Modul 05 Penyakit Saluran Pernafasan Akibat Pajanan Zat Kimia
Modul 05 Penyakit Saluran Pernafasan Akibat Pajanan Zat Kimia
Trakea dan bronkus dilapisi oleh epitel bersilia dan ditutupi oleh
selapis tipis mukus yang disekresikan oleh beberapa sel dalam lapisan
epitel mucocilliary clearance system.
Saluran pernafasan juga memiliki ensim cytochrome yang
terkonsentrasi di sel Clara yang berlokasi di perbatasan percabangan
bronkiolus menjadi duktus alveolar.
Makrofag yang dapat memfagositosis partikel zat kimia beracun.
Frank C Lu, Sam Kacew. Respiratory system inhalation toxicology in Lus Basic Toxicology 5th edition. Informa healthcare 2009.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1yEVrJxQTV0
Prapared by Tim PERDOKI, based on Suryo Wibowo
Sistem saluran pernafasan
Mekanisme pertahanan - makrofag
Di asinus pulmonal tidak
ada cilia.
Partikel diabsorbsi ke
dalam paru atau
difagositosis oleh
makrofag kemudian
makrofag menuju saluran
limfe.
Clearance time cara ini
lebih lambat, sekitar 50
hari.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6FezczBUnI0
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Faktor yang berpengaruh
Lingkungan
Agen Pejamu
T.C.Aw et al. Pocket consultant occupational health. Fifth edition. Blackwell Publishing.
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Faktor yang berpengaruh
Agen Ukuran partikel dan mekanisme deposisi
Debu mineral: debu silica, debu batu bara dan debu semen.
Debu logam: debu timbal, cadmium, nickel dan beryllium.
Debu kimia lainnya
Debu organik dan tanaman: tepung, kayu, kkapas, debu teh, pollen.
Biohazards: viable particles, moulds dan spores.
Sifat asam/basa, mempunyai efek toksik pada silia, sel-sel dan ensim
Ada kecenderungan zat berkombinasi dengan substansi dalam paru
dan jaringan.
Fibrogenisitas (menimbulkan fibrosis jaringan)
Debu fibrogenik: terjadi reaksi jaringan paru (fibrosis) pneumokoniosis
kolagen, batubara, silika dan asbes.
Sifat antigenisitas dapat merangsang antibodi. misalnya bila
terinhalasi spora jamur, terjadi respons imunologi.
a. Pertahanan paru
Genetik menentukan pengaruh aksi silia, kecepatan bersihan dan fungsi
makrofag
b. Keadaan didapat (acquired)
Obat-obatan, rokok, temperatur dan alkohol mempengaruhi fungsi silia dan
makrofag
c. Faktor anatomi & fisiologi mempengaruhi pola pernapasan
d. Keadaan imunologi
Respons terhadap suatu agen dipengaruhi oleh alergi, atopi dan jenis jaringan.
Umur
Jenis kelamin
Ras
Status gizi
Kebiasaan merokok
Kebiasaan menggunakan APD
Arah angin
Suhu dan kelembaban
Sistem ventilasi
Kelembaban
dll.
Frank C Lu, Sam Kacew. Respiratory system inhalation toxicology in Lus Basic Toxicology 5th edition. Informa healthcare 2009.
Meredith H Stowe, Carrie A Redlich. Automobile maintenance, repair and refinishing in occupational & environmental lung disease, (edited by) Susan M Tarlo et al. Wiley-
Blackwell, 2010.
Prapared by Tim PERDOKI, based on Suryo Wibowo
Sumber hazard
Pemeliharaan dan reparasi kendaraan bermotor
Work process Exposure Possible disease
Body repair and Repair/fill body parts Bondo, styrene, solvents Neurological and irritant
refinishing effects
Sanding Irritant dusts Upper/lower respiratory
track irritation
Weld, cut, grind, Welding fumes, silica Asthma, metal fume
sandblast metal parts fever, silicosis, interstitial
lung disease, COPD
Paint stripping Methylene chloride Neurotoxicity
Spray painting Isocyanates, solvents Asthma, hypersensitivity
pneumonitis
Spray-on truck bed liners Spraying coating Isocyanate Asthma, hypersensitivity
pneumonitis
Meredith H Stowe, Carrie A Redlich. Automobile maintenance, repair and refinishing in occupational & environmental lung disease, (edited by) Susan M Tarlo et al. Wiley-
Blackwell, 2010.
