PEMISAHAN MEKANIK (TK-

3232)
PEMISAHAN MEKANIK – FILTRASI (1)
Pendahuluan
 Filtrasi (penyaringan) adalah cara pemisahan campuran berdasarkan perbedaan
ukuran dari partikel-partikel komponen campuran dengan menggunakan penyaring
 Cara pemisahan dengan cara penyaringan ini dapat dilakukan untuk memisahkan
padatan yang mempunyai ukuran berbeda dan untuk memisahkan padatan
dengan cairan.
 Pemilihan ukuran penyaring disesuaikan dengan ukuran zat-zat yang akan
dipisahkan.
 Filtrasi dapat terjadi karena adanya gaya dorong, misalnya ; gravitasi, tekanan dan
gaya sentrifugal.
 Fluida yang difiltrasi dapat berupa cairan atau gas; aliran yang lolos dari saringan
mungkin saja cairan, padatan, atau keduanya.
Pendahuluan

 Seringkali umpan dimodifikasi melalui beberapa pengolahan awal untuk

meningkatkan laju filtrasi, misal dengan pemanasan, kristalisasi, pelarutan atau
memasang peralatan tambahan pada penyaring
 Misalnya memisahkan garam yang bercampur pasir, dimana garam mudah larut
dalam air sedangkan pasir tidak larut. Campuran tersebut dimasukkan dalam air,
garam akan larut sedangkan pasir tidak. Setelah disaring pasir akan tertinggal di
kertas saring, dan air garam lolos menembus kertas saring. Zat yang tertahan di kertas
saring dinamakan residu dan cairan yang dapat menembus kertas saring dinamakan
filtrat.
Filter Media

1.Harus dapat menahan zat padat yang akan disaring

dan menghasilkan filtrat yang cukup jernih
2.Tidak mudah tersumbat
3.Harus tahan secara kimia dan kuat secara fisik dalam
kondisi proses
4.Harus memungkinkan penumpukkan ampas dan
pengeluaran ampas untuk bisa secara bersih dan
sempurna
5.Harus tidak mahal
Classification of filter media
• 1. Woven filters: these include a- wire screening . b- fabrics of cotton, wool,
nylon.
• Wire screening e.g. stainless steel is durable, resistance to plugging and
easily cleaned.
• Cotton is a common filter ,however, Nylon is superior for pharmaceutical
use, since it is unaffected by mold, fungus or bacteria and has negligible
absorption properties .
• 2. Non- woven filters: Filter paper is a common filter medium since it offers
controlled porosity, limited absorption characteristic, and low cost.
• 3. Membrane filters: These are basic tools for micro-filtration, useful in the
preparation of sterile solutions. These filters are made by casting of various
polymer, inorganic and metal materials. The filter is a thin membrane with
millions of pores per square centimeter of filter surface.
• 4. Porous plates: These include perforated metal or rubber plates, natural
porous materials such as stone, porcelain or ceramics, and sintered glass.
Classification of filter media
Filter Aid
• Usually, the resistance to flow due to the filter medium itself is very low, but will
increase as a layer of solids builds up , blocking the pores of the medium and
forming a solid cake.
• The object of the filter aid is to prevent the medium from becoming blocked and
to form an open, porous cake, so reducing the resistance to flow of the filtrate.
The particles must be inert, insoluble, incompressible, and irregular shaped.
• Filter aids may be used in either or both two ways:
• 1-Pre- coating technique: by forming a pre-coat over the filter medium by
filtering a suspension of the filter aid .
• 2-Body- mix technique: A small proportion of the filter aid (0.1-0.5 %) is added to
the slurry to be filtered. This slurry is recirculated through the filter until a clear
filtrate is obtained, filtration then proceeds to completion.
Filter Aid

The following filter aids may be used:

 Diatomite ( Kieselguhr ) , obtained from
natural siliceous deposites.
 Perlite , it is an aluminium silicate.
 Cellulose and Asbestos.
Filter type
 Filters are divided into three main groups: cake filters, clarifying filters, and
crossflow filters.

