Hanya beberapa obat saja yang termasuk kategori A, di mana obat tersebut tidak berbahaya bila
dikonsumsi pada trisemester pertama saat kehamilan. Contoh obat adalah Nystatin vaginal
(Mycostatin)
2. Kategori B
Obat kategori B meliputi obat-obat yang pengalaman pemakainya pada wanita hamil masih terbatas,
tetapi tidak terbukti meningkatkan frekuensi malformasi atau pengaruh buruk lainnya pada janin.
Mengingat terbatasnya pengalaman pemakaian pada wanita hamil, maka obat-obat kategori B dibagi
lagi berdasarkan temuan-temuan pada studi toksikologi pada hewan, yaitu:
B1: Dari penelitian pada hewan tidak terbukti meningkatnya kejadian kerusakan janin (fetal
damage). Contoh obat-obat yang termasuk pada kelompok ini misalnya simetidin, dipiridamol, dan
spektinomisin.
B2: Data dari penilitian pada hewan belum memadai, tetapi ada petunjuk tidak meningkatnya
kejadian kerusakan janin, tikarsilin, amfoterisin, dopamin, asetilkistein, dan alkaloid belladona
adalah obat-obat yang masuk dalam kategori ini.
B3: Penelitian pada hewan menunjukkan peningkatan kejadian kerusakan janin, tetapi belum tentu
bermakna pada manusia. Sebagai contoh adalah karbamazepin, pirimetamin, griseofulvin,
trimetoprim, dan mebendazol
3. Kategori C
Beberapa ada di kategori ini, karena tidak ada informasi yang cukup dan beberapa obat member efek
buruk pada hewan percobaan, tetapi tidak ada konfirmasi ataupun pemberitahuan adanya masalah
yang timbul seperti kelahiran yang cacat pada manusia. Merupakan obat-obat yang dapat memberi
pengaruh buruk pada janin tanpa disertai malformasi anatomik semata-mata karena efek
farmakologiknya. Yang termasuk kategori C, yaitu Baktirm, Trimetropim, Biaxin, Cipro, Diflucan,
Monistat, Terazol, Isoniazid, Rifampin, dan Vermox
4. Kategori D
Pada kategori ini, obat memberi efek yang buruk pada kehamilan dan sebaiknya tidak digunakan
kecuali tidak ada alternatif lain. Contohnya adalah Tetrasiklin.
5. Kategori X
Obat-obat yang masuk dalam kategori ini adalah yang telah terbukti mempunyai risiko tinggi
terjadinya pengaruh buruk yang menetap (irreversibel) pada janin jika diminum pada masa
kehamilan. Obat dalam kategori ini merupakan kontraindikasi mutlak selama kehamilan. Sebagai
contoh adalah isotretionin dan dietilstilbestrol.
