barang yang ditawarkan, jika
harga berubah. Kurva penawaran mempunyai
kemiringan positif (asumsi: harga input,
teknologi, lain-lain tetap)
III. Bagaimana jika asumsi faktor lain tetap
dilanggar? Maka hukum penawaran menjadi tidak
berlaku
IV. Perubahan Jumlah yang ditawarkan
perubahan disepanjang kurva penawaran
disebabkan karena perubahan harga barang
Change in Quantity Supplied
Price of Ice-
Cream S
Cone
C
$3.00
A rise in the price
of ice cream
cones results in a
movement along
A the supply curve.
1.00
Quantity of
Ice-Cream
0 1 5 Cones
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
Pergeseran kurva penawaran: pergeseran seluruh
kurva penawaran
Figure 7 Shifts in the Supply Curve
Price of
Ice-Cream Supply curve, S3
Supply
Cone
curve, S1
Supply
Decrease curve, S2
in supply
Increase
in supply
0 Quantity of
Ice-Cream Cones
Copyright©2003 Southwestern/Thomson Learning
Variabel yang Perubahan dalam
mempengaruhi variabel ini akan…
penawaran
Harga Bergeser sepanjang kurva
Harga input Menggeser seluruh kurva
Teknologi Menggeser seluruh kurva
Ekspektasi Menggeser seluruh kurva
Jumlah penjual Menggeser seluruh kurva
EKUILIBRIUM (KESEIMBANGAN
PASAR
Suatu keadaaan dimana permintaan dan penawaran
dalam keadaan seimbang. Pada harga ekuilibrium,
jumlah barang yang ingin dan dapat dibeli sama
dengan jumlah yang ingin dan dapat dijual.
Surplus terjadi jika harga diatas harga
ekuilibrium (penawaran > permintaan)
Kekurangan (shortage) terjadi pada saat harga
dibawah harga ekulibrium
SUPPLY AND DEMAND
TOGETHER
Demand Schedule Supply Schedule
Price of
Ice-Cream
Cone Supply
Equilibrium Demand
quantity
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Quantity of Ice-Cream Cones
Copyright©2003 Southwestern/Thomson Learning
Figure 9 Markets Not in Equilibrium
2.00
Demand
0 4 7 10 Quantity of
Quantity Quantity Ice-Cream
demanded supplied Cones
$2.00
1.50
Shortage
Demand
0 4 7 10 Quantity of
Quantity Quantity Ice-Cream
supplied demanded Cones
Supply
2.00
2. . . . resulting
Initial
in a higher equilibrium
price . . .
D
0 7 10 Quantity of
3. . . . and a higher Ice-Cream Cones
quantity sold.
Copyright©2003 Southwestern/Thomson Learning
Figure 11 How a Decrease in Supply Affects the
Equilibrium
Price of
Ice-Cream 1. An increase in the
Cone price of sugar reduces
the supply of ice cream. . .
S2
S1
New
$2.50 equilibrium
2. . . . resulting
in a higher
price of ice
cream . . . Demand
0 4 7 Quantity of
3. . . . and a lower Ice-Cream Cones
quantity sold.
Copyright©2003 Southwestern/Thomson Learning
Table 4 What Happens to Price and Quantity When Supply
or Demand Shifts?
Copyright©2004 South-Western
Contoh: