Resistensi tinggi
Resistensi rendah
INTEGRATE:
• insektisida sintetis
• insektisida biologis
• serangga bermanfaat (predator/parasit)
• kultur praktis
• tanaman transgenik
• varitas resisten
• atraktan kimia atau alami atau botani
Pilih isektisida dengan hati-hati
Slugs ? ?
Insecticide Mode of Action
I R A C Classification:
Diversity is a key to successful resistance management
INSECTICIDE RESISTANCE ACTION COMMITTEE
Stimulatory Nervous System
IRAC promotes the use of a mode of action
classification of insecticides as the basis
Midgut The nervous system is the target for most current insecticides, but within this
Group 11 Microbial disruptors system are many target sites. Insecticides with specific modes of action act at
for effective and sustainable insecticide these targets:
of insect midgut membranes
resistance management. Insecticides are Group 1 Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors
The midgut is the target for the
allocated to specific groups based on their Carbamates and Organophosphates act as inhibitors of AChE at nerve
toxins produced by the
target site. The use of sequences or synapses. This results in hyperactivity in the nervous system.
bacterium Bacillus
alternations of insecticides with different Group 4 Acetylcholine receptor agonists / antagonists
thuringiensis (Bt). Bt toxins
modes of action reduces selection pressure The Chloronicotinyls act as agonists of acetylcholine at the post-synaptic
cause fatal lesions in the
on individual target sites. This prevents, nicotinic ACh receptor (nAChR). This leads to neuronal overstimulation and
midgut wall. Transgenic crops
delays or reverses resistance and helps hyperactivity.
such as Bt-cotton express high
maintain product diversity and efficacy. Group 5 Acetylcholine receptor modulators
levels of specific Bt toxins.
Sprayable Bt also contains Spinosyns act at the nAChR, interfering with normal functioning.
Use Mode of Group 3 Sodium channel modulators
such toxins.
action wisely Sodium channels are involved in the propagation of action potentials along
for good nerves. Pyrethroids rapidly interfere with their action, causing hyperactivity
IRM! and nerve block.
Group 22 Voltage dependent sodium channel blocker
Indoxacarb blocks sodium channels leading to neural dysfunction.
Moulting &
Cuticle Synthesis Metamorphosis
Groups 15, 16 and 17 Controlled by two hormones, Metabolic Processes
Inhibitors of chitin juvenile hormone (JH) and Acting on a wide range of metabolic Inhibitory Nervous System
biosynthesis ecdysone. processes: GABA mempengaruhi sistim transmisi pada sistim
New cuticle is synthesised Group 18 Ecdysone Group 12 Inhibitors of oxidative saraf serangga. Receptor GABA adalah merupakan
during the moult cycle. The agonist / disruptor phosphorylation, disruptors of ATP target dari sejumlah grup/kelompok insektisida.
Benzoylureas in Group 15 Tebufenozide acts as an - Diafenthiuron & Organotin miticides Group 2 GABA-gated chloride channel antagonists
are broadly active and ecdysone agonist Group 12 Uncoupler of oxidative Cyclodienes dan Fiproles terikat pada receptor
inhibit a key part of this phosphorylation via disruption of H complex GABA dan mempengaruhi aksi GABA yang
Group 7 Juvenile hormone
process, leading to insect proton gradient – Chlorfenapyr menyebabkan hyperactivity saraf.
mimics Group 20 Site I electron transport
death. Similar Inhibitors of Group 6 Chloride channel activators
Applied in the pre-
Homopteran and Dipteran inhibitors – Hydramethylon and Dicofol Avermectin, Emamectin Benzoate dan Milbemycin.
metamorphic instar, disrupt Group 21 Site II electron transport
chitin biosynthesis are in Mectins terikat pada receptor complex GABA,
and prevent metamorphosis
Groups 16 (Buprofezin) and inhibitors – Rotenone, METI acaricides menyebabkan paralysis. Alan McCaffery, Nov
2002
17 (Cyromazine).