NR
Approved
B
D
C
C
D
B
B
B
C
B
C
B
D
B
D
B
D
B
B
B
Celecoxib (Celebrex))
Codeine
Colchicine
Diclofenac (Cataflam, Voltaren)
Fentanyl (Sublimaze)
Flurbiprofen (Ansaid, Froben,
Ocufen)
Hydrocodone (Lortab, Vicodin)
Hydromorphone (Dilaudid)
Ibuprofen (Advil, Nuprin, Motrin,
Pediaprofen)
Indomethacin (Indocin)
NR
Approved
Approved
NR
Approved
NR
Approved
NR
NR
Approved
Approved
Meperidine (Demerol)
Approved
Methadone (Dolophine)
Approved
Morphine (Duramorph, Infumorph, Approved
Epimorph, MS Contin)
Nalbuphine (Nubain)
NR
B
Naproxen (Anaprox, Naprosyn,
Approved
B
Naproxen, Aleve)
Nefopam (Acupan)
Approved
Oxycodone (Tylox,
NR
B
Percodan,Oxycontin, Roxicet,
Endocet, Roxiprin, Percocet)
Pentosan polysulfate (Elmiron)
NR
B
Piroxicam (Feldene)
Approved
B
Propoxyphene (Darvocet N,
Approved
C
Propacet, Darvon)
Secobarbital (Seconal)
Approved
D
Tolmetin (Tolectin)
Approved
C
Tramadol HCL (Ultram, Ultracet)
NR
C
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory analgesics (NSAID)
Nama Generik
Nama Dagang
AAP
approved
Approved
Kategori Risiko
Kehamilan
-
Azapropazone
(apazone)
Dipyrone
Flufenamic acid
Ibuprofen
Rheumox
Approved
Approved
Approved
Indomethacin
Advil, Nuprin,
Motrin, Pediaprofin
Indocin
Ketorolac
Toradol, Acular
Approved
Mefenamic acid
Naproxen
Ponstan, Ponstel
Anaprox, Naprosyn,
Naproxen, Aleve
Butazolidine
Feldene
Profenal
Tolectin
Steroid
Solu-Medrol, DepoMedrol, Medrol
Approved
Approved
B
D
B
D
B
D
B
Approved
Approved
Approved
Approved
B
C
Phenylbutazone
Piroxicam
Suprofen
Tolmetin
Methylprednisolone
Prednisolone
Prednisone
Dyphylline
Terbutaline
Theophylline
Deltasone, Meticorten,
Orasone
Obat Asma
Dilor, Lufyllin,
Dyphylline
Bricanyl, Brethine
Aminophylline,
Quibron, Theo-Dur
Approved
Approved
Approved
Approved
C
C
Approved
Approved
Approved
B
C
Obat Anestesi
Nama Obat
Articaine (Septocaine)
Bupivacaine (Marcaine)
Lidocaine (Xylocaine)
Mepivacaine (Carbocaine,
Polocaine)
Procaine HCL (Novocaine)
AAP approved
Local anesthetics
NR
NR
Approved
NR
NR
General anesthetics
Halothane (Fluothane)
Approved
Isoflurane (Forane)
NR
Ketamine
NR
Methohexital (Brevital)
Approved
Nitrous oxide
NR
Sevoflurane (Ultane)
NR
Thiopental (Pentothal)
Approved
Other medications often used during anesthesia
Sedatives
Diazepam (Valium)
Concern
Midazolam (Versed)
Concern
Propofol (Diprivan)
NR
Triazolam (Halcion)
NR
Narcotic Analgesics
Alfentanil (Alfenta)
NR
Fentanyl (Sublimaze)
Approved
Hydromorphone (Dilaudid)
NR
Morphine
Approved
Reversal Medication
Flumazenil (Romazicon)
NR
Naloxone (Narcan)
NR
Steroids
Decadron (Dexamethasone)
NR
Stimulants
Epinephrine (Adrenaline)
NR
Anti-nausea
Promethazine (Phenergan)
NR
C
C
B
B
C
D
D
B
X
C
B
C
B
C
C
C
C
C
Kelompok Antasida, Antibiotik, Antivirus, Antijamur, Kontrasepsi, Obat jantung & Hipertensi,
Vitamin, dll
Nama Generik
Nama Dagang
AAP
Kategori Risiko
approved
Antasida
Tagamet
Approved
