Dr. Amos Pongbulaan, SP - PD
Dr. Amos Pongbulaan, SP - PD
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Outline
• Kesimpulan
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Pendahuluan
Defenisi tranfusi darah:
Blood is RED
- Rare
- Expensive
- Dangerous
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1) Transfusi hanya boleh digunakan bila manfaatnya lebih besar daripada risikonya
dan tidak ada alternatif yang sesuai.
2) Hasil tes laboratorium bukan satu-satunya faktor penentu transfusi.
3) Keputusan transfusi harus didasarkan pada penilaian klinis yang didukung oleh
pedoman klinis berbasis bukti.
4) Tidak semua pasien anemia membutuhkan transfusi
5) Diskusikan risiko, manfaat, dan alternatif transfusi dengan pasien dan inform
consent.
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Komplikasi tranfusi
Defenisi
• Dikenal sejak 1940 ketika dijumpai penularan sifilis, kemudian Hep B, C, HIV
sebagai major infection risks dalam penyiapan produk darah
Organisms transmitted
by Blood
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Per unit infectious risk for HBV, HCV, and HIV from 1980 to 2018
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(C) Potential TT-emerging infection agents that were investigated over the past 25 years.
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IMLTD (Bakteri)
Syphilis
• Syphilis is caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum.
It is transmissible by the parenteral route and may be found in blood and other
body fluids.
• When it enters in to the bloodstream, the bacteria spreads throughout the body.
Although the duration may be shorter in cases of transfusion- transmitted
infection where the organism enters the bloodstream directly.
• Syphilis is endemic in many parts of the world
• The treponemes are relatively fragile, in particular being heat- sensitive, storage
below +20 C for more than 72 hours results in irreparable damage to the
organism such that it is no longer infectious.
• Thus, although clearly potentially infectious, the risk of transmission through
blood and blood components stored below +20 C is very low.
• Blood components stored at higher temperatures (above +20 C), such as platelet
concentrates, present a significantly higher risk of transmitting syphilis.
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• Bakteremia donor
• Kontaminasi kantong penampung
• Kontaminasi selama prosedur pemrosesan darah
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Tatalaksana umum
• Hentikan transfusi.
• Pertahankan jalur intravena paten dan berikan perawatan suportif/resusitasi
(hemodinamik, pernapasan) sesuai kebutuhan.
• Memberitahukan bank darah tentang reaksi
• Simpan produk dan kembalikan bagian yang tidak digunakan ke bank darah untuk
diuji.
• Bila diduga kuat IMLTD (bakteri) , berikan antibiotik empirik setelah dilakuakn
pemeriksaan kultur (jangan menunda sambil menunggu hasil).
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IMLTD (Virus)
Potensi infeksi virus yang ditularkan melalui transfusi yang dilakukan skrining darah
meliputi HIV, HTLV-I dan -II, virus hepatitis B dan C, virus West Nile, dan untuk
beberapa unit, cytomegalovirus (CMV)
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Virus HIV
• HIV is a lentivirus, a type of retrovirus that stores its genetic information as RNA.
• Infection with HIV causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), due to
progressive depletion of CD4 T cells.
• the modes of transmission include sexual, perinatal, and bloodborne, principally
via sharing of needles among people who inject drugs.
• Two HIV screening tests are performed on each donated unit
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Virus Hepatitis B
• Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is an uncommon cause of chronic hepatitis in adults
• Screening for HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) was introduced in the early 1970s.
• the infectious window period prior to development of HBsAg positivity has been
estimated to range from 18 to 27 days and possibly to last as long as 38 days
• In 1990, the anti-HBc assay was licensed by the FDA based upon its ability to
decrease the risk of HBV infection by detecting some HBsAg-negative donors who
are capable of transmitting HBV
• With HBV nucleic acid testing incorporated as part of routine MP-NAT screening
in 2009, the risk of HBV transmission has decreased to 1 in 1 million to 1 in 1.5
million
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Virus Hepatitis C
• Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a cause of hepatitis with possible long-term sequelae
from chronic infection.
• Screening for HCV antibody was implemented in 1990, and an improved multi-
antigen second generation enzyme immunoassay (designated as EIA 2.0) was
introduced in 1992. A third version of the assay (designated as EIA 3.0) was
licensed by the FDA in 1996. HCV MP-NAT has also been performed since 1999
• HCV MP-NAT has been estimated to reduce the undetectable infectious window
period to approximately 7.4 days compared with the 70-day window using HCV
EIA 3.0 antibody testing
• Estimates for the risk of transfusion-transmitted HCV infection range from 1 in 1
million to 1 in 2 million units in the United States, and 1 in 2.3 to 3 million in
Canada
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Parasitic Diseases
Malaria
• Malaria is caused by parasites of the Plasmodium species.
There are five main types that infect humans: P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. malaria, P.
ovale and P. Knowlesi.
• Malaria is primarily transmitted to humans through the bite of the female
Anopheles mosquito.
• Although primarily transmitted by mosquitoes, malaria is readily transmitted by
blood transfusion through donations collected from asymptomatic, parasitaemic
donors.
• parasite is released into the bloodstream during its lifecycle and will therefore be
present in blood donated by infected individuals.
• The parasites are stable in plasma and whole blood and viable for few days when
stored at +4 C.
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• There have not been cases of transfusion-transmitted infection from severe acute
respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus that causes COVID-
19. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) does not recommend testing
donated blood for the virus, as respiratory viruses are not known to be
transmitted by transfusion
• There have been no reports of mpox (monkeypox) transmission from blood
transfusion, and the FDA is not recommending that donated blood be tested for
mpox
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Kesimpulan