Faktor Lingkungan Tumbuh

Abiotik
Biotik (Fisikokimia)

Suhu Air Radiasi/ Bahan Angin,

Cahaya Kimia Tegangan,
Listrik dll.
Kering
Kering
Garam,Ion,
Garam, Ion,Gas,
Gas,
Tergenang
Tergenang Pestisida,Insektisida,
Insektisida,dll.
dll.
Rendah
Rendah Pestisida,
Tinggi Al, Na, Ca, dll.
Tinggi

UV
UV Nampak
Nampak Ionisasi
Ionisasi
 PENGENDALI LINGKUNGAN ABIOTIK

Potensi
Keturunan Daya &
Kualitas
+ Metabolisme
Pertumb.
& Hasil
Lingkungan Tan.P
 Abiotik
 Biotik

Pengertian Stres dan Strain/Respon

Istilah Pengertian Fisik Pengertian Biologi
Stres/ Gaya yang bertindak Faktor luar yang
Cekaman/ terhadap suatu benda bertindak terhadap
Tekanan suatu organisme
Strain/ Perubahan dimensi Perubahan fisik dan/
Respon/ yang ditimbulkan atau kimiawi yang
Tegangan stres ditimbulkan stres
EKOFIS/S1/SAN
Sources of Environmental Stress for Plants
Physical Chemicals Biotics
Drought Air Polution Competition
Temperature Allelochemicals (Organics) Allelopathy (Organisms)
Radiation Nutrients (Inorganics) Lack of Symbioses
Flooding Pesticides Human Activities
Mechanical Toxins Diseases
Electrical Salts Insects
Magnetics pH of Soil Solution
Wind

Degree of Stress and Response

Stress Degree
Zero Toxic Death
Toleransi (tolerance)/Penghindaran (avoidance)
Susceptible Moderate Resistant
(peka) (moderat) (resisten)
Avoidance/Penghindaran = Resistensi dengan cara
menghindari keseimbangan termodinamik terhadap
stresnya (memodifikasi faktor eksternal).

Tolerance/Toleransi = Resistensi dengan kemampuan

mencapai keseimbangan termodinamik terhadap
stresnya (memodifikasi faktor internal)

Respon berupa = Morfologi, Fisiologi/Kimiawi, Genetika

Tujuan Perbaikan Tanaman Pakan

1. Efisiensi
(penggunaan air, cahaya, unsur hara, dll.)
2. Daya dan Kualitas Hasil
(Kuantitas, kualitas dan kontinuitas)
3. Toleransi
(terhadap cekaman.stres lingkungan)
ITMT/S1/SAN
 Cekaman Lingkungan

Abiotik
Biotik (Fisikokimia)

Suhu Air Radiasi/ Bahan Angin,

Cahaya Kimia Tegangan,
Listrik dll.
Kering
Kering
Garam,Ion,
Garam, Ion,Gas,
Gas,
Tergenang
Tergenang Pestisida,Insektisida,
Insektisida,dll.
dll.
Rendah
Rendah Pestisida,
Tinggi Al, Na, Ca, dll.
Tinggi

UV
UV Nampak
Nampak Ionisasi
Ionisasi
Respon Tanaman Terhadap Cahaya/Radiasi

V B G Y O R
UV IR
< 400 400-425 425-490 490-580 580-585 585-640 640-740 >740
Cahaya nampak

A. Cahaya mempengaruhi = Kecepatan fotosintesis, suhu

tanaman, fotomorfogenik dan aktivitas hormon.

Sun Plants Shade Plants

1. Butuh intensitas cahaya > tinggi
untuk aktivitas fotosintesis
2. Titik kompensasi cahaya > tinggi
3. Kadar khloroplas, khlorofil total
dan rasio khlorofil a/b > tinggi
4. Aktivitas RuBP Carboxilase >
tinggi
1. Butuh intensitas cahaya > rendah
untuk aktivitas fotosintesis
2. Titik kompensasi cahaya > rendah
3. Kadar khloroplas, khlorofil total
dan rasio khlorofil a/b > rendah
4. Aktivitas RuBP Carboxilase >
rendah

ITMT/S1/SAN
Respon Tanaman Terhadap Cahaya/Radiasi
B. Mekanisme toleransi/adaptasi tanaman terhadap
cahaya kurang/shade/naungan (shade plants):

