TUTORIAL

KASUS 3
Ditujukan untuk memenuhi tugas kelompok
mata kuliah Community Nursing Program (CNP) 3

disusun oleh:
Kelompok 6
Dede Nurhayati
Yuliani Kulsum
Rica Faricha
Gatot Nugroho Prastomo
Latifa Adlu
Eli Susilawati
Dinda Sinta Kustari
Dinny Aprilia
Gadis Pratiwi Priyono
Nur Hardini Rahmatika
Yuli A Sihaloho
Dani Jaelani Sunarya

220110130005
220110130033
220110130054
220110130062
220110130063
220110130068
220110130074
220110130092
220110130097
220110130112
220110130126
220110130129

Fakultas Keperawatan
Universitas Padjadjaran
2016

Kasus 3
Penelitian dilakukan pada 1 kelurahan yang dibagi menjadi 2 kelompok dilakukan
dengan cara acak dengan menggunakan derajat kesalahan 5 %. Penelitian bertujuan untuk
membandingkan metode pendidikan kesehatan tentang Diabetes Melitus dan metode konseling
terhadap self-efficacy keluarga dalam merawat pasien Diabetes Melitus pada dua kelompok
tersebut.
a. Tentukanlah variable pada penelitian tersebut !
b. Lakukan uji validitas dan reliabilitas pada data yang akan diujikan !
c. Berdasarkan kuesioner yang sudah dibuat pada Tutorial 2, setiap mahasiswa mengambil
data ke minimal satu keluarga. Setelah data mahasiswa pada satu kelompok semua
terkumpul maka entry data tersebut kemudian lakukan uji validitas dan reliabilitas pada
kuesioner tersebut.

DATA KELOMPOK DENGAN INTERVENSI KONSELING

Usia

JK

Self-efficacy -0

46
47
48
49
50
54
55
56
57
61
65
66
47
49
50
53
54
65
53
54
55
58
59
50
67
68
65
54
67
56
62
56
64
46
47
65

P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
L
L
L
L
P
P
L
P
P
L
P
P
P
L
P
L
P
P
P
P
P
P
L
L
P
P

45
44
41
44
52
46
42
36
52
44
42
39
42
40
58
40
38
45
40
43
52
43
43
30
50
45
45
50
44
25
58
70
42
39
44
36

Self-efficacy1
67
66
73
72
75
74
74
75
75
74
65
71
70
72
74
75
75
75
75
75
75
75
75
75
75
75
75
72
74
68
68
75
75
75
72
69

Pengetahuan-0

Pengetahuan-1

10
11
9
9
13
12
13
12
11
12
12
12
10
10
13
12
16
11
10
11
13
13
11
10
10
9
13
11
8
12
12
14
11
12
9
12

15
18
16
15
17
16
17
17
18
17
16
16
15
16
15
14
17
14
12
18
14
16
12
17
16
16
17
17
15
16
16
17
17
16
15
16

DATA KELOMPOK DENGAN INTERVENSI PENDIDIKAN KESEHATAN

Usia

JK

60
45
62
65
46
56
57
58
48
54
56
67
57
61
54
55
64
63
46
57
59
65
65
45
48
49
63
59
58
49
45
48
49
64
48
49

L
P
P
P
P
P
P
L
P
P
P
L
L
L
P
L
P
P
P
P
P
L
P
P
L
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
L
P

Self-efficacy
-0
36
54
43
40
42
39
28
40
38
49
41
36
39
46
42
44
51
45
44
47
44
43
40
42
40
75
36
51
30
57
44
49
46
57
45
46

Self-efficacy-1
36
43
43
40
33
52
28
41
51
49
43
36
39
46
42
44
51
45
45
47
44
43
15
42
40
75
44
51
55
57
35
49
46
42
45
46

Pengetahuan-

Pengetahuan-

0
9
13
10
14
10
7
13
10
9
10
14
7
12
9
8
9
14
12
12
13
12
8
8
10
13
14
12
11
13
8
13
12
8
12
11
11

1
9
10
10
14
11
6
13
10
13
10
14
7
12
10
16
9
15
12
10
14
12
8
9
11
14
15
12
12
13
9
13
12
8
12
11
12

JAWABAN
A. VARIABEL PENELITIAN
1. Usia
2. Jenis kelamin
3. Self-efficacy
4. Pengetahuan
B. REABILITAS
DATA KELOMPOK DENGAN INTERVENSI KONSELING
Tabel 1.1 Jumlah sampel kelompok dengan intervensi konseling

Cases

Valid

36

100.0

Excludeda

.0

Total

36

100.0

Dari tabel 1.1 diatas, dijelaskan bahwa jumlah sampel sebanyak 36 sampel
Tabel. 1.2 Data Reliability kelompok dengan intervensi konseling
Cronbach's Alpha Based on
Cronbach's Alpha
N of Items
Standardized Items
.223
.314
6
Dari tabel diatas menjelaskan bahwa strandar Cronbach's Alpha sebesar .314 dan
Cronbach's Alpha sebesar .223. Nilai Cronbach's Alpha akan dijadikan nilai standar untuk
menentukan reabilitas dari setiap item

JK
Selfefficacy0
Selfefficacy1
Pengetahuan0
Pengetahuan1
Usia

Tabel 1.3 Hasil kelompok dengan intervensi konseling

JK
Selfefficacy0 Selfefficacy1 Pengetahuan0 Pengetahuan1
1.000
.329
.025
.023
-.225
.329
1.000
.148
.194
.052
.025
.148
1.000
.129
-.070
.023
.194
.129
1.000
.261
-.225
.052
-.070
.261
1.000
-.022
.054
.094
.056
.015

Usia
-.022
.054
.094
.056
.015
1.000

Scale Mean if
Item Deleted
JK
Selfefficacy0
Selfefficacy1
Pengetahuan0
Pengetahuan1

144.3056
101.8889
73.1111
134.6667
130.1389

Tabel 1.4 Item-Total Statistics

Scale Variance
Corrected

Squared

Cronbach's

if Item

Item-Total

Multiple

Alpha if Item

Deleted
91.075
15.473
76.959
83.200
89.894

Correlation
.251
.250
.147
.253
.056

Correlation
.170
.166
.046
.117
.141

Deleted
.220
.147
.165
.155
.233

Berdasarkan data pada tabel 1.2,dikatakan bahwa Nilai Cronbach's Alpha akan dijadikan
nilai standar untuk menentukan reabilitas dari setiap item, yaitu sebesar 0.223. Jika dihubungkan,
corretes item total correlation dengan Nilai Cronbach's Alpha maka item yang dikatakan tidak
reliable adalah self efficacy1 dan pengetahuan1 dan jika item tersebut dihapus maka hasil
reabilitas pada self eficcacy1 dan pengetahuan 1 menjadi menurun.

Mean
146.0278

Tabel 1.5 Central Tendency

Variance
Std. Deviation
93.456
9.66728

N of Items
5

Dari tabel diatas, menjelaskan bahwa mean yang didapatkan sebesar 146.0278, Varian
sebesar 93.456 dan standar deviasi sebesar 9.66728

