EKO HIDROLOGI

Oleh:
Mas Agus Mardyanto
Jurusan Teknik Lingkungan
FTSP – ITS
mardyanto@enviro.its.ac.id
HIDROLOGI
SCOPE
 Objective:
 Knowledge and concept about
the importance of
environmental studies in the
calculation of surface and
subsurface hydrology
 Students must have ability in
implementing eco-hydrology
concepts in design and
environmental conservation
 Competence:
 Students are able to apply
sustainability concepts in
design and research related to
ecology and hydrology
Literature
 Jurnal papers
 Fetter, C.W. (2001), Applied Hydrogeology,
Prentice-Hall Inc, Upper-Saddle-River, New
Jersey
 Davis, Allen P. & McCuen, Richard H. (2005),
Stormwater Management for Smart Growth,
Springer, New York
 Chow, V.T., Maidment, D.R., & Mays, L.W.
(1988), Applied Hydrology, McGraw-Hill Book
Company, Singapore
 Schnoor, Jerald L. (1996), Environmental
Modelling, John Willey & Sons, New York
 KETERKAITAN MASALAH LINGKUNGAN

POPULASI MANUSIA
Overpopulasi SUMBER DAYA ALAM
Overkonsumsi Keterbatasan & kualitas/kondisi
Penyebaran Pemborosan
Kesenjangan NMI* & NSB** Anggapan bahwa teknologi dapat
Krisis politik-ekonomi-sosial memecahkan semua masalah

*NMI = Negara Maju Industri

**NSB = Negara Sedang Berkembang

PENCEMARAN
& KERUSAKAN
LINGKUNGAN

PEMBANGUNAN EKONOMI SELAMA INI CENDERUNG MENGEKSPLOITASI

SUMBER DAYA ALAM DAN MENGAKIBATKAN KERUSAKAN LINGKUNGAN
Ilustasi : Art Explosion® 1998
Pengetahuan Lingkungan © 2004 Departemen Biologi ITB (dnc/rre)
 JENIS-JENIS SUMBER DAYA ALAM

Sumber Daya Alam

Sumber Daya Terbarui Sumber Daya

(Tidak Habis): Tidak Terbarui:

mis. sumber daya mis. bahan bakar fosil,

matahari, angin, mineral logam &
gelombang laut nonlogam

Sumber Daya yang

Berpotensi untuk
Terbarui:

mis. udara segar, air

bersih, tumbuhan, hewan
(keanekaragaman hayati)
Pengetahuan Lingkungan © 2004 Departemen Biologi ITB (dnc/rre)
Ilustasi : Art Explosion® 1998
 PENURUNAN
PENURUNAN PENURUNAN
PENURUNAN
KEANEKARAGAMAN
KEANEKARAGAMAN KETERSEDIAAN
KETERSEDIAAN
HAYATI
HAYATI PANGAN
PANGAN
PENCEMARANUDARA
PENCEMARAN UDARA Perusakan habitat
Perusakan habitat
Perusakan
Perusakan &&
 Perubahan iklim global Kepunahan spesies pengurangan luas lahan
 Perubahan iklim global Kepunahan spesies pengurangan luas lahan
 Perusakan lapisan ozon pertanian
 Perusakan lapisan ozon pertanian
 Hujan asam Penurunan air tanah
 Hujan asam Penurunan air tanah
 Pencemaran udara daerah Penggurunan
 Pencemaran udara daerah Penggurunan
perkotaan Erosi tanah
perkotaan Erosi tanah
 dll. Pemiskinan zat hara
 dll. Pemiskinan zat hara
Penggaraman tanah
Penggaraman tanah
Penangkapan ikan yang
Penangkapan ikan yang
berlebihan
berlebihan
dll.
MASALAH
MASALAH
dll.

UTAMA
UTAMA
PENCEMARANAIR
PENCEMARAN AIR LINGKUNGAN
LINGKUNGAN
Sedimentasi
Sedimentasi PENURUNAN
Bahan kimia beracun PENURUNAN
Bahan kimia beracun
Agen biologis pembawa
Agen biologis pembawa KETERSEDIAAN
KETERSEDIAAN
penyakit
penyakit SUMBERDAYAALAM
SUMBERDAYA ALAM
Tumpahan minyak
Tumpahan minyak LAINNYA
Pencemaran panas LAINNYA
Pencemaran panas
dll.
dll.  Energi
Energi/ /bahan
bahanbakar
bakar
 Mineral tidak terbarui
 Mineral tidak terbarui
PRODUKSILIMBAH
PRODUKSI LIMBAH
Limbah padat
Limbah padat
Bahan berbahaya &
Bahan berbahaya &
beracun
beracun