Transmisi Struktur Daun (Tipis Depigmentasi

/ Refleksi + Melebar)
Cahaya

ILD Naik Variasi

Respirasi
warna >
& TKC
sedikit

Efisiensi
Metabolisme
ITMT/S1/SAN
Respon Tanaman Terhadap Cahaya/Radiasi
C. Mekanisme toleransi/adaptasi tanaman terhadap
cahaya lebih/bright (sun plants):

Metabolisme Pembawa elektron Struktur Daun  - Caroten

Carbon transport Berubah, > Xanthofil
tebal & Fosfolipid
mengecil

RuBP Fotosintesis
Carboxilase & TKC Khlorofil
Lignifikasi
terlindungi
dari
kerusakan
Fotoinhibitor Suberin, Wax,
Kutikula,
Dinding Sel
ITMT/S1/SAN
Respon Tanaman Terhadap Cahaya/Radiasi
D. Respon Phytohormone Terhadap Cahaya

R Phytohormone : molekul
UV IR
(prot.+chromophore)
yang sensitif thd cahaya
Light / R R-FR (Light-Dark)
Pr Pfr
Dark / FR Pr Pfr
0-15’ = mempengaruhi
permeabilitas
Light/ Phytohormone membran
Dark 1-3 jam = Ekspresi gen
(IAA, GA, ETH,
- IAA & GA - ETH & ABA dan ABA)
R
- Phenolic > 12 jam= Fotomorfogenik

 Fotomorfogenik
1. Leaf Expansion, Seed Germination, Stem Elongation, Unrooling Leaf ~ GA
2. Root Growth, Translocation, Fototropism ~ IAA/Auksin
ITMT/S1/SAN
Respon Tanaman Terhadap Cahaya/Radiasi
E. Variabel Pengamatan Respon Tanaman thd
Cahaya
Morfologi : Anatomi daun (ketebalan dan luasan) +
Karakter pertumbuhan tanaman

Fisiologi : Efisiensi metabolisme (Fs & Resp.), TKC,

Aktivitas RuBP Carboxilase, ILD, Kadar
dari (lignin dinding sel, khloroplas dan
khlorofil, -Caroten, Xanthofil, Fosfolipid)

Genetika : Heretabilitas karakter morfologi dan

Fisiologi dan Identifikasi gen penyandi
karakter tsb.

Fitohormon: Kadar IAA, GA, ETH, ABA

ITMT/S1/SAN
 Respon Tanaman Terhadap
Cekaman Suhu
 suhu di atmosfir  produksi tanaman

Psikrofil
Psikrofil Mesofil
Mesofil Termofil
Termofil
Tan. yg senang Tan. yg senang Tan. yg senang
tdingin (0-20)oC tsedang (10-30)oC tpanas (>30)oC

?? Batas Stres
LD50% = 50%

P P P P
LD50%

t t t t
Plant Response to Temperature Stress
A. Sequence of Event in Injury During Stress

Dehydration Mechanical Osmotic

Denaturation of Changes in Lipid-Prot

Membrane Proteins Interaction

Inactivation and/or Leakage of K & Sugar Pump

Change in
Membrane Mitochondria and Lack of
Breakdown Chloroplast Oxygen
- Necrosis - Reduced Growth - Failure of Seed
- Browning - Discoloration - Chemical
- Tissue Break - Toxin &
Prot.breakdown Decomposition
DEATH
DEATH
ITMT/S1/SAN
 Plant Response to Temperature Stress
B. Mechanisms of Plant Tolerance to High Temperature

Mitochondria Electron Carrier  Osmotic Membrane

Activity Transport Denature

Loss of Lipid
Respiration Photosynthesis Protein
& TCP Breakdown
Lipid PER
ADP/O2
Increase
Root Growth
Saturated of Protectant
Lipid

Absorption
ITMT/S1/SAN
 Plant Response to Temperature Stress
C. Mechanisms of Plant Tolerance to Low Temperature

Mitochondria Electron Carrier  Osmotic Membrane

Activity Transport Denature

Loss of Lipid
Respiration Photosynthesis Protein
& TCP Breakdown
Lipid PER
ADP/O2
Increase
Root Growth
Unsaturated of Protectant
Lipid

Absorption
ITMT/S1/SAN
 Plant Response to Temperature Stress
D. Mechanisms of Phytohormone toTemperature Stress

0-15’ = mempengaruhi
permeabilitas
Temperature Phytohormone membran
1-3 jam = Ekspresi gen
(GA, CK, ETH,
dan ABA)
> 12 jam=  morfogenik
Low ABA+ETH ; GA+CK

High ABA+ETH ; GA+CK

 Fotomorfogenik

Cold/Low Temperature : induction of flowering/vernalization, vegetative

growth, seed germination and the breaking of dormancy
High Temperature : induction of budding and/or flowering

ITMT/S1/SAN
 Plant Response to Temperature Stress
E. Variabel of Plant Response to Temperature
Morphology : Leaf anatomy (necrosis, discoloration,
browning, tissue breakdown), root growth,
and component of yield.

Physiology : Metabolism efficiency (Phot & Resp.), TCP,

Mt phosphorilative eff (ADP/O2), Lipid PER.,
Unsaturation of lipid Acid, Toxin, [NO3],
and Activity of Nitrate Reductase (NR)

Genetics : Heretabily of morphology and physiology

caracters dan Identification of genes which
are involve on those caracters.

Phytohormone : GA,CK, ABA, ETH

ITMT/S1/SAN
 Applied on Research Program (L & T)
Efficiency :
a. Energy Convertion Efficiency of Some Forage Crop
= [input energy / output energy]x100%
b. Metabolisme (C, N, etc.) Efficiency of Some Forage
Crop [Mt phosphorilative eff (ADP/O2), LCP, TCP, ILD,
Chlorophyl and/or Chloroplast Content, etc.]

Yield & Quality :

a. Yield and Quality of Some Forage Crop That are
Tolerant to Light Stress.
b. Yield and Quality of Some Forage Crop That are
Tolerant to Temperature Stress.

Tolerance :
Selection of Some Forage Crop to Light and
Temperature Stress
ITMT/S1/SAN
 Respon Tanaman Terhadap
Cekaman Air
A. Cekaman Air : Aspek Fisik dan Kimia
FUNGSI AIR :
1. Bagian esensial protoplasma, 75-90% bobot segar jaringan.
2. Pelarut (gas dan garam)
3. Pereaksi dalam reaksi fotosintesis dan proses hidrolisis
4. Penjaga turgiditas dalam : pembesaran sel, membuka dan
menutupnya stomata, penyangga bentuk/morfologi daun
dan struktur jaringan yang berlignin.

?? Batas Stres/Cekaman
LD50% = 50%

Kekurangan
Kekurangan Kelebihan
Kelebihan
 Cekaman Air
Kekurangan
Kekurangan Kelebihan

1. Suplai air di perakaran kurang Ketersediaan air di perakaran >>

2. Permintaan air yang >>> oleh Absorpsi Defisit O2
daun (laju EvTr > Absorpsi) denitrifikasi
? deamonifikasi

Dalam Sel ~ Potensial Air Sel = Po + Pt + Pm

Potensial Osmotik = Po = tegangan osmotik akibat kehilangan

cairan, sehingga konsentrasi cairan sel meningkat.
(Vakuola & Floem : organ yang berhubungan langsung)
Potensial Turgor = Pt = tegangan permukaan membran dengan
cairan sel (Dinding sel : organ yang langsung terkena)
menjadi menurun.
Potensial Matrik = Pm = tegangan antara permukaan air dengan
permukaan molekul lain menjadi menurun.
 Cekaman Air
Di luar Sel ~ Air Tanah Ketersediaan Unsur Hara
KL & TLP
 Intersepsi Akar
~ RH Udara  Aliran massa (EvTr)
EvTr  Difusi

 Ion-ion sulit diserap, antara lain :

Utama : NO3-, Cl- dan SO42-
Lainnya : K, Ca dan P
 Amonifikasi dan Nitrifikasi
Plant Response to Water Stress (Drought)
B. Sequence of Event in Injury During Stress

Primary Nutr. Def. Ion Uptake Secondary

Turgor Decrease Metabolic Membrane Lipid Layer

Disruption Breakdown
Membrane
Breakdown Stomata Ion Efflux
Closure Ez. Changes

Insufficient
Toxin NA &
Growth
Inhibition Hormone
Protein
Breakdown

DEATH
DEATH
ITMT/S1/SAN
Plant Response to Water Stress (Flood)
B. Sequence of Event in Injury During Stress