DATA KELOMPOK DENGAN INTERVENSI PENDIDIKAN KESEHATAN

Tabel 1.6 Jumlah Sampel Kelompok Dengan Intervensi Pendidikan Kesehatan

Cases

Valid
Excludeda
Total

N
36
0
36

%
100.0
.0
100.0

Dari tabel 1.6 diatas, dijelaskan bahwa jumlah sampel sebanyak 36 sampel
Tabel 1.7 Data Reliability Kelompok Dengan Intervensi Pendidikan Kesehatan
Cronbach's Alpha Based on
Cronbach's Alpha
N of Items
Standardized Items
.285
.507
6
Dari tabel diatas menjelaskan bahwa strandar Cronbach's Alpha sebesar .507 dan
Cronbach's Alpha sebesar .285. Nilai Cronbach's Alpha akan dijadikan nilai standar untuk
menentukan reabilitas dari setiap item
Tabel 1.8 Central Tendency dari Kelompok Dengan Intervensi Pendidikan Kesehatan
Mean
Std. Deviation
N
usia1
55.3889
6.98275
36
jk1
1.7500
.43916
36
sf0
44.1389
8.25713
36
sf1
43.9722
9.32734
36
p0
10.8611
2.16667
36
p1
11.3333
2.35433
36
Dari tabel 1.8 dijelaskan nilai dari mean, standar deviasi dari masing-masing item

usia1
jk1
sf0
sf1
p0

Tabel 1.9 Hasil Kelompok dengan Intervensi pendidikan kesehatan

usia1
jk1
sf0
sf1
p0
p1
1.000
-.191
-.245
-.236
-.098
-.105
-.191
1.000
.223
.180
.293
.332
-.245
.223
1.000
.606
.182
.146
-.236
.180
.606
1.000
.181
.198
-.098
.293
.182
.181
1.000
.732

p1

-.105

.332

.146

.198

.732

1.000

Tabel. 2.1 Item-Total Statistics Kelompok Dengan Intervensi Pendidikan Kesehatan

Scale Variance
Corrected
Squared
Cronbach's
Scale Mean if
if Item
Item-Total
Multiple
Alpha if Item
Item Deleted
Deleted
Correlation
Correlation
Deleted
usia1
112.0556
298.911
-.276
.090
.557
jk1
165.6944
277.704
.216
.158
.286
sf0
123.3056
133.990
.413
.393
-.114a
sf1
123.4722
114.028
.402
.386
-.146a
p0
156.5833
257.507
.271
.543
.232
p1
156.1111
256.444
.253
.556
.232
Berdasarkan data pada tabel 1.7,dikatakan bahwa Nilai Cronbach's Alpha akan dijadikan
nilai standar untuk menentukan reabilitas dari setiap item, yaitu sebesar .285. Jika dihubungkan,
corretes item total correlation dengan Nilai Cronbach's Alpha maka item yang dikatakan tidak
reliable adalah usia1,Jk1,P0 dan P1 dan jika item p0 dan p1 dihapus maka nilai reabilitas pada
menjadi menurun. Namun, jika item usia1,Jk1 di hapus maka nilai reabilitasnya akan meningkat

Tabel 2.2 Central Tendency Kelompok dengan intervensi Pedidikan Kesehatan

Mean
Variance
Std. Deviation
N of Items
167.4444
281.054
16.76466
6
Dari tabel diatas, menjelaskan bahwa mean yang didapatkan sebesar 167.4444, Varian
sebesar 281.054 dan standar deviasi sebesar 16.76466

VADILITAS
Data Kelompok dengan Intervensi Konseling
Correlations
SE0
Pearson Correlation
SE0

.148

Sig. (2-tailed)

.390

Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)

PTOT

.194

.052

.161

.390

.000

.256

.763

.348

36

36

36

36

36

**

.129

-.070

.046

.004

.452

.687

.789

.148

.943

.468

36

36

36

36

36

36

**

**

.217

.023

.159

.204

.894

.353

.943

.468

36

36

36

36

36

36

Pearson Correlation

.194

.129

.217

.261

.825**

Sig. (2-tailed)

.256

.452

.204

.124

.000

36

36

36

36

36

36

Pearson Correlation

.052

-.070

.023

.261

.761**

Sig. (2-tailed)

.763

.687

.894

.124

36

36

36

36

36

36

**

**

PTOT

P1

.004

P1

P0

.000

P0

STOT
**

36

Pearson Correlation

STOT

Sig. (2-tailed)
N

SE1

SE1

Pearson Correlation

.161

.046

.159

Sig. (2-tailed)