 Cake filter : Cake filters separate relatively

large amounts of solids as a cake of crystals
or sludge

 Clarifying filters: remove small amounts of

solids to produce a clean gas or a sparkling
clear liquids such as beverages

 crossflow filter: the feed suspension flows

under pressure at a fairly high velocity
across the filter medium
Principles Of Cake Filtration
 In cake filtration the liquid passes through two resistances in series: that of the
cake and that of the filter medium.
 The filter-medium resistance, which is the only resistance in clarifying filters, is
normally important only during the early stages of cake filtration.
 The cake resistance is zero at the start and increases with time as filtration
proceeds. If the cake is washed after it is filtered, both resistances are constant
during the washing period and that of the filter medium is usually negligible.
 The overall pressure drop at any time is the sum of the pressure drops over
medium and cake. If Pa is the inlet pressure, Pb is the outlet pressure, and P' the
pressure at the boundary between cake and medium
Type of Cake Formed

• Incompressible cake
Sifat-sifat cake seperti densitas, porositas, dll tidak
dipengaruhi oleh ketinggian cake (konstan)

• Compressible cake
Sifat-sifat cake seperti densitas, porositas, dll dipengaruhi
oleh ketinggian cake
Pressure Drop Through Filter Cake
 The thickness of the cake, measured from the filter medium, is Lc.
 The filter area, measured perpendicularly to the direction of flow, is A
 Consider the thin layer of cake of thickness dL lying in the cake at a
distance L from the medium
 the pressure at this point be p. This layer consists of a thin bed of solid
particles through which the filtrate is flowing.
 the pressure drop through the cake : P/L = dP/dL
 If the velocity of the filtrate is designated as u,

dimana : u = (dV/dt)/A

V = volume filtrat yang diukur pada awal filtrasi hinga waktu t.

V/A is the same for all layers and u is independent of L.
Pressure Drop Through Filter Cake
 the pressure drop is expressed as a function of the
surface-volume ratio instead of the particle size.

  = (6/Dp) (vp/sp)   Dp = (6 vp/sp) , thus

Pressure Drop Through Filter Cake

 The volume of solids in the layer : A (1-) dL, and if p is

the density of the particles, the mass dm of solids in the
layer

 Elimination of dL, thus

 k1 = 4,17
Pressure Drop Through Filter Cake

If mc , is the total mass of solids in the cake :

Cake resistance
 A specific cake resistance:

 The cake resistance a may also be expressed in terms

of the particle size Dp, with a new coefficient k2 :

  is influenced solely by the physical properties of the

cake, especially the particle size Dp and the porosity .
Cake resistance
 Most cakes encountered industrially are not made up of
individual rigid particles.
 The usual slurry is a mixture of agglomerates, or flocs,
consisting of loose assemblies of very small particles, and the
resistance of the cake depends on the properties of the
flocs rather than on the geometry of the individual particles.
 The flocs are deposited from the slurry on the upstream face
of the cake and form a complicated network of channels to
which Eq. (30.13 - McCabe):

 But does not precisely apply.

Filter Medium Resistance
 If c is the mass of the particles deposited in the filter per unit volume of
filtrate and the mass of solids in the filter at time t is Vc  mc = Vc
 If u = (dV/dt) (1/A),thus

Pers. 30.21 buku McCabe

Constant Pressure Filtration
When p is constant, the only variables in Eq. (30.21) are V and t. When t = 0, V =
0 and P = Pm

Thus,

, where

Integration of Eq. between the limits (0, 0) and (t, V) gives

Thus a plot of tIV vs. V will be linear, with a

slope equal to Kc/2 and an intercept of 1/qo
Empirical Equations For Cake Resistance
 By conducting constant pressure experiments at various pressure drops, the
variation of  with p may be found.
 If  is independent of p, the sludge is incompressible.
 Ordinarily  increases with p, as most sludges are at least to some extent
compressible. For highly compressible sludges,  increases rapidly with p.
 Empirical equations may be fitted to observed data for p vs. , the commonest of
which is:

 where o and s are empirical constants. Constant s is the compressibility coefficient

of the cake.
 It is zero for incompressible sludges and positive for compressible ones. It usually
falls between 0.2 and 0.8.
The first step is to prepare plots, for each of the five constant-pressure experiments, of (t/V vs. V).
The data are given in Table 30.2 and the plots are shown in Fig. 30.15. The slope of each line is Kc/2 in
seconds per liter per liter. The intercept of each line on the axis of ordinates is 1/qo, in seconds per liter.
The conversion to convert this to seconds per cubic foot is 28.31.
The slopes and intercepts, in the observed and converted units, are given in Table 30.3.

