ETIOLOGI, GAGAL
GINJAL AKUT DAN
GAGAL GINJAL KRONIK
DR.Dr.HM.Bambang Purwanto,SpPD-KGH, FINASIM
NF-KB
Target Genes
IL-6 IL-12
TNF- CYTOKINES IL-8
TGFβ-1 IL-1
Guntur, 2008, Bratawijaya;Sepsis Forum
IMUNOPATOGENESIS
C7a MHC II
CD 14
TLR 4 CD 4+ TCR
IL - 10
IFN - IL - 4
TLR2 TH - 1 TH - 2 IL - 5 B cell
IL - 6
CSF Ig
IL 8
SEPSIS
IL 6 IL-2
IL -1 N
Compl.
TNF - CD 8+
MOD
NK
PAI-1 PGE 2 NO ICAM -1
SHOCK
SEPTIC (Guntur, 2000)
Patogenesis
Patogenesis Komplikasi
Komplikasi Hipertensi
Hipertensi
Hipertensi kronis
Stressor endotel
Ekspresi
TNFα IL1β + IL-6
TGFβ1
Aterosklerosis
Cerebral
Gagal Jantung - Stroke
ginjal - Demensia
koroner
Robbin, 2005 - Parkinson
Patogenesis
Patogenesis Komplikasi
Komplikasi Hipertensi
Hipertensi pada
pada Ginjal
Ginjal
Hipertensi kronis
Merusak autoregulasi ginjal
Permeabilitas kapiler ↑
Proteinuri (mikroalbuminuri)
Hukum Homeostasis
Reabsorbsi protein
oleh sel tubulus berlebihan
(stressor)
Ekspresi sitokin :
- TNFα Apoptosis
- IL1β Plag Ateroskleroris
- TGFβ1Fibrosis
Robbin, 2005 - IL-6 Aterosklerosis
• Hipertensi TD sistemik naik tekanan
pada glomerulus ikut naik.
• Proses autoregulasi ginjal kontraksi
vasa aferen tekanan darah di
glomerulus tidak terlalu tinggi.
• Pada hipertensi kronis, proses
autoregulasi rusak kebocoran protein
• Awalnya tubulus berfungsi menangkap
kebocoran protein tersebut.
• Pada kondisi kronik, tubulus mengalami
gangguan fungsi / fatique.
Apoptosis
Apoptosis
Apoptosis
Apoptosis
Dorren 2005
• Tubulus yang fatique meghasilkan TNF
alfa, ILbeta dan IL6 mengakibatkan
apoptosis.
• Apoptosis fisiologis atau patologis,
intrinsik atau ekstrinsik.
• Apoptosis ekstrinsik bila tidak melewati
mitokondria, intrinsik bila lewat jalur
mitokondria.
• Disini homeostasis tekanan darah di
glomerulus tidak dapat dipertahankan
muncul kelainan.
Robbin, 2005
24 Jam
Ang II TGFβ1
Active Chronics
Smooth Monocytes
Muscle Makropag
Cells
FIBROSIS Chemotaxis
Activation
Robbin, 2005
• Figure 20-3 Schematic illustration of type IV collagen supramolecular network assembly.
A, Six genetically distinct a-chains (a1 to a6) assemble into three distinct protomers. The
protomers are characterized by a long central collagen triple helix, the 7S domain at the
N terminus, and a globular NC1 trimer at the C terminus. B, NC1 domains provide
specificity for chain association, alignment, registration, and propagation from the C- to
N-terminal direction. This sequence of events, shown for the a1, a2 protomer, is true for
other protomers also.
• (Courtesy of Dr. Billy Hudson, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, reprinted with
permission.)
Robbin, 2005
Struktur
Struktur Fenestra
Fenestra
Robbin, 2005
Angiotensin II plays a central role
in atherosclerosis
Oxidative stress Inflammation
Angiotensin II Smoking
Hypertension Homocysteine
oxLDL Diabetes
oxidative stress
- -
Bradykinin/NO Antioxidants (?)
