Sister
chromatids
Centromere 0.5 m
INTERPHASE
S
G1
(DNA synthesis)
s is
n e
i
ok G2
sis
y t
to
MIT C
Mi
(M) O TI C
P HAS
E
• Mitosis dibagi menjadi lima fase:
• Prophase
• Prometaphase
• Metaphase
• Anaphase
• Telophase
• Sitokinesis akan terjadi bersamaan dengan telophase.
Sitokinesis:
• Pembagian sitoplasma menjadi dua, sehingga dua sel
anak akan terbentuk setelah ujung mitosis.
• Pada sel hewan, sitokinesis akan termasuk pembentukan
suatu parit.
The Mitotic Spindle: A Closer Look
• Spindle mitosis adalah suatu struktur yang disusun oleh
mikrotubulus yang mengendalikan gerakan kromosom
selama mitosis.
• Pada sel hewan, pembentukan spindle mikrotubulus
dimulai dari sentrosom.
• Sentrosom berreplikasi selama interfase, dan
membentuk dua sentrosom yang bergerak pada kutub
berlawanan sel selama profase dan prometafase.
Centrosome
Aster
Metaphase
Sister plate
chromatids (imaginary) Microtubules
Chromosomes
Kineto-
chores Centrosome
1 m
Overlapping
nonkinetochore
microtubules Kinetochore
microtubules
0.5 m
• Selama anafase, kromatid terpisah dan bergerak di
sepanjang mikrotubulus kinetochore menuju ke ujung-
ujung sel yang berlawanan
• Mikrotubulus diperpendek dengan depolimerisasi pada
ujung kinetochore mereka
Spindle
pole
Mark
RESULTS
CONCLUSION
Chromosome
movement
Microtubule Kinetochore
3 Replication
finishes.
Figure 12.12-4
Origin of Cell wall
replication Plasma membrane
E. coli cell
Bacterial chromosome
1 Chromosome Two copies
replication of origin
begins.
3 Replication
finishes.
4 Two daughter
cells result.
Concept 12.3: The eukaryotic cell cycle is regulated by
a molecular control system
Control
system S
G1
M G2
M checkpoint
G2 checkpoint
• Untuk banyak sel, checkpoint G1 tampaknya paling
penting.
• Apabila sel menerima sinyal untuk melanjutkan siklus
sel pada checkpoint G1, sel tersebut biasanya akan
menyelesaikan fase S, G2 dan M dan membelah.
• Apabila sel tidak menerima sinyal, sel tersebut akan
keluar dari siklus sel dan berada dalam kondisi yang
tidak membelah (non-dividing) yang disebut fase G0
G0
G1 checkpoint
G1 G1
Time
(a) Fluctuation of MPF activity and cyclin concentration
during the cell cycle
S
G
Cdk
M
Degraded
2
G
cyclin G2 Cdk
Cyclin is checkpoint
degraded
Cyclin
MPF
M G1 S G2 M G1 S G2 M G1
MPF activity
Cyclin
concentration
Time
(a) Fluctuation of MPF activity and cyclin concentration
during the cell cycle
Figure 12.UN01
INTERPHASE
G1 S
Cytokinesis
Mitosis G2
Prophase
Telophase and
Cytokinesis
Prometaphase
Anaphase
Metaphase
Figure 12.UN02
Figure 12.UN05
?????
Overview: Variations on a Theme
Pair of homologous 5 m
duplicated chromosomes
Centromere
Sister
chromatids
Metaphase
chromosome
• Kromosom seks, yang menentukan jenis kelamin
individu, disebut X dan Y
• Wanita betina memiliki pasangan kromosom X
homolog (XX)
• Manusia jantan memiliki satu kromosom X dan satu Y
• Sisanya 22 pasang kromosom disebut autosom
Sperm (n)
MEIOSIS FERTILIZATION
Ovary Testis
Diploid
zygote
(2n 46)
Mitosis and
development
Multicellular diploid
adults (2n 46)
Concept 13.3: Meiosis reduces the number of
chromosome sets from diploid to haploid
Pair of homologous
chromosomes in
diploid parent cell
Sister
Diploid cell with
chromatids
duplicated
chromosomes
Meiosis I
1 Homologous
chromosomes separate
Haploid cells with
duplicated chromosomes
Meiosis II
2 Sister chromatids
separate
Metafase II
• Kromosom akan diposisikan di metafase piring
seperti dalam mitosis.
