Sofwan Dahlan
HISTORY
Monitoring atas patient outcomes diawali
oleh Hammurabi sejak tahun 1750 SM, dgn
menghukum dokter yang kinerjanya buruk.
Audit pertama yang lebih baik dilakukan oleh
Florence Nightingale selama perang Crimean
atas sterilitas linen utk meningkatkan standar,
dan ternyata mampu menurunkan death rate.
Ernest Codman merupakan orang pertama
yang melakukan audit secara benar pada
th 1912 dengan memonitor hasil operasi, dan
sejak itu metode audit terus dikembangkan.
WHY DO AUDIT
Audit dilakukan untuk:
oMengembangkan professional education
dan self regulation.
oMeningkatkan quality of patient care.
oMeningkatkan accountability.
oMeningkatkan motivation dan team-work.
oMembantu dalam assessment of needs.
oMemacu RS agar mau melakukan research.
OBJECTIVES
Tujuan utama:
1.Menilai dan meningkatkan mutu
layanan medik;
2. Meningkatkan medical education dgn
mengembangkan diskusi diantara
staf
tentang layanan medik;
3. Mengidentifikasi cara-cara untuk
meningkatkan efisiensi layanan
medik
EDUCATIONAL BENEFITS
o Memungkinkan dilaksanakannya critical
review.
oMenyoroti adanya kebutuhan akan pengetahuan
spesifik atau informasi, penguasaan ketrampilan
baru dan kebutuhan akan pengembangannya.
oMeningkatkan communication skills dan
mengembangkan attitudes untuk diselaraskan jika
bekerja dengan anggota tim lain.
o Mengembangkan ‘self evaluation’.
o Memacu ‘learning by answering questions’:
1.What am I doing?
2.How am I doing it?
3.Why am I doing it in that way?
JENIS AUDIT
(Marinker)
Contoh:
o Emergency readmission within two
weeks of discharge rate.
o Post operative infection rate.
o Return to operating theatre (for same
condition).
o Mortality and morbidity rate.
(Ovretveit, 1992)
CRITERIA
o Kriteria adalah item of care atau beberapa
aspek layanan yang bisa digunakan menilai
kualitas.
o Kriteria ditentukan secara tertulis.
o Kriteria dapat ditentukan dari literatur terkini
atau bisa dari the best experience of
clinical practice.
o Untuk menjadikan kriteria bermanfaat guna
mengukur mutu saat ini maka standar
perlu
ditentukan.
STANDARD
Standard menggambarkan tingkat layanan (level
of care) yang harus dicapai pada tiap-tiap kriteria.
Standard harus ditentukan (mis: 85% keatas…baik).
The level of standard sering menjadi kotroversial.
Ada tersedia 3 opsi standar pokok, yaitu:
- Minimum standard (standar kinerja terendah
yg dapat diterima)......misalnya SPM Kemenkes.
- Ideal standard (hanya mungkin bisa dicapai pada
ideal conditions atau unlimited resources).
- Optimum standard (mestinya bisa dicapai pada
normal conditions dengan sumber daya yg ada).
Diperlukan diskusi & konsensus utk menentukan !!!
CONTOH
Kita mau mengukur apakah mutu layanan operasi
hernia baik atau buruk.
Indikator: bisa length of stay, bisa infeksi post-op.
Kriteria:
- untuk length of stay misalnya 4 hari.
- untuk infeksi post-op misalnya 0 %.
Standard:
Mutu disebut baik jika memenuhi standard, yaitu:
- untuk length of stay misalnya 90 % dari
sampel.
- untuk infeksi post-op misalnya 95 % tidak
mengalami infeksi post-op dari sampel.