The viscosity of water is, from Appendix 14,0.886 cP, or 0.886 x 6.72 x 10-4
= 5.95 x 10-4 Ib/ft-s.
The filter area is 440/30.482 = 0.474 ft2. The concentration c is (23.5 x 28.31)/454
= 1.47 Ib/ft3.
From the values of Kc/2 and 1/qo in Table 30.3, dan lihat Persamaan (30.22) dan (30.24)
di buku McCabe

Table 30.3 shows the values of Kc/2 and l/qo for each test,
Filtrasi Kontinyu
 Pada filtrasi kontinyu, contoh: filtrasi dengan rotary-drum, umpan,
filtrate, dan cake bergerak pada kecepatan konstan (steady).
 Secara keseluruhan, proses filtrasi dengan rotary drum terdiri dari
beberapa tahapan secara seri: pembentukan cake, pencucian,
pengeringan, dan pembuangan (discharge), di mana perubahan terjadi
secara konstan.
 Pressure drop melewati filter selama pembetukan cake adalah konstan
 Persamaan untuk filtrasi secara kontinyu hampir sama dengan
persamaan yang digunakan pada filtrasi diskontinyu pada tekanan
konstan, dengan beberapa modifikasi
Persamaan dalam Filtrasi Kontinyu
 Persamaan umum pada filtrasi dis-kontinu :

t Kc 1
 V
V 2 qo
 Waktu filter aktual (t):
Kc 2 V
t V  (Pers. 30.27 buku McCabe)
2 qo di mana V = volume filtrasi yang terkoleksi selama waktu t

 Maka V dapat dihitung dengan menggunakan persamaan kuadrat:

1/ 2
2
 1   2 K t  1  1  2

 qo   2 K t
c   1 (Pers. 30.28
 qo  c qo qo
V   buku McCabe)
V
Kc Kc
Persamaan dalam Filtrasi Kontinyu
 Jika :

(Pers. 30.22 buku McCabe)

(Pers. 30.24 buku McCabe)

 maka :

1/ 2
 R 
2
 c   Rm
 m
  2 2 t  
 A(P) g c   A (P) g c   A(P ) g c
V
c
A2 (P ) g c
: tA
Persamaan dalam Filtrasi Kontinyu
 maka persamaan (30.28) menjadi:
1/ 2
 Rm  2
 Pg c c  Rm
   2   (Pers. 30.29, buku McCabe)
V  t   t  t

tA c( )
Di mana : V/t = kecepatan koleksi filtrate dan A = luas area filter terendam

  Persamaan (30.29) dapat digunakan untuk menghitung kecepatan produksi padatan, (mc):
Persamaan dalam Filtrasi Kontinyu
  kecepatan produksi padatan (mc)

 Karakteristik filter: waktu siklus = tc , kecepatan drum = n, luas total filter = AT,
 Fraksi drum yang terendam = A/AT = f
 Waktu pada fraksi terendam : t = f tc = f/n
 Persamaan (30.29) menjadi:
1/ 2
 Rm  2  Pg c c  Rm
   2  
V  t   t  t

tA c( )
(Pers. 30.32, buku McCabe)
Persamaan dalam Filtrasi Kontinyu
 Jika medium filter dicuci setelah cake dibuang, Rm umumnya diabaikan, maka pers
(30.32) menjadi:
(Pers. 30.33, buku McCabe)

 Jika hambatan cake bervariasi dengan pressure drop (P):

𝑠
 𝛼 =𝛼 𝑜 ∆ 𝑃 Maka:
(Pers. 30.34, buku McCabe)

 Persamaan (30.32) dan (30.33) digunakan untuk continuous vacuum filter maupun
continuous pressure filter
 if CF is the concentration of solids in the slurry in kilograms per cubic meter of liquid fed to
the filter, material balances give :
(Pers. 30.19, buku McCabe)
mF = mass of wet cake (dry + moisture), and mc = mass of dry cake