Prapared by Tim PERDOKI, based on Suryo Wibowo
Sumber hazard
Industri otomotif
Vehicle parts Work process Exposure Respiratory condition
manufacturing
Metal parts Casting Silica, Asbestos, Silicosis, Asbestosis,
Benzo(a)pyrene COPD, Lung cancer
Chipping/grinding Silica Silicosis, COPD, Lung
cancer
Core/mould production Silica, isocyanate Silicosis, Asthma, COPD,
Lung cancer
Machining Metal wowrking fluids Asthma, hypersensitivity
pneumonitis
Forging/stamping Drawing compound Asthma, hypersensitivity
pneumonitis
Kenneth D Rosenman. Automotive industry in occupational & environmental lung disease, (edited by) Susan M Tarlo et al. Wiley-Blackwell, 2010.
Kenneth D Rosenman. Automotive industry in occupational & environmental lung disease, (edited by) Susan M Tarlo et al. Wiley-Blackwell, 2010.
Kenneth D Rosenman. Automotive industry in occupational & environmental lung disease, (edited by) Susan M Tarlo et al. Wiley-Blackwell, 2010.
Jean-Luc Malo & Moira Chan Yeung. Asthma in the workplace: A Canadian contribution and persepective. Can Respir J Vol 14 No 7 October 2007.
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Asthma akibat kerja
Agen
Agen (baik teridentifikasi ataupun tidak) harus spesifik di tempat kerja
dan menyebabkan penyakit.
Agen yang relevan: debu, gas, uap, atau fume.
Agen penyebab dapat dibagi menjadi:
Sensitiser menyebabkan inflamasi melalui satu atau lebih mekanisme
imunologis.
Iritan secara langsung mengakibatkan inflamasi saluran pernafasan
Lingkungan kerja seringkali kompleks sulit untuk mengidentifikasi
suatu agen spesifik.
Chan-Yeung M. Malo JL. Aetiological Agents in Occupational Asthma. European Respiratory Journal. 1994. Vol. 7. pp. 346-371
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Asthma akibat kerja
Agen Sensitiser Agen yang paling sering
Common causes of occupational asthma
Agent Occupational exposure
Isocyanates Spray paints, varnishes, adhesives, polyurethane foam manufacture
Flour Bakers
Colophony Electronic soldering flux
Epoxy resin Hardening agents, adhesives
Animals (rats, mice) Laboratory workers
Wood dusts Sawmill workers, joiners
Azodicarbonamide Polyvinyl plastic manufactures
Persulphate salts Hairdresssers
Latex Healthcare workers
Drugs (penicillin, cephalosporins) Pharmaceutical industry
Grain dust (mites, moulds) Farmers, millers, bakers
Stephen J Bourke & Graham P Burns. Occupational Prapared by Tim
lung disease PERDOKI, based
in Respiratory on Suryo
medicine Wibowo
lecture notes 8th edition, Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.
Asthma akibat kerja
Agen Sensitiser - Statistik
SWORD:
Surveillance of
Work-related
and
Occupational
Respiratory
Disease
IIDB: Industrial
Injuries and
Disablement
Benefit
Occupational asthma in Great Britain 2014. HSE. http://www.hse.gov.uk/statistics/causdis/asthma/asthma.pdf. Accesed 20 July 2015
T.C.Aw et al. Pocket consultant occupational health. Fifth edition. Blackwell Publishing.
Prapared by Tim PERDOKI, based on Suryo Wibowo
Asthma akibat kerja
Agen Iritan
2-Diethylaminoethanolamine Phosphoric acid
Acetic acid Silicon
Anhydrous ammonia Silo gas
Bleaching agents Smoke (inhaled)
Burned-paint fumes Sodium hydroxide
Chlorine gas Sulfuric acid
Constituents of free-base cocaine Tear gas
Floor sealant Toluene diisocyanate
Hydrochloric acid Trichlorosilane
Hydrogen sulfide Welding fumes
Locomotive/diesel exhaust Zinc chloride
Phosgene
Sami Youakim. Work-related asthma. American family physician, vol. 64, number 11, December 2001.
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Diskusi kelompok (2)
Apakah asthma yang timbul akibat udara dingin
di tempat kerja adalah asthma akibat kerja?
Apakah asthma yang timbul akibat kerja fisik
berat di tempat kerja adalah asthma akibat
kerja?