REMEMBER
Compare practice
with standards
Write report
MEDICAL AUDIT SUMMARY
I. Topik The incidence of wound infection
following hernia repair
II. Sampel 100 Rekam Medis
III.Indikator
Post operative infection
IV.Kriteria
There should be no wound infec-
V.Standar tion in such cases
The degree of compliance to the
criteria which is deemed accept-
VI. Hasil
VII.Analisis hasil
able (95 % is satisfactory)
VIII.Revisi Performance >< kriteria & standar
IX. Re-audit Identify for change
How to act on the difference
Jika revisi telah dilakukan
TUGAS TIM AUDIT
Part I
Patient Identification
Name ___________________, Age: _______, Sex _______,
Adress ___________________________________,
C.R. No. ________________________,
Type of Admission: Routine / Emergency
D. O. A. ________________________, Time ____________,
MLC/NON-MLC
D.O.D. _________________________, Time ____________,
Duration of stay in hospital ___________________________
Part II
Department: _______________________________,
Unit: ____________________,
Ward and Bed No.: _________________________,
Consultant I/C: _____________________________,
Sr. Resident: ______________________________,
Provisional Diagnosis: _______________________,
Final Diagnosis: ____________________________
Part III
1. General State of Medical Record:
Face sheet: ------------ complete/incomplete
Form: ------ properly filled/not properly filled
Nurse notes: ------- adequate/not adequate
Doctors Progress notes and treatment
written in proper order
and form: --------------------------------- Yes/No
2. Length of Stay:
i. Total stay: _____________________________
ii. Pre-op. stay: ___________________________
iii. Post-op. stay: __________________________
iv. Stay was prolonged: -------------------------- Yes/No
v. Reasons for prolonged stay:
a. Delay in investigation? ------------------- Yes/No
b. Delay in surgery? -------------------------- Yes/No
c. Pre-op. infection? -------------------------- Yes/No
d. Post-op. infection? ------------------------- Yes/No
e. Complications? ----------------------------- Yes/No
f. Administrative reason? ------------------- Yes/No
3. Investigations:
Do laboratory findings support the
final diagnosis? ---------------------------- Yes/No/NA
Are lab. Investigations sufficient
in relation to the ailment? ----------------
Yes/No/NA
Do radiological findings support
the final diagnosis? ----------------------- Yes/No/NA
Are imaging investigations sufficient
in relation to the ailment? ----------------
Yes/No/NA
Any delay in getting the investigations
4. Treatment:
Was the treatment given to this patient
generally acceptable? -------------------- Yes/No/NA
Whether any treatment given to this
patient was superflous? ------------------
Yes/No/NA
Was the treatment (including
antibiotic usage) reviewed at required
interval? -------------------------------------- Yes/No/NA
5. Surgery:
Whether there was an adequate
indication for surgery? -------------------- Yes/No/NA
Whether any normal tissue or
organ removed? --------------------------- Yes/No/NA
Was the tissue/organ removed during
surgery sent for histo-path? ------------- Yes/No/NA
Does histopath report agree with
the diagnosis? ------------------------------ Yes/No/NA
7. Discharge:
Was the patient discharged in
proper time? -------------------------------- Yes/No/NA
Discharge summery? ---- Adequate/Not adequate
8. Death:
Was the patient’s death expected
and justifiable? ----------------------------- Yes/No/NA
Was the patient’s death in relation to the
nature of his ailment? --------------------- Yes/No/NA
Was autopsy done? ----------------------- Yes/No/NA
Do the autopsy finding tally with the
clinical diagnosis? ------------------------- Yes/No/NA
Death certificate? ------------ Complete/Incomplete
9. In case of Casualty Admission?
Was the patient given immediate
treatment? ----------------------------------- Yes/No/NA
How long did the patient stay in the
Casualty Department before admission
to the ward? = ___________________________
Any delay in treatment? ------------------ Yes/No/NA
10. Relating to Hospital Administration:
Was there any delay or non-availability
of any equipment / instrument / drug
which adversely affected the diagnosis,
treatment or progress of the case? ---- Yes/No/NA
SINGKATAN
C.R. No. = Case Record Number
D.O.A. = Date of Admission (Arrival)
MLC = Medico-Legal Case
NON-MLC = Non Medico legal Case
D.O.D. = Date of Discharge
NA = Not Adequate
(Sumber: Prakash, A; Bhardwaj, D.: Medical Audit,
2011)