Secondary Nutr. Def. Water Pot . Primary

Gas Stresses Ion Stress

O2 Deficit
Leaching
CO2 Excess
ETH Excess
Metabolic
Toxins
Nutrient Ion
Deficit

DEATH
DEATH
ITMT/S1/SAN
 Plant Response to Water Stress
C. Mechanisms of Plant Tolerance to Water Stress/Drought
Dehydration Loss of RNA
 Protein RNAse
Loss of Decrease
Conformation
Turgor Protein
Synthesis

Loss of Accumulation of AA
Enzyme
Pigment Methionine Osmoregulation
Breakdown
 N Metabolism

MVA Pathway Growth

ETH Conversion Modification
to : Glycine,
Serine,
ABA Abscision Proline, Seeding, Transl,
Betaine, Fotosynthesis,
Stomatal Transpiration
Closure Dormancy G-Betaine
ITMT/S1/SAN
 Plant Response to Water Stress
D. Mechanisms of Phytohormone to Water Stress

0-15’ = mempengaruhi
permeabilitas
Water Stress Phytohormone membran
1-3 jam = Ekspresi gen
(ABA, CK, ETH,
IAA, dan GA)
> 12 jam= 
Drought ABA+ETH+CK ; GA+IAA morfogenik

Flood GA+IAA

 Morfogenik

Drought : induction of abscision/dormancy, stomatal closure,

change in the apical dominance
Flood : induction of roothair on the stem

ITMT/S1/SAN
 Plant Response to Water Stress
C. Mechanisms of Plant Tolerance to Water Stress/Flood

Root
O2 Transfer Formatio
from Shoot to n on the
Roots stem Tolerance of Toxin
Accumulation

Inhibition of
Toxins- Glycolysis
producing General
Enzymes Decreased
Induction of Rate of
Toxins- Metabolism Maintenance
destroying of Aerobic
Enzymes Apparatus

ITMT/S1/SAN
 Plant Response to Water Stress
E. Variabel of Plant Response to Water Stress
Morphology : Abscision index, root growth, and
component of yield.

Physiology : Photosynthesis/Transpiration Index,

Toxin, [NO3], [Proline, Glycine, Serine],
[Betaine] and Activity of NReductase,
 Stomata, Ion Efflux, ect.

Genetics : Heretabily of morphology and physiology

caracters dan Identification of genes which
are involve on those caracters.

Phytohormone : GA, IAA, CK, ABA, and ETH

ITMT/S1/SAN
Applied on Research Program of Water Stress
Efficiency :
a. Energy Convertion Efficiency of Some Forage Crop
= [input energy / output energy]x100%
b. Metabolisme (C, N, etc.) Efficiency of Some Forage
Crop [Photosynthesis/Transpiration Index], [Stomata]
[Proline, Serine, Glycine, Betaine], NR Activity Index.

Yield & Quality (by Polyploidysation) :

a. Yield and Quality of Some Forage Crop That are
Tolerant to Drought Stress.
b. Yield and Quality of Some Forage Crop That are
Tolerant to Waterlogging/Flooding Stress.

Tolerance :
Selection of Some Forage Crop to Drought and
Waterlogging/Flooding Stress
ITMT/S1/SAN
 Plant Response to Nutrient Stress
 10% of the plant dry weight ( 1.5% of the fresh) is minerals

Deficiency
Deficiency Stress Toxicity
?
(1). The content of soil solution (Balancing); (2). The soil pH ;
(3). Availability to the plant ; (4). Translocation and
(5). Metabolic pathways

Yield D A = Extreme Def.

C B = Severe Def. C
or
RGR = Moderate D=
E Luxury E=
Toxic
B

Tissue Concentration
 Plant Response to Nutrient (Toxic)Stress
Acid (Al3+) and Salin (NaCl) Condition

I. Plant Response to Acid [(Al3+), Mn, Fe, Cu] Stress

1 1
2 2
Al(OH)+2
3 3

pAl 4 4
Al +3
5 5
6 6
7 Al(OH) 2+ 7
Al(OH) 4-
8 8
9 9
10 10

3 4 5 6 7 8
pH
I. Plant Response to Acid (Al3+) Stress
A. Sequence of Event in Injury During Stress

Absorp Exchange
Competition Enzyme
of Water
with Other Inactivation
Structure
Essensial
Element Exchange Position
with Other Essensial
Element

Metabolic Disruption with Block of Mitosis

!!!!!

