TOPIK 4

PENGOKSIDAAN DAN PENURUNAN (OXIDATION AND REDUCTION) (MS 63-65) Hasil pembelajaran Mentakrifkan pengoksidaan dan penurunan Menerangkan maksud redoks serta contoh-contoh Mempunyai kemahiran menulis persamaan redoks yang seimbang Mengenalpasti agen-agen pengoksidaan dan penurunan dalam tindakbalas redoks Membezakan antara oksigen dan ozon Membanding beza antara ciri-ciri oksigen dan hidrogen Menerangkan dengan contoh tindakbalas elemen dalam kumpulan 1A dan 2A dengan oksigen Menerangkan apa yang terjadi apabila oksida kumpulan 1A dan 2A melarut dalam air Merumuskan tindakbalas oksigen dengan elemen bukan logam, tindakbalas oksida bukan logam dengan air dan tindakbalas oksida logam dengan oksia bukan logam # Lihat study questions pada MS 64-65 di modul

Tugasan 1 (MS 64) Definisi pengoksidaan dan penurunan Jawapan - MS 105

Pengoksidaan: Penambahan oksigen kepada bahan Pengurangan/pengeluaran hidrogen daripada bahan

Penuerunan: Pengurangan/pengeluaran oksigen daripada bahan Penambahan hidrogen kepada bahan

Tugasan 2 ( MS 64)

Apakah maksud tindakbalas

redoks. Beri contoh-contoh tindakbalas Jawapan: MS 110 -112 Pengoksidaan ialah penghilangan elektron dan peningkatan dalam no. pengoksidaan

 Penurunan ialah penambahan dalam elektron dan pengurangan dalam no. pengoksidaan Bahan yang menerima elektron akan diturunkan Bahan yang menderma elektron dioksidakan Pengoksidaan dan penurunaan berlaku serentak- satu bahan t/d dioksidakan sedangkan yang lain diturunkan Agen pengoksidaan - Bahan yang mengalami proses penurunan supaya dapat mengoksidakan bahan yang lain. Agen penurunan - Bahan yang mengalami proses pengoksidaan supaya dapat menurunkan bahan yang lain. Proses pengoksidaan : > mengalami penambahan oksigen > mengalami kehilangan hidrogen > mengalami kehilangan elektron > mengalami penambahan nombor pengoksidaan Proses penurunan : > mengalami kehilangan oksigen > mengalami penambahan hidrogen > mengalami penambahan elektron > mengalami pengurangan nombor pengoksidaan

Tugasan 3 (MS 64) antara i.

Tulis persamaan seimbang untuk t/b

nitrogen dengan hidrogen untuk dapat amonia ii Al dengan H2SO4 ii ZnS dengan O2 iii C dengan asid nitrik Kenalpasti agen pengoksidaan dan agen penurunan dalam

setiap t/b.

i.

N diturunkan 0 --> -3 (pengurangan no. pengoksidaan, menerima elektron, agen pengoksidaan) H dioksidakan- 0 --> +3 (penambahan no. pengoksidaan, menderma elektron,agen penurunan ) ii. iii iv. 2Al + 3H2SO4 --> Al2 (SO4 )3 + 3H2 2ZnS + 2O2 --> 2ZnO + 2SO2 C + 4HNO3 --> 4NO2 + CO2 + 2H2O

N diturunkan +5 --> +4 (pengurangan no. pengoksidaan, menerima elektron, agen pengoksidaan) C dioksidakan- 0 --> +4 (penambahan no. pengoksidaan, menderma elektron,agen penurunan ) H dioksidakan- 0 --> +1 (penambahan no. pengoksidaan, menderma elektron,agen penurunan )

Tugasan 4.

Bezakan antara oksigen dengan ozon. Apa itu oksida? MS 65

Jawapan MS 99

Ozon (O3) dihasilkan apabila O2 menyerap sinar ultraviolet pada jarak gelombang 242 nanometer.