Propulsid
Approved
Motilum
Approved
Antibiotika
Amoxicillin
Larotid, Amoxil
Approved
Aztreonam
Azactam
Approved
Cefadroxil
Ultracef, Duricef
Approved
Cefazolin
Ancef, Kefzol
Approved
Cefotaxime
Claforan
Approved
Cefoxitin
Mefoxin
Approved
Cefprozil
Cefzil
Approved
Ceftazidime
Ceftazidime,
Approved
Fortaz, Taxidime
Ceftriaxone
Rocephin
Approved
Ciprofloxacin
Cipro
Approved
Clindamycin
Cleocin
Approved
Erythromycin
E-Mycin, EryApproved
tab, ERYC,
Ilosone
Fleroxacin
Approved
Gentamicin
Garamycin
Approved
Kanamycin
Kebecil, Kantrex
Approved
Moxalactam
Moxam
Approved
Nitrofurantoin
Macrobid
Approved
Ofloxacin
Floxin
Approved
Penicillin
Approved
Streptomycin
Streptomycin
Approved
Sulbactam
Approved
Sulfisoxazole
Gantrisin, AzoApproved
Gantrisin
Tetracycline
Achromycin,
Approved
Sumycin,
Terramycin
Ticarcillin
Ticarcillin, Ticar,
Approved
Timentin
Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole
Proloprim,
Approved
Trimpex
Antikoagulan
Bishydroxycoumarin
Approved
Warfarin
Coumadin,
Approved
Panwarfin
Antikonvulsan (Anti kejang)
Carbamazepine
Tegretol, Epitol
Approved
Ethosuximide
Zarontin
Approved
Cimetidine (Antacid)
Cisapride (GI tract stimulant)
Domperidone
Kehamilan
B
C
B
B
B
B
B
B
C
B
B
C
B
B
C
D
B
C
B
D
C
D
B
C
C
C
Magnesium sulfate
Phenytoin
Valproic acid
Fluconazole
Ketoconazole
Acyclovir
Interferon-alpha
Estradiol
Clogestone
Contraceptive pill with
estrogen/progesteron
Levonorgestrel
Medroxyprogesterone
Norethynodrel
Progesterone
Tolbutamide
Loperamide
Acetazolamide
Epsom salt
Approved
Dilantin
Approved
Depakene,
Approved
Depakote
Anti Jamur
Diflucan
Approved
Nizoral
Approved
Shampoo,
Nizoral
Antivirus
Zovirax
Approved
Alferon N,
Approved
Interferon Alpha
Kontrasepsi, Hormon
Estratab,
Approved
Permarin, Menest
Approved
Preven,
Approved
Seasonale,
Norinyl,
Norlestin, OrthoNovum, Ovral,
Lunelle injection,
Ortho-Evra patch,
etc.
Norplant, Mirena,
Approved
Plan B
Provera, DepoApproved
Provera, Cycrin
Enovid
Approved
Crinone,
Approved
Prometrium
Obat Diabetes
Oramide, Orinase
Approved
Obat Diare
Imodium, Pepto
Approved
Diarrhea Control,
Maalox
Antidiarrheal
Caplets,
Kaopectate II
Caplets,
Immodium
Advanced
Diuretik (Peluruh Kencing)
Dazamide,
Approved
Diamox
B
D
D
C
C
C
C
X
X
X
D
X
-
D
B
Bendroflumethiazide
Chlorothiazide
Chlorthalidone
Hydrochlorothiazide (HCT)
Spironolactone
Domperidone
Disopyramide
Flecainide
Mexiletine
Procainamide
Quinidine
Captopril
Diltiazem/Diltiazem HCL
Enalapril/Enalapril Maleate
Hydralazine
Labetalol
Methyldopa
Metoprolol
Minoxidil
Nadolol
Nifedipine
Oxprenolol
Propranolol
Sotalol
Timolol
Verapamil
Digoxin
Naturetin
Approved
Hydrodiuril
Approved
Hygroton
Approved
Hydrodiuril,
Approved
Esidrix, Oretic
Aldactone
Approved
Anti Muntah
Motilum
Approved
Anti Hipertensi, Obat Jantung
Anti aritmia
Norpace,
Approved
Napamide
Tambocor
Approved
Mexitil
Approved
Pronestyl, Procan
Approved