RootInhibition
Root Inhibition
 I. Plant Response to Acid (Al3+) Stress
B. Mechanisms of Plant Tolerance to Acid (Al3+) Stress

External/Exclusion/Apoplasm

Absorption Excudate of
Anion > Cation Chelator
Preference of Electric Potential
NO3 and NH4
- +
Mucilage
Synthesis

Decarboxilation
(HCO3-) efflux NR Plasmamembrane
Selectivity

Induction of Organic
Compound
Al
pH-barier Immobilisation
Rhizosphere

Decrease of Al Toxicity
 I. Plant Response to Acid (Al3+) Stress
B. Mechanisms of Plant Tolerance to Acid (Al3+) Stress

Internal/Inclusion/Symplasm

Al-Compartmention
in Vacuola
Absorption Preference of
Anion > Cation NO3- and NH4+

Decarboxilation
(HCO3-) efflux NR

Al-complex
- Organic Acids
- Protein/Enzyme

Decrease of Al Toxicity
 I. Plant Response to Acid (Al3+) Stress
C. Mechanisms of Phytohormone to Acid (Al3+) Stress

0-15’ = mempengaruhi
permeabilitas
Acid (Al3+)
Phytohormone membran
Stress 1-3 jam = Ekspresi gen
(CK, IAA, & ETH)
If > 12 jam= 
Morfogenik
NO3- CK dan IAA
NH4+ CK dan IAA

Tryptophane IAA
Cu, Fe ; Ca ETH

 Morfogenik

Block of Root Growth

(Stubby &Coralloid)
ITMT/S1/SAN
 I. Plant Response to Acid (Al3+) Stress
D. Variable of Plant Response to Acid (Al3+) Stress
Morphology : LD50% of root growth, and component of
yield.

Physiology : Induction of pH Rhizosphere, Kind and

 of Organic Acids Synthesis, Activity of
Nitrate Reductase, [Mucilage] and Prefer
of NO3- and NH4+, ect.

Genetics : Heretabily of morphology and physiology

caracters dan Identification of genes which
are involve on those caracters.

Phytohormone : IAA, CK, and ETH

ITMT/S1/SAN
 II. Plant Response to Salt Stress
Salinitas = terdapatnya garam-garam dalam kosentrasi yang berlebihan
sehingga menekan pertumbuhan
Na+, Cl- dan SO4-2 Menginduksi defisiensi Ca+2, K+

Pendekatan

Desalting (+ Ca+2, K+) Plant Tolerant

Toleransi

Halofita = golongan tanaman yang toleran terhadap konsentrasi

garam tinggi.
Mis.: Opuntia sp (Kaktus), sebagian graminae, tanaman air
dan tanaman bakau.

Glikofita = golongan tanaman yang toleran terhadap konsentrasi

garam rendah.
Mis.: Sebagian tanaman legum, tanaman hias dan epifit.
ITMT/S1/SAN
 II. Plant Response to Salt (Na+) Stress
B. Sequence of Event in Injury During Stress

Primary Nutr. Def. Ion Uptake Secondary

Osmotic Increase Metabolic Membrane Lipid Layer

Disruption Breakdown
Metabolite
Supply Stomata Transport
Closure Ez. Changes System

Floem and
Toxin
Growth Membrane
Inhibition Transport
Cell
Breakdown

DEATH
DEATH
ITMT/S1/SAN
 II. Plant Response to Salt (Na+) Stress
B. Mechanisms of Plant Tolerance to Salt (Na+) Stress

Morphology Mechanisms by
(Water Content Balancing)

Leaf Size
Reduce Succulence
[Stomata] Increase
Earlier of Root
Reduce Lignification
Transpiration Cuticula Thickness
Reduce

Turgor Increase Osmoregulation

Decrease of Na Toxicity
 II. Plant Response to Salt (Na+) Stress
B. Mechanisms of Plant Tolerance to Salt (Na+) Stress

Physiology Mechanisms by
(Osmoregulation, Solutes & Membrane)

Osmoregulation
Secretion and
Membrane
Transport Compartmenta
Integrity
System tion of Na+
Ions and
Solutes
K+, Ca2+, Transport
Accumulation
Organic System
Compounds,
Osmotic Free Amino Lignification
Decrease Acids, and Leaf and
Sugars Vacuola

Decrease of Na Toxicity
 II. Plant Response to Salt (Na+) Stress
C. Mechanisms of Phytohormone to Salt (Na+) Stress