.348

.789

.353

.000

.000

36

36

36

36

36

.825

.000

.761

36

**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

Data kelompok dengan intervensi Pendidikan kesehatan

Correlations
SEO1
Pearson Correlation
SEO1

Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
N
Pearson Correlation
STOT1

Sig. (2-tailed)
N

STOT1

P11

PTOT1

.181

.144

.174

.000

.000

.297

.408

.317

35

35

35

35

35

35

.605**

.909**

.180

.197

.203

.000

.299

.257

.242

**

P01
**

Sig. (2-tailed)
N

SE11

SE11
.605

.000

.882

35

35

35

35

35

35

**

**

.202

.192

.211

.245

.269

.223

35

35

35

.882

.909

.000

.000

35

35

35

P01

.000

.000

35

35

35

.192

.732**

.936**

.257

.269

.000

35

35

35

35

35

**

**

.180

.202

Sig. (2-tailed)

.297

.299

.245

35

35

35

Pearson Correlation

.144

.197

Sig. (2-tailed)

.408
35

PTOT1

.925**

.181

P11

.732**

Pearson Correlation

Pearson Correlation

.174

.203

.211

Sig. (2-tailed)

.317

.242

.223

.000

.000

35

35

35

35

35

.925

.000

.936

35

**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

3. Uji Validitas dan Realiabilitas pada Kuesioner Tutorial 2

a. Uji Validitas
Responden yang mengisi kuesioner berjumlah 26 orang. Sesuai dengan tabel r (df= N-2), jadi 262=24 responden. Dengan derajat kesalahan 5%, maka nilai r nya 0.3297.

Correlations
P1
P1

P2

.110

.649**

.606

.304

.012

.897

.593

.000

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

Pearson Correlation

.106

.214

.232

.062

-.333

.246

Sig. (2-tailed)

.606

.295

.254

.764

.096

.226

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

Pearson Correlation

.210

.214

.030

.376

.464*

.736**

Sig. (2-tailed)

.304

.295

.884

.058

.017

.000

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

Pearson Correlation

.483*

.232

.030

.128

-.206

.478*

Sig. (2-tailed)

.012

.254

.884

.533

.313

.014

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

Pearson Correlation

.027

.062

.376

.128

.117

.533**

Sig. (2-tailed)

.897

.764

.058

.533

.569

.005

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

Pearson Correlation

.110

-.333

.464*

-.206

.117

.475*

Sig. (2-tailed)

.593

.096

.017

.313

.569

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

.649**

.246

.736**

.478*

.533**

.475*

.000

.226

.000

.014

.005

.014

26

26

26

26

26

26

N
P6

N
Skortot1

Skortot1

.027

P5

P6

.483*

P4

P5

.210

P3

P4

.106

Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)

P2

P3

Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
N

*. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).

**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

.014

26

Correlations
P7
P7

Pearson Correlation

P8
1

P8

Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
N

P9

P19

SkorTot2

-.065

-.051

.051

-.241

.097

.097

.158

.264

-.167

-.159

.158

.276

.949

.753

.803

.803

.236

.637

.637

.440

.193

.414

.438

.440

.173

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

-.013

.123

.098

.061

-.038

-.184

-.184

.025

-.501**

-.245

.302

.188

.197

.549

.635

.767

.854

.367

.367

.904

.009

.227

.134

.359

.335

.949

26

26

26

26

26

26

-.065

.123

.480*

.300

-.066

.104

.441*

.123

-.104

-.099

.169

.283

.694**

.753

.549

.013

.136

.750

.614

.024

.549

.614

.629

.410

.161

.000

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

-.051

.098

.480*

.238

-.390*

-.219

-.051

-.061

-.116

-.225

-.040

.415*

.339

.803

.635

.013

.241

.049

.283

.803

.767

.573

.268

.846

.035

.090

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

Pearson Correlation

.051

.061

.300

.238

-.093

-.116

.051

-.415*

-.219

-.324

.040

.220

.246

Sig. (2-tailed)