• Karena adanya crossover di Meiosis I, kedua
kromatid pada masing-masing kromosom tidak
genetis identik.
• Kinetochore pada kromatid terlekat dengan
mikrotubulus yang membentang dari kutub yang
berlawanan
Anafase I:
• Pemecahan protein yang terikat dengan
kromatid bersama di sentromer dan
memungkinkan kromatid untuk terpisah.
• Kromatidnya bergerak ke arah kutub yang
berlawanan sebagai kromosom individu
Prophase Prophase I
Chromosome Chromosome
Duplicated Homologous
duplication duplication
chromosome 2n 6 chromosome pair
Metaphase Metaphase I
Anaphase Anaphase I
Telophase Telophase I
Haploid
n3
Daughter
cells of
meiosis I
2n 2n MEIOSIS II
Daughter cells n n n n
of mitosis
Daughter cells of meiosis II
SUMMARY
Synapsis of Does not occur Occurs during prophase I along with crossing over
homologous between nonsister chromatids; resulting chiasmata
chromosomes hold pairs together due to sister chromatid cohesion
Number of Two, each diploid (2n) and genetically Four, each haploid (n), containing half as many
daughter cells identical to the parent cell chromosomes as the parent cell; genetically different
and genetic from the parent cell and from each other
composition
Role in the Enables multicellular adult to arise from Produces gametes; reduces number of chromosomes
animal body zygote; produces cells for growth, repair, by half and introduces genetic variability among the
and, in some species, asexual reproduction gametes
Figure 13.9a
MITOSIS MEIOSIS
Parent cell MEIOSIS I
Chiasma
Prophase Prophase I
Chromosome Chromosome
Duplicated Homologous
duplication duplication
chromosome 2n 6 chromosome pair
Metaphase Metaphase I
Anaphase Anaphase I
Telophase Daughter Telophase I
cells of Haploid
meiosis I n3
2n 2n MEIOSIS II
Daughter cells n n n n
of mitosis
Daughter cells of meiosis II
Figure 13.9b
SUMMARY
Property Mitosis Meiosis
DNA Occurs during interphase before Occurs during interphase before meiosis I begins
replication mitosis begins
Number of One, including prophase, metaphase, Two, each including prophase, metaphase, anaphase,
divisions anaphase, and telophase and telophase
Synapsis of Does not occur Occurs during prophase I along with crossing over
homologous between nonsister chromatids; resulting chiasmata
chromosomes hold pairs together due to sister chromatid cohesion
Number of Two, each diploid (2n) and genetically Four, each haploid (n), containing half as many
daughter cells identical to the parent cell chromosomes as the parent cell; genetically different
and genetic from the parent cell and from each other
composition
Role in the Enables multicellular adult to arise from Produces gametes; reduces number of chromosomes
animal body zygote; produces cells for growth, repair, by half and introduces genetic variability among the
and, in some species, asexual reproduction gametes
• Tiga kejadian unik untuk meiosis, dan ketiganya
terjadi pada meiosis l
• Synapsis dan crossing over di profase I: Kromosom
homolog secara fisik berhubungan dan
bertukarinformasi genetik
• Pada bidang metafase, terdapat kromosom homolog
pasangan (tetrads), bukan kromosom individual yang
direplikasi.
• Pada anafase I kromosom homolog, bukan kromatid,
yang terpisah
Chiasma
Centromere
TEM
Anaphase I
Anaphase II
Daughter
cells
Recombinant chromosomes