Mekanisme dan
Aspek Klinis
Rizaldy Pinzon
PPDS IP Saraf FK UGM
Na+
Na+
+ + + + + + - - - - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + - - - - - + + + + + +
- - - - - - + + + + + - - - - - - - - - - -- - + + + + + + - - - - - -
K+
K+
- - - - - - + + + + + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + + + + + - - - - - + + + + + + - - - - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + - - - - - + + + + + +
-60
Membran istirahat
-70
D. C. MIKULECKY, 2000
Discharge epileptik
Mekanisme bangkitan
Aktivasi sistem inhibisi
Blokade Ca+
Peningkatan adenosin
Normal
Epileptogenesis
Pemulihan
EPSP
IPSP
Ca
Potensiasi EPSP
Hambatan IPSP
Ca dan inhibisi K+
Inter ictal
Patofisologi bangkitan
EEG
PDS
Fase tonik
Fase klonik
-40
-80
AMPA
NMDA
gNa+
gCa+
gK+
GABA
gCl-
Mekanisme seluler
AMPA
NMDA
K+/Na+
K+ /Na +/Ca+
VDCa+
Ca +
VDNa+
Na +
GABA A
Cl-
GABA B
K+
Mg2+
Depolarisasi
Hiperpolarisasi
Holmes dan Ben-Ari, 2001
NMDA
K+ /Na +/Ca+
VDCa+
Ca +
VDNa+
Na +
GABA A
Cl-
GABA B
K+
Mg2+
Depolarisasi
Holmes dan Ben-Ari, 2001
Sirkuit thalamokortikal
Efek Kindling
Mekanisme Kindling
Bangkitan spontan
Amplifikasi letupan
listrik
Hilangnya neuron
Reorganisasi sinaptik
Ca 2+
NOS
NO
Depolarisasi
Defisiensi energi
Mitokondria
Peroxynitrite
Membran
Cytochrom C
Caspase
Fragmentas DNA
Nekrosis
Apoptosis
Bukti Penelitian
eksperimental (Bengzon,
1997)
Kejang memacu apoptosis titik hitam: fragmentasi DNA
Glutamat memacu
kematian neuron
dan pembentukan
fokus baru
(epileptogenesis)
Sun, 2001
Atrofi
hipokampus pada
35 pasien CPS
yang tidak
terkontrol (studi
dengan MRI)
Theodore, 1999
Manifestasi
Klinis
Diagnosa dan
Diagnosa Banding
Non-epileptic seizure
Epileptic
common
rare
common
rare
common
rare
common
rare
Psychiatric disease
common
rare
common
rare
common
rare
Seizure induction
common
rare
common
rare
Tatalaksana
Mechanisms of Action
Voltage-gated calcium channel
Ca2+
Valproate
Ca2+
Dimethadione
Ethosuximide
Subtypes
L-type
T-type
N-type
P-type
Ca2+
Ca2+
Mechanisms of Action
Voltage-gated sodium channel
Open
Inactivated
Na+
Na+
I
Na
Carbamazepine
Phenytoin
I
Na+
Lamotrigine
Valproate
A = activation gate
I = inactivation gate
Mechanisms of Action
GABAergic Transmission
1. Sintesis GABA
2. Pelepasan GABA
3. Transpor GABA
4. GABAA Reseptor
5. GABAB Reseptor
Established AEDs
Newer AEDs
FBM, TPM
Mechanism not clearly established; binds to unique site; requires prolonged exposure.
Inhibits GABA metabolism via GABA-T.
c
Blocks neuronal and glial uptake of synaptically released GABA.
d
Increases brain GABA levels in brains of epileptic patients.
e
Binds to the 2 auxiliary subunit of voltage-sensitive Ca2+ channels.
a
Prognosis
Terapi Epilepsi