Pengerahan tenaga
Udara dingin
Udara kering
Debu
Asap (fumes)
Sprays
http://allergy.bwh.harvard.edu/Site/Board%20Review_files/Occupational%20AsthmaDefinition.htm
Tor B Aasen et al. Diagnostic approach in cases with suspected work-related asthma. Journal of occupational medicine and toxicology 2013, 8 : 17.
Prapared by Tim PERDOKI, based on Suryo Wibowo
Kriteria diagnosis
Asthma diperburuk oleh pekerjaan
Freidman-Jimenez, George, Petsonk, Edward L. Occupational asthma in 10. Respiratory System, David, Alois,Wagner, Gregory R., Editor, Encyclopedia of
Occupational Health and Safety, Jeanne Mager Stellman, Editor-in-Chief. International Labor Organization, Geneva. 2011
Prapared by Tim PERDOKI, based on Suryo Wibowo
Asthma akibat kerja
Anamnesis Riwayat medis
1. Gejala: mengi, batu, sesak nafas.
2. RPD: asthma, alergi, eksim, rhinitis, bronkitis, sinusitis, gejala pernafasan
saat berolahraga/bekerja berat, terpajan udara dingin.
3. Penilaian sistemik: riwayat penyakit lain dengan gejala mirip atau dapat
mencetuskan asthma, misalnya penyakit kardiovaskular dengan disfungsi
ventrikel kiri, gastroesophageal reflux.
4. Riwayat keluarga: asthma, atopi
5. Riwayat merokok: rata-rata jumlah batang per hari x jumlah tahun
merokok
6. Daftar obat-obatan yang sedang digunakan.
7. Riwayat pajanan di rumah, hobby dan lingkungan untuk menyingkirkan
penyebab lain atau faktor kontribusi lain
Stephen J Bourke & Graham P Burns. Occupational lung disease in Respiratory medicine lecture notes 8th edition, Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.
Stephen J Bourke & Graham P Burns. Occupational lung disease in Respiratory medicine lecture notes 8th edition, Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.
Prapared by Tim PERDOKI, based on Suryo Wibowo
Pemantauan fungsi paru di tempat kerja
Prosedur ke-2
Stephen J Bourke & Graham P Burns. Occupational lung disease in Respiratory medicine lecture notes 8th edition, Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.
Susan M Tarlo et al. Diagnosis and Management of Work-Related Asthma: ACCP Consensus Statement. Chest/134/3/September, 2008 Supplement.
D. Edukasi pasien
Tanda dan gejala asthma
Pencetus asthma dan bagaimana menghindarinya.
Bagaimana obat-obatan bekerja dan efek samping yang mungkin ditimbulkan.
Instruksi dan demonstrasi cara penggunaan semua obat-obatan yang
diresepkan.
Teknik memantau status asthma, membaca dan mencatat PEF.
Indikasi untuk ke UGD
Fibrogenik Non-fibrogenik
Silika Silikosis Besi oksida Siderosis
Batubara Pneumokoniosis Timah oksida Stannosis
penambang batubara Barium sulfat Baritosis
Asbestos Asbestosis
Berilium Beriliosis
Talk Talkosis
Aluminium Alluminosis
Inhalasi 20 - 45 tahun
Bentuk yang paling sering
Pajanan dihentikan, penyakit terus berjalan
Spirometri: restriksi, obstruksi
Radiologis: EGG shell calcification
Sering disertai tuberkulosis
Semin Chong et al. Pneumoconiosis: Comparison of imaging and pathologic findings. Radiographics Vol 26 No 1 2006.
http://216.17.102.23/~tform/index.php/latest-projects/46-dust http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/97-112/
Elimination of silicosis. The global occupational health network. Issue No. 12. WHO. 2007
Eliminasi
Substitusi material
Substitusi/modifikasi proses kerja dan peralatan
Pemeliharaan peralatan
Metode basah
Cara kerja
Elimination of silicosis. The global occupational health network. Issue No. 12. WHO. 2007
Isolation:
Of the source (closed systems, enclosures)
Of workers (control cabins)
Local exhaust ventilation
to remove the particles, as they are generated thus preventing them to disperse
in the work environment and be inhaled.
Elimination of silicosis. The global occupational health network. Issue No. 12. WHO. 2007
Elimination of silicosis. The global occupational health network. Issue No. 12. WHO. 2007
Elimination of silicosis. The global occupational health network. Issue No. 12. WHO. 2007
Lay-out
Good housekeeping
Storage, labelling
Warning signs and restricted areas
Label products that contain silica,
Label machines with signs indicating that silica is being used.
Make Safety Data Sheets available to workers.