.803

.767

.136

.241

.652

.573

.803

.035

.283

.106

.846

.281

.225

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

-.241

-.038

-.066

-.390*

-.093

.020

.020

-.038

-.020

-.198

-.324

-.286

-.239

.236

.854

.750

.049

.652

.922

.922

.854

.922

.333

.107

.157

.240

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

Pearson Correlation

.097

-.184

.104

-.219

-.116

.020

.278

.501**

.264

.228

.405*

-.013

.529**

Sig. (2-tailed)

.637

.367

.614

.283

.573

.922

.169

.009

.193

.262

.040

.949

.005

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

Pearson Correlation

.097

-.184

.441*

-.051

.051

.020

.278

.158

-.097

.030

.217

-.013

.444*

Sig. (2-tailed)

.637

.367

.024

.803

.803

.922

.169

.440

.637

.883

.287

.949

.023

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

Pearson Correlation

.158

.025

.123

-.061

-.415*

-.038

.501**

.158

.356

.130

.123

.025

.477*

Sig. (2-tailed)

.440

.904

.549

.767

.035

.854

.009

.440

.074

.527

.548

.904

.014

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

Pearson Correlation

.264

-.501**

-.104

-.116

-.219

-.020

.264

-.097

.356

.167

-.405*

.184

.146

Sig. (2-tailed)

.193

.009

.614

.573

.283

.922

.193

.637

.074

.414

.040

.367

.477

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

-.167

-.245

-.099

-.225

-.324

-.198

.228

.030

.130

.167

.332

-.058

.099

.414

.227

.629

.268

.106

.333

.262

.883

.527

.414

.097

.779

.629

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

-.159

.302

.169

-.040

.040

-.324

.405*

.217

.123

-.405*

.332

-.233

.358

Pearson Correlation

Pearson Correlation

Pearson Correlation

N
Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
N
P18

P18

26

P17

P17

26

P16

P16

26

Sig. (2-tailed)

P15

P15

26

P14

P14

26

P13

P13

26

Sig. (2-tailed)

P12

P12

26

P11

P11

26

Sig. (2-tailed)

P10

P10

-.013

Sig. (2-tailed)
N

P9

Pearson Correlation

Correlations
P7
P7

Pearson Correlation

P8
1

P8

Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
N

P9

P19

SkorTot2

-.065

-.051

.051

-.241

.097

.097

.158

.264

-.167

-.159

.158

.276

.949

.753

.803

.803

.236

.637

.637

.440

.193

.414

.438

.440

.173

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

-.013

.123

.098

.061

-.038

-.184

-.184

.025

-.501**

-.245

.302

.188

.197

.549

.635

.767

.854

.367

.367

.904

.009

.227

.134

.359

.335

.949

26

26

26

26

26

26

-.065

.123

.480*

.300

-.066

.104

.441*

.123

-.104

-.099

.169

.283

.694**

.753

.549

.013

.136

.750

.614

.024

.549

.614

.629

.410

.161

.000

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

-.051

.098

.480*

.238

-.390*

-.219

-.051

-.061

-.116

-.225

-.040

.415*

.339

.803

.635

.013

.241

.049

.283

.803

.767

.573

.268

.846

.035

.090

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

Pearson Correlation

.051

.061

.300

.238

-.093

-.116

.051

-.415*

-.219

-.324

.040

.220

.246

Sig. (2-tailed)

.803

.767

.136

.241

.652

.573

.803

.035

.283

.106

.846

.281

.225

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

-.241

-.038

-.066

-.390*

-.093

.020

.020

-.038

-.020

-.198

-.324

-.286

-.239

.236

.854

.750

.049

.652

.922

.922

.854

.922

.333

.107

.157

.240

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

Pearson Correlation

.097

-.184

.104

-.219

-.116

.020

.278

.501**

.264

.228

.405*

-.013

.529**

Sig. (2-tailed)

.637

.367

.614

.283

.573

.922

.169

.009

.193

.262

.040

.949

.005

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

Pearson Correlation

.097

-.184

.441*

-.051

.051

.020

.278

.158

-.097

.030

.217

-.013

.444*

Sig. (2-tailed)

