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  • Catatan Kuliah Fisika Polimer Dengan Pak Yusri

    Diunggah oleh

    Rachmad Almi Putra
    7 tayangan3 halaman
    Page 1 Journal of Alloys and Compounds 487 (2009) 739-743 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Alloys and Compounds journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jallcom Structural, electrical and magnetic characterization of Ni-Mg spinel ferrites Muddassar Naeem a , Nazar Abbas Shah b, * , Iftikhar Hussain Gul c , Asghari Maqsood c a Thermal Physics Laboratory, Department of Physics, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan b Thin Films Research Laboratory, Department of Physics, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Park Road, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan c Thermal Transport Lab, School of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National University of Sciences & Technology, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan articleinfo Article history: Received 2 April 2009 Received in revised form 13 August 2009 Accepted 14 August 2009 Available online 22 August 2009 Keywords: Composite materials Chemical synthesis Hopping mechanism X-ray diffraction Dielectric response Curie temperature abstract Soft Ni-Mg spinel ferrites having the general chemical formula Ni 1-x Mg x Fe 2 O 4 (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) with increments 0:25 were prepared by the co-precipitation method. The samples were Characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique at room temperature. The XRD analysis of the data Showed the crystallite size variation within the range of 10-13 nm. The electrical and magnetic properties of the synthesized ferrites have been investigated the as a function of temperature. The DC electrical resistivity () decreases with increase of in temperature exhibiting the semiconductor like behavior. The drift mobility ( d ) And activation energy (E) Also are reported. The dielectrical properties Reviews such as dielectric constant (ε) and dielectric loss tangent (tan ı) are investigated the as a function of frequency. The Curie temperature (T c ) Of the present work was determined from the AC magnetic susceptibility () the data and observed variation are explained on Among distribution tetrahedral cations (A) and octahedral (B) sites. © 2009 Elsevier BV All rights reserved. 1. Introduction Ferrites, the which are ferrimagnetic oxides emerged as one of the important magnetic materials because of Reviews their high electrical resistance is tivity, low eddy current losses and NAMAs dielectric loss and hence find vast technological applications over a wide range of fre- quencies [1]. It is well known that the intrinsic properties of ferrites largely depend on the method of preparation, chemical composi- tion and cation distribution. By the introduction of foreign ions, the structural, electrical and magnetic properties can be modified [2,3]. High electrical resistivity, easy preparation, low cost and mainly light weight, Instant confirmation of make Reviews These materials usable for the cores of intermediate and high frequency electromagnetic devices [4,5]. Spinel ferrite is a special kind, the which accommodate cations amongst two possible available interplaner sublattices namely tetrahedral (A) sites and octahedral (B) sites. The nickel ferrites, ie NiFe 2 O 4 crystallizes in an inverse spinel structure and can be represented as (Fe 1- 3+ ) A [Ni 1- 2+ Fe 1+ 3+ ] B O 4 , Where is inver- sion parameters and depends upon preparation conditions and heat treatment [6]. In spinel ferrites, the site and valence distribution of the cations Decide its structural, electrical, magnetic and chem- ical properties. Ferrites in nano-dimensions have been prepared * Corresponding author. Tel .: +92 519235038/3455288967 (mobile); fax: +92 514 442 805. E-mail addresses: mrnmalik@hotmail.com (M. Naeem), nabbasqureshi@yahoo.com (NA Shah). by different techniques Reviews such as solid state reaction, sonochemi- cal reaction, sol-gel method, microemulsion method, ball milling, hydrothermal process and precursor techniques. Many Researchers have Carried out studies on e

