ANUGERAH
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VISION 2020
ensure that her invaluable resources are not wasted. The land must remain productive and fertile, the atmosphere clear and clean, the water unpolluted, the forest resources capable of regeneration, able to yield the needs of the national development. The beauty of the land must not be desecrated: for its own sake and for its economic advancement
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SIGNIFIKAN PENDIDIKAN
KEHIDUPAN YANG LESTARI HARUS DIJADIKAN POLA HIDUP BARU BAGI SEMUA PERINGKAT INDIVIDU, KOMUNITI, NEGARA DAN DUNIA. MENGADAPTASIKAN POLA TERSEBUT MEMERLUKAN PERUBAHAN SIKAP DAN AMALAN HIDUP MANUSIA. KITA PERLU MEMASTIKAN AGAR PROGRAM PENDIDIKAN DAPAT MENCERMINKAN KEPENTINGAN ETIKA UNTUK KEHIDUPAN YANG LESTARI.
(CARING FOR EARTH (1991)-UNEP, WWF AND IUCN)
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MENYEDARI DAN MEMAHAMI ISU-ISU ALAM SEKITAR MENGUASAI KEMAHIRAN DAN KESUNGGUHAN DALAM MEMBANTU MENGATASI ISU ALAM SEKITAR MEMBENTUK MASYARAKAT YANG LEBIH PEKA DAN PRIHATIN TERHADAP ISI ALAM SEKITAR
SUMBER: BUKU GARIS PANDUAN P.A.S. MERENTAS KURIKULUM KBSR/KBSM PPK;1998.
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(ASAS)
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ECOSYSTEMS
A living organism interacts with its environment ABIOTIC (non-living) factors
Physical Climatic -Oxygen and - temperature Carbon dioxide - humidity Concentration -Light intensity -Water availability
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An ecosystem is
all the living organisms and the non-living factors in a particular part of the environment
A community is all of
the population of living organisms in one area. The community is the biotic environment.
A habitat is a part
of the environment that can provide food, shelter and a breeding site for a living organism (e.g. a patch of grassland)
KITAR SEMULAJADI
KITAR KARBON KITAR NITROGEN KITAR HIDROLOGI
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KITAR KARBON
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KITAR NITROGEN
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KITAR HIDROLOGI
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1.Pertambahan penduduk
2000
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3. Penebangan hutan
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5. Peningkatan gurun
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6.Hakisan tanah
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INDUSTRI
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PENGANGKUTAN
PENCEMAR SEMULAJADI
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DOMESTIK
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PUNCA UTAMA
KILANG PERINDUSTRIAN
KENDERAAN BERMOTOR
PEMBAKARAN
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CAUSES OF THE INCREASE GREENHOUSE EFFECT Greenhouse gases trap infrared radiation (heat) close to the Earths surface. Solar radiation is allowed to enter the lower atmosphere but is not allowed to escape. The greenhouse effect is increasing because of raised levels of these greenhouse gases: CARBON DIOXIDE released by combustion of fossil fuels in power station and internal combustion engines (in cars and lorries, for example) METHANE prodused in the guts of ruminants such as cows and in the waterlogged conditions of swamps and in rice fields. CFCs(chloroflurocarbons) from aerosol propellants and refrigerator coolants.
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EFFECTS Good and bad results Global warming (raised temperatures closed to the earths surface) causes: Greater climate extreme strong winds, heavier rainfall and unseasonal weather. Mealting of polar ice and changes in density of sea water raising sea levels and flooding. Evaporation of water from fertile area deserts form. Pets may spread to new areas But Higher temperatures and more carbon dioxide mean more photosynthesis and more food production.
SOLUTIONS To limit the effects of greenhouse gases, human should: Reduce burning of fossil fuels explore alternative energy sources Reduce cutting of forests for cattle ranching or rice growing
Replant fprests
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High-level ozone
Low-level ozone
Earths surface
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Combustion of fossil fuels produces oxides of nitrogen, e.g. NO2 which react with oxygen:
NO2 NO + oxygen radical ozone (O3)
So, nitrogen oxides increase low-level ozone. EFFECTS Low level ozone is dangerous because it: act as a greenhouse gas (see above) Traps dust and smoke, causing smog Causes irritation of eyes, throat and lungs Damages mesophyll in leaves, and so reduces yield of crops. SOLUTIONS To reduce formation of low-level ozone, human should: Reduce the burning of fossil fuels and explore alternative sources of energy.
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Chloroflurocarbons (CFCs) used in aerosols, refrigerator coolants and expanded plastics (used as insulating packaging) release chlorine. Chlorine + ozone chlorite + oxygen and each chlorite (CIO) releases more chlorine so that even more high-level ozone is degraded. i.e. CFCs decrease high-level ozone. Holes in the ozone layer HOLE have been detected over antartica and are thought to have been caused by chlorine from long-lived CFCs.
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EFFECTS High-level ozone absorbs solar ultraviolet radiation, so decreased ozone means increased of : skin canser, such as the melanoma. cataracts mutations sunburn.
Use fewer CFCs (develop alternatives). CFCs are very long lived, and those already in the atmosphere will take 100 years to degrade.
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SOLUTIONS To reduce formation of low-level ozone, human should: Reduce the burning of fossil fuels and explore alternative sources of energy.
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CAUSES
More oxidation occurs in the clouds. Oxidation is catalysed by ozone and by unburnt hydrocarbon fuels.
The oxides dissolve in water, and fall as acid rain. Sulphur dioxide + air nitrogen oxides + air EFFECTS Menjejaskan keseimbangan alam. sulphuric and nitric acids
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PENCEMARAN DARAT
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4.2
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4.4 Organisasi Kerajaan dan Bukan Kerajaan dan Badan Korporat terhadap Pemuliharaan dan Pemeliharaan Alam Sekitar Organisasi Kerajaan Organisasi Bukan Kerajaan(NGO) Organisasi Badan Korporat
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5.2 Penglibatan Individu Dalam Usaha Pemeliharaan dan Pemuliharaan Alam Sekitar
Menyenaraikan Kempen Cinta Alam Sekitar/ Hari Bumi/ Kitar Semula Menyertai kempen kitar semula Menyertai gotong royong untuk membersihkan kawasan maktab, kampung, sungai dan pantai Menyokong dan menganggotai persatuan/ kelab berasaskan alam sekitar Menubuhkan Persatuan Alam Sekitar di sekolah
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SEKOLAH
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P.A.S.
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ENTAHLAH
Semalam Aku dengar cikgu kata Kalau datang lambat ke sekolah Tak tahu apa yang cikgu ajar Tapi hari ini aku jugak, datang lambat lagi Entahlah.
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Semalam Aku dengar cikgu kata Kalau tak buat latihan Nanti periksa mulut terlopong Tapi hari ini Aku jugak, tak buat kerja Entahlah.
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Semalam Aku dengar cikgu kata Kalau buang sampah merata-rata Harga diri jadi rendah Tapi hari ini Kulit gula-gula aku campak kat tangga Entahlah.
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Semalam Aku dengar cikgu kata Hari ini, aku dengar lagi cikgu kata Esok, aku akan dengar lagi cikgu kata Entahlah.
(TN. HJ. KAMARUZAMAN MOIDUNNY)
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