Endothelial Dysfunction
L-Arginine NO + Citrulline
Oxidative
stress
ADMA Citrulline
Asymetric Dimethyl
Arginine DDAH
Dimethylamino
hydrolase
Renal excretion
CHF PVD
Anemia ↓GFR
↑PTH ↑ ET Uremia-related
↑ PO4 ↑ CRP
1. Eleminasi dari tubuh melalui (via) ginjal atau hepar. Bila obat
antihipertensi sebagian besar diekskresi melalui ginjal (seperti golongan
beta-blocker dan penyekat ACE) sering menyebabkan akumulasi dan
cenderung menyebabkan efek samping. Penyesuaian takaran sangat
diperlukan (misal 1/3 – ½ takaran biasa) untuk mencegah akumulasi
2. Eleminasi dari tubuh bentuk utuh atau berupa metabolit. Aspek ini harus
dipahami untuk mencegah efek samping
3. Obat antihipertensi dapat dieleminasi tindakan dialisis (dyalyzable drugs)
obat anti hipertensi yang termasuk kelompok dyalizable drugs sering
menyebabkan hypertension rebound pada akhir sesi dialisis : misal
golongan klonidin
Oral Protein T (hours) Renal Dose Removal with dialysis Active
Bioavailability Binding excretion of change with metabolites
(%) Normal (ESRD) unchanged Hemo Peritoneal
(%) ESRD Hemo
(% dose)
Vasodilators
- Hydralazine 10 – 30 90 2-4 Prolonge 10 Yes, slight 4 NA None No
- Nitroprusside 0 ? 3-4 min d high None Yes Yes No
Prolonge
d
Angiotensin II
Inhibitor
- Losarten 33 99 2 4 4 None None None Yes
- Valsartan 10 – 35 95 6 ? 13 ? None None No
- Irbesartan 60 – 80 90 11 – 15 11 – 15 22 None None None No
- Candesartan 15 99 9 9 26 None None None No
- Temisartan 42 – 58 99.5 24 24 None None None None No
Oral Protein T (hours) Renal Dose Removal with dialysis Active
Bioavailability Binding excretion of change with metabolites
(%) Normal (ESRD) unchanged Hemo Peritoneal
(%) ESRD Hemo
(% dose)
Calcium
channel blocker
- Amlodipine 60 – 70 97 30 – 50 10% <1 None NA NA ?
- Ditiazem 20 80 α : 20 h Unchanged 35 None ? ? No
(β : 4 H)
- Felodipine 15 – 20 97 10 – 20 < 5% <5% None
- Isradipine 15 – 20 96 8 - 12 Unchanged <5
- Nicardipine 6 – 30 98 – 99 3–6 Unchanged <5 Decreased No
(dose
- Nifedipine dependent) 90 α : 25–30 Unchanged 70 – 80 None Low Low No
65 h
- Nitrendipine 98 β : 5 h*
- Verapamil 10 – 30 90 1.0 – 1.5 α : 4.5 <1 None No
10 - 32 α : 15-30 (β : 2.3h)* 30 None ? ? Yes
h
β : 3-7 h*
T (hours) Renal Dose Removal with dialysis
Oral Protein excretion of change with Active
Normal (ESRD) unchanged Hemo Peritoneal
Bioavailability Binding ESRD Hemo metabolites
(%) (%) (% dose)
Antiadrenergic
- Clonidine 75 20 – 40 5 – 13 17 – 40 50 ↓ (50 – 75%) 5% ? No
- Methyldopa 26 – 74 < 20 1–2 1.7 – 3.6 50 12 – 24% 60% 30 – 40 Yes
α – Adrenergic
blocking agents
- Prazozin 48 – 68 97 2.5 – 4.0 2.5 – 4.0 < 10 None None None
β – Adrenergic
Blocking agents
-Acebutol 50 30 3.5 3.5 40 ↓ 70% 50% ? Yes
- Atenolol 50 <5 6.9 < 120 85 – 100 ↓ 75% 53% 48% No
- Bisonoprol 80 – 90 30 10.12 20 – 25 45 – 55 50% None None No
- Carteolol 80 – 85 20 – 30 5–7 30 – 40 55 – 65 25% NA NA Yes
- Cardivilol 25 95 4–7 4–7 2 None None None Yes
- Metaprolol 40 – 50 12 3–4 3–4 13 None High ? Slight
- Propranolol 30 90 2–4 2–4 <1 Slight ↓ None None Yes
T (hours) Renal Dose Removal with dialysis
Oral Protein excretion of change with Active
Normal (ESRD) unchanged Hemo Peritoneal
Bioavailability Binding ESRD Hemo metabolites
(%) (%) (% dose)
ACE Inhibitors
- Captopril 77 - 2–3 4–6 65 – 85 25% Yes - -
- Enalapril 60 High 11 Prolonged 70 Yes 35% ? Yes
- Fasinopril 36 95 12 Prolonged Negligible None 2 7 Yes
- Lisinopril 25 – 30 3 – 10 12.7 54.3 29 ↓ 75% 50% ? Yes
- Perindropil 66 - - - 78 Yes - - -
- Quinapril 60 97 2 -3 Prolonged 5–6 NA NA NA Yes
- Ramipril 54 – 65 73 10.8 Prolonged 2 50% Yes ? Yes
Obat antihipertensi
pasien dialisis dengan kondisi khusus
Kondisi klinik khusus Obat pilihan utama Tidak dianjurkan