Pengetahuan Lingkungan © 2004 Departemen Biologi ITB (dnc/rre) (Sumber: Miller 2000, Ilustrasi: Art Explosion® 1998)
Pengetahuan Lingkungan © 2004 Departemen Biologi ITB (dnc/rre)
Introduction
 Increase of population  stress to environment
 Open space is decreasing
 Forest and open spaces change into built areas
 Development:
 clear trees & vegetation,
 Local topography is graded
water-holding depressions are eliminated
 In urban areas, almost all surfaces are paved:
 Almost 100% water becomes runoff (Surabaya
Drainage Mater Plan 2018 suggested runoff coefficient
= 0,92)
 Sprawl development: spread out carelessly in
an unnatural manner and distributed or
stretched out in an irregular distribution  urban
facilities are distributed spatially in a way that
appears to be unplanned and non optimal from
the perspective of the inhabitants of the
community, the surrounding infrastructure, & the
environment
 Sprawl development: due to the non-
appropriateness of development
 The urban areas have doubled in spatial extent
even though the population has increased very
little, maybe even decreased
Characteristics of urban sprawl
 Development in sub-urban areas (low density
development) increases to support the urban
development  increase the developed areas/ decrease
the open areas per capita
 Clustered land development pattern  expanses of open
space separating clusters of high density residential and
commercial development
 Low density development  lack of accessibility,
increases automobile usage, lesser mass transportation,
transportation infrastructure increases
 Clustered land development pattern  opposed to Low
density development
 Transportation infrastructure contributes 50%
imperviousness (most cause of urban sprawl) 
length of road per capita
 Increase of industries:
 Point source pollution (some are treated)
 Inhabitants, roads, agriculture areas:
 Non-point source pollution (untreated)
 Impact:
 Lesser infiltration
 Increase of runoff
 Decrease of groundwater recharge
 Environmental pollution: in-stream ecosystem is unable
to cope with the increased loads of pollutants
 SMART GROWTH IS IMPORTANT
WHAT IS SMART GROWTH
 Comprehensive land use planning
 Density of development
 Cluster development is more favorable than single
family units
 Cluster development causes:
 More mass transit layout
 Best environmental management practices
 More open space
 Less pressure to small headwater stream
 Small area of paved roadways, narrower streets
 Fewer sidewalks, shorter pedestrian walkways to transit
depots
 More effective parking lots (used more frequently)
 Lesser transportation trips
 Loss of natural storage can be reduced
 Any loss of natural storage must be replaced where
possible
 In-stream pond storage can be eliminated by
practicing natural storage, such as bio-retention or
on-site extended detention
 On-site storage is preferable than off-site to prevent
for dispersal of pollutants
 Put some vegetated buffer strips in planning
processes, to reduce the dispersion of pollutant to
streams
 Used of pipe system in any development
 Grass swales provide alternate conveyance
pathways
Assignment
1. Look around at the development in your neighborhood. Describe
the land use & how it relates to stormwater management.
2. If it rains on the roof of your building, where does the water go?
Does it stay on the property of your residence, or is it directed
elsewhere?
3. Locate a small stream in your locality. Follow the stream for a half of
a km and note the land uses that drain into the stream. Specifically
examine parts of the stream where the cross-sectional configuration
changes, such as a wider bottom or shallower sides. Notes
changes in the contributing watershed at those points.
4. Look at the storm drains on your street or in a nearby
neighborhood. What is the source of the water entering the inlets
(e.g. local driveways)? Is a stormwater management practice such
as a pond located in the neighborhood?
5. In your immediate locality, identify a cluster of houses, an
apartment complex, a small shopping or strip mall, a public school,
and a large shopping district. For each of these, estimate the
fractions of impervious cover and parking space. Discuss the
results as they relate to the amount of runoff expected.
6. Obtain an article from a local newspaper or magazine that
discusses some aspect of urban/suburban sprawl. Analyze the
article on the basis of factors such as the scale of the assessment
(e.g. individual lot, neighborhood, watershed), the problem (e.g.
water quality or water quantity), recommended solutions, or the
role of modeling
7. Perform the analysis of Problem 6 using an article from a
professional journal
8. Obtain definitions of bias, precision, and accuracy, as they relate to
the modeling from a dictionary and from books of statistics.
Interpret the definitions as they relate to the models for predicting
the concentration of water quality parameter.
9. Obtain an article from a professional journal that describe the
development of a water quality model, either a simple regression
model or a more detailed conceptual model. Assess the way that
the model was evaluated for accuracy, including the criteria, the
methods (i.e. graphical, statistical), and the results