Environmental monitoring/alarm systems
Conduct air monitoring to measure the workers exposure to crystalline silica.
Elimination of silicosis. The global occupational health network. Issue No. 12. WHO. 2007
Sapu tangan atau kaos. Facepiece respirator Half-face mask air Full-face mask air
Menutupi muka dengan Disposable purifying respirator purifying respirator
sapu tangan atau kaos Tipe N-95 atau lebih dengan filter N-95 atau dengan filter N-95 atau
TIDAK melindungi anda Menyediakan yang lebih tinggi yang yang lebih tinggi yang
perlindungan minimal. dapat diganti dapat diganti
Tidak melindungi ...........................................................Sedikit melindungi...............................................................
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Alat pelindung pernafasan
Satu-satunya
respirator yang
dapat
digunakan
untuk abrasive-
blasting!
TH Ong, KL Tan, HS Lee, P Eng. A case report of occupational asthma due to gluteraldehyde exposure. Annals academy of medicine, Vol 33 No 2, March 2004
Prapared by Tim PERDOKI, based on Suryo Wibowo
Riwayat penyakit keluarga
Ibunya penderita asthma.
TH Ong, KL Tan, HS Lee, P Eng. A case report of occupational asthma due to gluteraldehyde exposure. Annals academy of medicine, Vol 33 No 2, March 2004
Prapared by Tim PERDOKI, based on Suryo Wibowo
Riwayat pekerjaan
Bekerja sebagai teknisi di klinik bagian spirometry sejak Desember
1997.
Tugas sehari-hari adalah memberikan metakolin untuk tes provokasi
bronkus dengan metakolin dan juga melakukan sterilisasi
mouthpieces yang digunakan untuk spirometry. Sterilisasi dilakukan
dengan cara merendam mouthpieces tersebut dalam larutan
gluteraldehyde 2,5% dalam baki tertutup. Mouthpieces direndam
dalam baki selama kurang lebih 10 menit setiap kalinya, total kurang
lebih 10 kali proses sterilisasi yang dikerjakan tiap harinya.
Pasien terpajan dengan uap gluteraldehyde ketika dia membuka tutup
baki ketika menempatkan atau mengambil mouthpieces.
TH Ong, KL Tan, HS Lee, P Eng. A case report of occupational asthma due to gluteraldehyde exposure. Annals academy of medicine, Vol 33 No 2, March 2004
Prapared by Tim PERDOKI, based on Suryo Wibowo
Pemeriksaan fisik
Tidak ada kelainan yang berarti.
Tidak ada polip hidung.
Paru-paru tidak ada krepitasi atau ronki
TH Ong, KL Tan, HS Lee, P Eng. A case report of occupational asthma due to gluteraldehyde exposure. Annals academy of medicine, Vol 33 No 2, March 2004
Prapared by Tim PERDOKI, based on Suryo Wibowo
Pemeriksaan penunjang
Foto rontgen: tidak ada kelainan.
Spirometry:
FEV1: 2,44 l (92,7% prediksi)
FVC : 2,98 l (90,1% prediksi)
Rasio FEV1/FVC: 81,8
Tes provokasi bronkus dengan metakolin: positif (penurunan FEV1
26% dari baseline).
TH Ong, KL Tan, HS Lee, P Eng. A case report of occupational asthma due to gluteraldehyde exposure. Annals academy of medicine, Vol 33 No 2, March 2004
Prapared by Tim PERDOKI, based on Suryo Wibowo
Bagaimana cara Anda menegakkan
diagnosis asthma akibat kerja atau asthma
diperburuk oleh pekerjaan pada pasien ini?
TH Ong, KL Tan, HS Lee, P Eng. A case report of occupational asthma due to gluteraldehyde exposure. Annals academy of medicine, Vol 33 No 2, March 2004
Prapared by Tim PERDOKI, based on Suryo Wibowo
Specific bronchial challenges
TH Ong, KL Tan, HS Lee, P Eng. A case report of occupational asthma due to gluteraldehyde exposure. Annals academy of medicine, Vol 33 No 2, March 2004
Prapared by Tim PERDOKI, based on Suryo Wibowo
Kasus 2
Wanita hamil batuk sesak
Tor B Aasen et al. Diagnostic approach in cases with suspected work-related asthma. Journal of occupational medicine and toxicology 2013, 8 : 17.
Prapared by Tim PERDOKI, based on Suryo Wibowo
Prapared by Tim PERDOKI, based on Suryo Wibowo
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