Quinaglute,
Approved
Quinidex
Capoten
Approved
Cardizem Sr,
Approved
Dilacor-XR,
Diltiazem,
Cardizem CD
Vasotec
Approved
Apresoline
Approved
Trandate,
Approved
Normodyne
Aldomet
Approved
Toprol XL,
Approved
Lopressor
Loniten,
Approved
Minodyl,
Rogaine
Corgard, Nadolol
Approved
Adalat, Procardia
Approved
Apsolox, SlowApproved
Trasicor, Trasicor
Inderol
Approved
Betapace
Approved
Blocadren
Approved
Calan, Isoptin,
Approved
Covera-HS
Cardiac stimulants
Lanoxin,
Approved
Lanoxicaps
Laksan (Pelancar BAB)
D
D
D
D
D
-
C
C
B
C
C
D
C
C
D
C
C
C
B
C
C
C
C
B
C
C
Cascara/Cascara Sagrada
Danthron
Magnesium sulfate
Senna
Chloroquine
Hydroxychloroquine
Pyrimethamine
Quinine
Diatrizoate
Fluorescein
Gadopentetic (Gadolinium)
Iohexol
Iopanoic acid
Metrizamide
Metrizoate
Sumatriptan
Chloral hydrate
Methyprylon (withdrawn from
use in US & Canada)
Bromide
Secobarbital
Zolpidem/Zolpidem Tartrate
Carbimazole
Methimazole
Propylthiouracil
Thiouracil
Levothyroxine
Cycloserine
Ethambutol
Isoniazid
Rifampin
Epsom salt
Obat malaria
Aralen, Novochloroquine
Plaquenil
Daraprim
Quinamm
Medical Testing
Omnipaque
Telepaque
Amipaque
Isopaque
Obat Migren
Imitrex
Obat Sedativ
Aquachloral,
Noctec
-
Approved
Approved
Approved
Approved
C
B
-
Approved
Approved
Approved
Approved
C
C
D
Approved
Approved
Approved
Approved
Approved
Approved
Approved
C
C
B
D
B
B
Approved
Approved
Approved
Seconal
Obat Tidur
Ambien
Obat Anti Tiroid
Tapazole
PTU
Synthroid,
Levothroid,
Thyroid, Levo-T,
Levoxyl
Obat TBC
Seromycin
Ethambutol,
Myambutol
INH, Laniazid
Rifadin,
Rimactane
VITAMIN
Approved
Approved
D
D
Approved
Approved
Approved
Approved
Approved
Approved
D
D
D
A
Approved
Approved
C
B
Approved
Approved
C
C
B-1 (thiamin)
B-12 (Cyanocobalamin)
B-6 (pyridoxine)
D, vitamin
Folic acid
K-1, vitamin (Phytonadione)
Riboflavin/B2
Acitretin (Anti-psoriasis)
Alcohol/Ethanol
Allopurinol
Antimony
Atropine (Anticholinergic,
drying agent)
Azapropazone/apazone
(Antirheumatic)
Baclofen (muscle relaxant)
Barbiturate
Caffeine
Carbetocin (Antihemorrhagic)
Chloroform
Cisplatin (Anti-cancer)
Dapsone (Antileprosy)
Hydroxychloroquine
(Antirheumatic, lupus)
Iodides
Iodine
Iodine
Ivermectin (Antiparasitic)
Nalidixic acid (Urinary Antiinfective)
Norsteroids
Pyridostigmine (Muscle
stimulant)
Scopolamine (Motion sickness)
Sulfapyridine
Timolol (glaucoma med)
Calciferol, Deltad
-
Approved
Approved
Approved
Approved
A
A
A
Approved
Lain-lain
Soriatane
Zyloprim,
Lopurin
Belladonna,
Atropine
Rheumox
Approved
Approved
A
C
C
A
Approved
Approved
Approved
D
C
Approved
Approved
Approved
Lioresal, Atrofen
Vivarin, NoDoz,
Coffee
Duratocin
Platinol
Avlosulfon, DDS
Plaquenil
Approved
Approved
Approved
C
B
Approved
Approved
Approved
Approved
Approved
D
C
C
Mectizan
NegGram
Approved
Approved
Approved
Approved
Approved
C
B
Mestinon,
Regonol
Transderm Scope
Dagenan
Blocadren
Approved
Approved
Approved
Approved
Approved
C
D