0-15’
= Mempengaruhi
permeabilitas
Salt Stress Phytohormone membran
1-3 jam = Ekspresi gen
(ABA, CK, ETH,
IAA, dan GA)
> 12 jam= 
Morfogenik
Osmotic ABA+ETH+CK ; GA+IAA

 Morfogenik

Drought : induction of abscision/dormancy, stomatal closure,

change in the apical dominance, induction
roothair on the stem, and succulency

ITMT/S1/SAN
 II. Plant Response to Salt (Na+) Stress
C. Proposed Accumulation of Some Metabolic Under
Salt (Na+) Condition/Stress

Carbohydrates Organic Acids Proteins

Tyrosine +
Free Amino Acids Aspartic +
Phenylalanine Amide
Glutamic Acid

Melanins + Lysine Arginine

Flavones Glutamic Semialdehyde

Cadaverine Agmatine Ornithine

Proline

Anabasine Nornicotine Putrescine

Nicotine Tetramethyl Tropane

Putrescine Alkaloids
ITMT/S1/SAN
 II. Plant Response to Salt (Na+) Stress
D. Variabel of Plant Response to Salt (Na+) Stress
Morphology : Abscision index, Shoot/Root Ratio,
Succulency Index, and component of yield.

Physiology : Photosynthesis/Transpiration Index,

[Toxin], [K+/Na+] Index, [Free Amino Acids
= Proline, Betaine, Putrescine, Arginine],
[ABA] and Activity of NReductase,
 Stomata, Ion Efflux, ect.

Genetics : Heretabily of morphology and physiology

caracters dan Identification of genes which
are involved on those caracters.

Phytohormone : GA, IAA, CK, ABA, and ETH

ITMT/S1/SAN
Applied on Research Program of Salt Stress
Efficiency :
a. Convertion Energy Efficiency of Some Forage Crop
= [input energy / output energy]x100%
b. Metabolisme (C, N, etc.) Efficiency of Some Forage
Crop [Photosynthesis/Transpiration Index],
[Toxins], [K+/Na+] Index, [Free Amino Acids
= Proline, Betaine, Putrescine, Arginine], [ABA],
Activity of NReductase,  Stomata, and Ion
Efflux, ect.
Yield & Quality :
Yield and Quality of Some Forage Crop That are
Tolerant to Salt (Na+) Stress.

Tolerance :
Selection of Some Forage Crop to Salt (Na+) Stress
by Poliploidy and/or Protoplasma Fusion
ITMT/S1/SAN
 Program Perbaikan THMT

Efisiensi
Sifat Daya & Kualitas
Toleransi

Kekeringan Salinitas Kemasaman

- Seleksi
- Fusi Protoplas
- Poliploidi
- Transfer Gen

- Komponen Produksi
- Produksi dan Produktifitas
- Nilai Nutrisi
ITMT/S1/SAN
 ZAT PENGATUR TUMBUH = ZPT
(Hormon Tanaman)
1. Pembelahan sel
TUMBUH
2. Pembesaran sel
Tanaman
(Multiselluler) 3. Differensiasi BERKEMBANG

4. Respon thd Lingkungan (biotik+abiotik)

PENGATURAN OLEH
SISTEM-SISTEM PESAN KIMIAWI
“Systems of Chemical Messenger”

HORMON TANAMAN

ITMT/S1/SAN
 ZAT PENGATUR TUMBUH = ZPT
(Hormon Tanaman)
Hormon Tanaman =
Senyawa organik yang disintesa oleh organ tanaman ttt, lalu
ditranslokasikan ke bagian tanaman lainnya, yang dalam dosis/
konsentrasi sangat rendah mempengaruhi respon fisiologi
tanaman

1 M ZPT = efektif untuk proses fisiologi

1-50 mM Senyawa Lain = efektif untuk proses fisiologi

MEKANISME KERJA =
Sebagai second messenger untuk memperbesar/menstimulir
rantai metabolisme berikutnya/lainnya

SINTESIS ASAM PROSES TUMBUH

ZPT NUKLEAT METABOLISME +
(mRNA) (Fotosintesis+Respirasi) KEMBANG

ITMT/S1/SAN
 ZAT PENGATUR TUMBUH = ZPT
(Macam, Biosintesis, Peran)
1. AUKSIN
Sebagai hormon pertumbuhan universal, sehingga tanpa auksin
TIDAK AKAN TERJADI PERTUMBUHAN.
Misalnya : CH2COOH
IAA = Indole Acetic Acid
NAA = Naphtalene Acetic Acid NH