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    Page 1 Journal of Alloys and Compounds 487 (2009) 739-743 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Alloys and Compounds journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jallcom Structural, electrical and magnetic characterization of Ni-Mg spinel ferrites Muddassar Naeem a , Nazar Abbas Shah b, * , Iftikhar Hussain Gul c , Asghari Maqsood c a Thermal Physics Laboratory, Department of Physics, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan b Thin Films Research Laboratory, Department of Physics, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Park Road, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan c Thermal Transport Lab, School of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National University of Sciences & Technology, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan articleinfo Article history: Received 2 April 2009 Received in revised form 13 August 2009 Accepted 14 August 2009 Available online 22 August 2009 Keywords: Composite materials Chemical synthesis Hopping mechanism X-ray diffraction Dielectric response Curie temperature abstract Soft Ni-Mg spinel ferrites having the general chemical formula Ni 1-x Mg x Fe 2 O 4 (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) with increments 0:25 were prepared by the co-precipitation method. The samples were Characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique at room temperature. The XRD analysis of the data Showed the crystallite size variation within the range of 10-13 nm. The electrical and magnetic properties of the synthesized ferrites have been investigated the as a function of temperature. The DC electrical resistivity () decreases with increase of in temperature exhibiting the semiconductor like behavior. The drift mobility ( d ) And activation energy (E) Also are reported. The dielectrical properties Reviews such as dielectric constant (ε) and dielectric loss tangent (tan ı) are investigated the as a function of frequency. The Curie temperature (T c ) Of the present work was determined from the AC magnetic susceptibility () the data and observed variation are explained on Among distribution tetrahedral cations (A) and octahedral (B) sites. © 2009 Elsevier BV All rights reserved. 1. Introduction Ferrites, the which are ferrimagnetic oxides emerged as one of the important magnetic materials because of Reviews their high electrical resistance is tivity, low eddy current losses and NAMAs dielectric loss and hence find vast technological applications over a wide range of fre- quencies [1]. It is well known that the intrinsic properties of ferrites largely depend on the method of preparation, chemical composi- tion and cation distribution. By the introduction of foreign ions, the structural, electrical and magnetic properties can be modified [2,3]. High electrical resistivity, easy preparation, low cost and mainly light weight, Instant confirmation of make Reviews These materials usable for the cores of intermediate and high frequency electromagnetic devices [4,5]. Spinel ferrite is a special kind, the which accommodate cations amongst two possible available interplaner sublattices namely tetrahedral (A) sites and octahedral (B) sites. The nickel ferrites, ie NiFe 2 O 4 crystallizes in an inverse spinel structure and can be represented as (Fe 1- 3+ ) A [Ni 1- 2+ Fe 1+ 3+ ] B O 4 , Where is inver- sion parameters and depends upon preparation conditions and heat treatment [6]. In spinel ferrites, the site and valence distribution of the cations Decide its structural, electrical, magnetic and chem- ical properties. Ferrites in nano-dimensions have been prepared * Corresponding author. Tel .: +92 519235038/3455288967 (mobile); fax: +92 514 442 805. E-mail addresses: mrnmalik@hotmail.com (M. Naeem), nabbasqureshi@yahoo.com (NA Shah). by different techniques Reviews such as solid state reaction, sonochemi- cal reaction, sol-gel method, microemulsion method, ball milling, hydrothermal process and precursor techniques. Many Researchers have Carried out studies on e