Apakah oksida? An oxide is a chemical compound of oxygen with other chemical elements Sebatian oksigen dengan elemen lain. Oxides can be named after the amount of oxygen atoms in the oxide. Oxides containing only one oxygen are called oxide or monoxide, those containing two oxygen atoms dioxide, three trioxide, four tetroxide, and so on following the Greek numerical prefixes. NO, NO2, N2O, CO, CO2, P2O5, FeO, Fe2O3, Fe304 Oxides of metals occur as ionic compounds, or salts, which are solid at room temperature. Oxide salts are generally insoluble in water, though some react with it. Oxides are formed in redox reactions through oxidation in which a reducing agent is allowed to react with molecular oxygen (O2) or oxidizing agents which contain oxygen, such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and permanganate (MnO4). In oxides of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus and halogens, covalent bonds occur between oxygen and the other elements. Generally, these are gases or fluids at room temperature.

Tugasan 5

Ciri-ciri hidrogen dan oksigen MS 65

Jawapan MS 7 dari modul-ciri oksigen-sila baca Ciri-ciri hidrogen Hydrogen is the simplest element, with one proton and one electron; it is highly abundant and has unique and important chemical properties.

Hydrogen is the lightest element and will explode at concentrations ranging from 4-75 percent by volume in the presence of sunlight, a flame, or a spark. Despite its stability, hydrogen forms many bonds and is present in many different compounds. Three naturally occurring isotopes of hydrogen exist: protium, deuterium, and tritium, each with different properties due to the change in the number of neutrons in the nucleus. Pembentukan Hidrid They are compounds formed by a metal and hydrogen, in which the hydrogen has an oxidation number 1. The hydrides of groups 1 and 2 are more ionic than covalent. The hydrides of groups 13 and 14 are more covalent than ionic. But they have the same name, except boron hydride which is named as H + nometal compound.

LiH CaH2 AlH3 GeH4 SnH4

Lithium hydride Calcium hydride Aluminium hydride Germanium hydride Tin hydride

Persamaan: Ca + H2 --> CaH2

Tugasan 6

Tindakbalas oksigen dengan logam kumpulan 1A dan 2A MS 65

All combine swiftly with oxygen in air to form white oxide: 4M(s) + O2(g) 2M2O(s) M = Li, Na, K, Rb, or Cs (Li2O is lithium oxide, Na2O is sodium oxide, etc.) (2a)

All except lithium react further to form yellow peroxides, M2O2: 2M2O(s) + O2(g) 2M2O2(s) M = Na, K, Rb, or Cs (2b) (Na2O2 is sodium peroxide, etc.) Potassium, rubidium, and cesium are sufficiently reactive that yellow superoxides (whose general formula is MO2) can be formed: M2O2(s) + O2(g) 2MO2(s) M = K, Rb, or Cs (2c)

Reactions with Group 2 Alkaline Earth metals also react with oxygen, though not as rapidly compared to Group 1 metals. They also require some heating. Similar to Group 1, all Group 2 oxides form basic solutions in water, since they are metals. All Group 2 metals all react similarly, burning to form oxides (O2-) 2 M(s) + O2(g) 2 MO(s) The only peroxides (O22-) that can be formed from alkaline metals are Strontium peroxide and Barium peroxide. Both reactions require heat and excess oxygen. M(s) + O2(g) MO2(s) Where M is Sr or Ba. Tugasan 7 Tindakbalas oksida logam kumpulan 1A dan 2A dengan air MS 65

Group 1 A metal oxides with water

However, the oxides do react vigorously with water to form a hydroxide. The resulting hydroxides of these elements dissociate completely in water to form some of the strongest bases known. "Lye" is an industrial-strength base, which is sodium hydroxide (NaOH). Group 2A metal oxides with water Magnesium, Calcium, strontium and barium oxides react with water to form hydroxides.

BeO dose not react with water. MO(s) + H2O(l) M(OH)2(s) M= Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra

Tugasan 8

Rumusan tindakbalas MS 65

Oksigen dengan bukan logam

When non-metals react with oxygen the non-metallic oxide is formed. Non-metallic oxides are acidic. They form acidic solution when dissolved in water, turning litmus solution to red colour. carbon + oxygen > carbon dioxide C(s) + O2(g) > CO2(g) i oksida bukan logam dengan air

A NONMETAL OXIDE reacts with water to produce an ACID. Carbon dioxide gas is bubbled through water.

iii.

oksida logam dengan oksida bukan logam

Nonmetal Oxide + Metal Oxide Salt

The nonmetal ends up in a polyatomic ion where it has the same oxidation state as in the oxide. Eg. CaO + SO2 CaSO3 The nonmetal oxide CO2 reacts with the metal oxide CaO to give CaCO3. CaO + CO2 --> CaCO3