 Sumber / Tempat Biosintesis

Daerah meristematik (Jaringan yang sedang berkembang), dan
ditranslokasikan secara basepetal (berlawanan arah)

 Peranan :
a. Perangsangan sintesis mRNA (sintesis asam amino/enzim)
b. Pemanjangan batang
c. Dominansi apikal
d. Fototropisme
e. Merangsang pertumbuhan akar, bunga dan buah
f. Menunda absisi (penguguran daun)
ITMT/S1/SAN
 ZAT PENGATUR TUMBUH = ZPT
(Macam, Biosintesis, Peran)
2. Gibberelin (GA)
 Ditemukan oleh Gibberella Fujikuroi, sebagai hormon tumbuh
untuk pemanjangan batang dan daun padi
O
Misalnya :
GA3 = Gibberelic Acid turunan-3 OH
OH
GA12 = Gibberelic Acid turunan-12 = CH
COOH 2

 Sumber / Tempat Biosintesis

Ujung tanaman / primordia dan ditranslokasikan ke seluruh
tanaman secara acropetal (seluruh arah)

 Peranan :
a. Pembelahan dan pembesaran sel
b. Pemanjangan batang dan daun
c. Mematahkan dormansi
d. Perkecambahan (merangsang enzim-enzim hidrolisis)
e. Mencegah degradasi klorofil
f. Rasio jenis kelamin tanaman
ITMT/S1/SAN
 ZAT PENGATUR TUMBUH = ZPT
(Macam, Biosintesis, Peran)
3. Sitokinin NH-CH2-CH=C=C2H5OH

 Ditemukan pertamakali pada tanaman jagung

dan diberi nama ZEATIN.

 Sumber / Tempat Biosintesis

a. Buah / biji muda yang sedang berkembang,
b. Akar
Ditranslokasikan melalui cairan xilem (pembuluh kayu).

 Peranan :
a. Pembelahan sel (khususnya proses sitokinesis/sitoplasma)
b. Perluasan/Lebar daun
c. Bersama auksin untuk differensiasi mata tunas
d. Menunda penuaan (senescen)
e. Komponen struktural RNA, sehingga berperanan penting
dalam proses sintesis asam amino/enzim/protein.
ITMT/S1/SAN
 ZAT PENGATUR TUMBUH = ZPT
(Macam, Biosintesis, Peran)

4. Etilen (CH2=CH2)
 Berupa gas hasil alami selama proses pemasakan buah/biji

 Sumber / Tempat Biosintesis

a. Buah yang sedang masak/tua
b. Bunga, biji, daun, akar setelah terjadi pelukaan
Ditranslokasikan melalui gerakan air tanaman (larut dalam air)

 Peranan :
a. Merangsang pemasakan buah
b. Pembesaran batang secara radial/ke samping
c. Merangsang absisi / gugur
d. Merangsang pembungaan
e. Pematahan dormansi

ITMT/S1/SAN
 ZAT PENGATUR TUMBUH = ZPT
(Macam, Biosintesis, Peran)
5. Inhibitor
 Inhibitor mempunyai fungsi utama sebagai penghambat
pertumbuhan
Misalnya :
Asam Absisik (ABA), Retardant, dll.

 Sumber / Tempat Biosintesis

Pada jaringan-jaringan yang sudah tua

 Peranan :
a. Penuaan sel
b. Menghambat sintesis RNA, sehingga sintesis asam-asam
amino/enzim/protein terhambat
c. Mengatur dormansi (bersama dengan GA)
Dormansi terjadi bila ABA dan GA ; juga sebaliknya.
d. Menahan aktivitas GA
e. Pematahan dormansi
ITMT/S1/SAN
 ZAT PENGATUR TUMBUH = ZPT
(Macam, Biosintesis, Peran)

No. Fungsi / Peran Auksin GA Sitokinin Etilen ABA

1 Dormansi   

2 Perakaran    

3 Laju Pertumbuhan     

4 Pembungaan     

5 Penentuan sex   

6 Pembentukan buah   

7 Penuaan sel/Gugur  

8 Sintesis mRNA   

ITMT/S1/SAN