.637

.367

.024

.803

.803

.922

.169

.440

.637

.883

.287

.949

.023

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

Pearson Correlation

.158

.025

.123

-.061

-.415*

-.038

.501**

.158

.356

.130

.123

.025

.477*

Sig. (2-tailed)

.440

.904

.549

.767

.035

.854

.009

.440

.074

.527

.548

.904

.014

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

Pearson Correlation

.264

-.501**

-.104

-.116

-.219

-.020

.264

-.097

.356

.167

-.405*

.184

.146

Sig. (2-tailed)

.193

.009

.614

.573

.283

.922

.193

.637

.074

.414

.040

.367

.477

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

-.167

-.245

-.099

-.225

-.324

-.198

.228

.030

.130

.167

.332

-.058

.099

.414

.227

.629

.268

.106

.333

.262

.883

.527

.414

.097

.779

.629

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

-.159

.302

.169

-.040

.040

-.324

.405*

.217

.123

-.405*

.332

-.233

.358

Pearson Correlation

Pearson Correlation

Pearson Correlation

N
Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
N
P18

P18

26

P17

P17

26

P16

P16

26

Sig. (2-tailed)

P15

P15

26

P14

P14

26

P13

P13

26

Sig. (2-tailed)

P12

P12

26

P11

P11

26

Sig. (2-tailed)

P10

P10

-.013

Sig. (2-tailed)
N

P9

Pearson Correlation

Jadi, dari 19 pertanyaan yang nilai sig-nya diatas 0,3297, hanya 3 pertanyaan yang valid (P8, P16, dan P17).

b. Uji Reliabilitas

Reliability Statistics
Cronbach's
Alpha Based on
Cronbach's

Standardized

Alpha

Items
.704

N of Items
.694

Item-Total Statistics
Cronbach's
Scale Mean if
Item Deleted

Scale Variance if Corrected Item- Squared Multiple

Item Deleted

Total Correlation

Correlation

Alpha if Item
Deleted

P1

27.92

33.594

.517

.652

P2

29.04

41.078

.163

.716

P3

27.96

33.478

.645

.636

P4

28.27

37.725

.360

.690

P5

27.04

36.518

.408

.680

P6

26.88

36.666

.318

.693

Skortot1

15.19

10.642

1.000

.498

Nilai Cronbachs Alpha untuk pertanyaan 1-6 yaitu 0,704. Jika dibandingkan dengan hasil uji reliabilitasnya,
maka hanya pertanyaan nomor 2 yang memenuhi syarat uji reliabilitas.
Reliability Statistics
Cronbach's
Alpha Based on
Cronbach's

Standardized

Alpha

Items
.614

N of Items
.492

14

Item-Total Statistics
Cronbach's
Scale Mean if
Item Deleted

Scale Variance if Corrected Item- Squared Multiple

Item Deleted

Total Correlation

Correlation

Alpha if Item
Deleted

P7

35.27

15.325

.170

.608

P8

35.19

15.682

.063

.620

P9

35.15

13.655

.608

.552

P10

35.04

15.078

.212

.602

P11

35.12

15.466

.112

.614

P12

35.46

16.898

-.310

.644

P13

35.27

14.365

.445

.576

P14

35.27

14.685

.351

.587

P15

35.19

14.482

.383

.582

P16

34.88

15.786

.044

.621

P17

35.35

15.995

-.002

.625

P18

34.85

15.095

.249

.599

P19

35.19

14.482

.383

.582

SkorTot2

18.27

4.045

.995

.309

Nilai Cronbachs Alpha untuk pertanyaan 7-19 yaitu 0,614. Jika dibandingkan dengan hasil uji reliabilitasnya,
maka hanya 5 pertanyaan yang memenuhi syarat uji reliabilitas, yaitu pertanyaan nomor 8,11,12,16, dan 17.