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    7 tayangan3 halaman

    Catatan Kuliah Fisika Polimer Dengan Pak Yusri

    Diunggah oleh

    Rachmad Almi Putra
    Page 1 Journal of Alloys and Compounds 487 (2009) 739-743 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Alloys and Compounds journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jallcom Structural, electrical and magnetic characterization of Ni-Mg spinel ferrites Muddassar Naeem a , Nazar Abbas Shah b, * , Iftikhar Hussain Gul c , Asghari Maqsood c a Thermal Physics Laboratory, Department of Physics, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan b Thin Films Research Laboratory, Department of Physics, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Park Road, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan c Thermal Transport Lab, School of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National University of Sciences & Technology, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan articleinfo Article history: Received 2 April 2009 Received in revised form 13 August 2009 Accepted 14 August 2009 Available online 22 August 2009 Keywords: Composite materials Chemical synthesis Hopping mechanism X-ray diffraction Dielectric response Curie temperature abstract Soft Ni-Mg spinel ferrites having the general chemical formula Ni 1-x Mg x Fe 2 O 4 (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) with increments 0:25 were prepared by the co-precipitation method. The samples were Characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique at room temperature. The XRD analysis of the data Showed the crystallite size variation within the range of 10-13 nm. The electrical and magnetic properties of the synthesized ferrites have been investigated the as a function of temperature. The DC electrical resistivity () decreases with increase of in temperature exhibiting the semiconductor like behavior. The drift mobility ( d ) And activation energy (E) Also are reported. The dielectrical properties Reviews such as dielectric constant (ε) and dielectric loss tangent (tan ı) are investigated the as a function of frequency. The Curie temperature (T c ) Of the present work was determined from the AC magnetic susceptibility () the data and observed variation are explained on Among distribution tetrahedral cations (A) and octahedral (B) sites. © 2009 Elsevier BV All rights reserved. 1. Introduction Ferrites, the which are ferrimagnetic oxides emerged as one of the important magnetic materials because of Reviews their high electrical resistance is tivity, low eddy current losses and NAMAs dielectric loss and hence find vast technological applications over a wide range of fre- quencies [1]. It is well known that the intrinsic properties of ferrites largely depend on the method of preparation, chemical composi- tion and cation distribution. By the introduction of foreign ions, the structural, electrical and magnetic properties can be modified [2,3]. High electrical resistivity, easy preparation, low cost and mainly light weight, Instant confirmation of make Reviews These materials usable for the cores of intermediate and high frequency electromagnetic devices [4,5]. Spinel ferrite is a special kind, the which accommodate cations amongst two possible available interplaner sublattices namely tetrahedral (A) sites and octahedral (B) sites. The nickel ferrites, ie NiFe 2 O 4 crystallizes in an inverse spinel structure and can be represented as (Fe 1- 3+ ) A [Ni 1- 2+ Fe 1+ 3+ ] B O 4 , Where is inver- sion parameters and depends upon preparation conditions and heat treatment [6]. In spinel ferrites, the site and valence distribution of the cations Decide its structural, electrical, magnetic and chem- ical properties. Ferrites in nano-dimensions have been prepared * Corresponding author. Tel .: +92 519235038/3455288967 (mobile); fax: +92 514 442 805. E-mail addresses: mrnmalik@hotmail.com (M. Naeem), nabbasqureshi@yahoo.com (NA Shah). by different techniques Reviews such as solid state reaction, sonochemi- cal reaction, sol-gel method, microemulsion method, ball milling, hydrothermal process and precursor techniques. Many Researchers have Carried out studies on e

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    Senin, 09 Maret 2015

    Proabilitas didalam fisika polimer sering dikaitkan dengan fisika statistik dan
    beberapa pendekatan diantaranya :
    Pendekatan 1 : Rantai Ideal
    Rantai

    ideal misalkan pada ikatan karbon ( CC) dimana setiap


    polimer memiliki derajat kebebasan internal,
    seperti kebebasan rotasi pada ikatan C-C pada molekul
    polyceteline sehingga akan membentuk berbagai macam
    konfigurasi . untuk menyederhanakan konfigurasi tersebut
    dibuat sebuah model yang disebut random walk model .
    dimana model ini dapat diasumsikan sebagai rantai polimer
    pada sebuah kisi reguler.

    Contoh:
    B =panjang bond
    Z = bilangan koordinasi kisi z
    = End to end vector

    Jadi, sebuah polimer terdiri dariN bond dimana vektor Bond ke N

    Jadi,

    jika ditinjau Proabilitas

    >= 0, untuk menghitung

    maka

    sehingga didapatkan <

    nilai dimensi dari polimer , pertama dihitung

    Untuk n m
    Karena tidak ada korelasi antara vektor band yang berdekatan
    Untuk n = m

    +.+

    Jadi,

    Asumsi : Polimer sangat panjang


    N>>1
    Untuk kasus ini

    Dimana:
    adalah komponen komponen dari
    berjalan
    Note:

    dan

    dimana , = indeks

    Sehingga diperoleh :

    sehingga

    Jadi proabilitas distribusi dari ada fungsi gaussian

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